1. The document discusses e-waste management and recycling in Japan. It outlines Japan's Home Appliance Recycling Law which requires manufacturers to recover and recycle air conditioners, TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. 2. Under the law, retailers are responsible for taking back old appliances when new ones are purchased, and municipalities collect others. Manufacturers must meet recycling rates of 50-70% depending on the appliance and recover materials like iron, copper, aluminum, and glass. 3. The law was recently updated to increase recycling rate targets for air conditioners, refrigerators, and washing machines. It also now includes liquid crystal and plasma displays with a 50% target.

1. E-waste Management for the Sound
Material Cycles and Persistent
Chemicals Control
Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia,
Tokyo, 091111
Shin-ichi Sakai
Kyoto University

2. Kyoto Workshop on 3R (Reduce, Reuse &
Recycle) and Waste Management, Kyoto,
Japan, 29-30 October, 2009
Main Topics
1) Policy and technical developments on 3R
developments and waste management
-- the present status and trends for the future
2) Policies on household hazardous waste
management and their regional control systems
Invited countries/
organizations:
European Union (EU), UK,
Germany, Italy, Sweden,
U.S.A., China, Korea, Viet Nam,

3. Summary of Kyoto Workshop
on 3R and Waste Management
1. Waste management attracts great attention because it is
part of the social infrastructure system in each region. It is
an important issue in society for citizens and industries of
each region to promote waste management.
2. The role of 3R policies has expanded not only as a
measure for waste management but also for the
preservation and effective use of natural resources, the
management of hazardous chemical substances, and the
reduction of greenhouse effect gas (GHG).
3. Many issues related to chemical substance control still
remain to be taken up in waste management and 3R
policies. Approaches towards household hazardous wastes
are required in some regions.

4. 1. E-waste and Chemical Related Issues
1. Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
2. Mercury (Hg)
2. E-Waste Recycling System Developments
3. “Clean, Cycle & Control” Concept as
Hierarchical Chemical Management
E-waste Management for the Sound
Material Cycles and Persistent
Chemicals Control

5. 1. E-waste and Chemical
Related Issues
(1) Brominated Flame
Retardants (BFRs)
E-waste Management for the Sound
Material Cycles and Persistent
Chemicals Control

6. 6
Chemical structure of BFRs and PBDD/DFs
Br 1-10
O
PBDEs
CH3
Br
CH3
Br
C
HO
Br
Br
OH
TBBPA HBCD
Br
Br Br
Br
Br Br
PBDFs
Br 1-8
O
PBDDs
Br 1-8
O
O

7. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
¾ Common additive flame retardants
¾ Used in high impact polystyrene, polyurethane foam,
textile coatings
¾ Structure and properties are comparable to persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDTs
¾ Toxicity
z Alteration of thyroid homeostasis by hydroxylated metabolites
z Neurobehavioral effects
z Carcinogens
¾
¾ Common additive flame retardants
Common additive flame retardants
¾
¾ Used in high impact polystyrene, polyurethane foam,
Used in high impact polystyrene, polyurethane foam,
textile coatings
textile coatings
¾
¾ Structure and properties are comparable to persistent
Structure and properties are comparable to persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDTs
organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDTs
¾
¾ Toxicity
Toxicity
z
z Alteration of thyroid homeostasis by hydroxylated metabolites
Alteration of thyroid homeostasis by hydroxylated metabolites
z
z Neurobehavioral effects
Neurobehavioral effects
z
z Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Brm
o
Brn
m + n = 1 ~ 10

8. 0% 50% 100%
0% 50% 100%
TBBPA
Deca-BDE
Octa-BDE
Penta-BDE
HBCD
Americas
Americas
Europe
Europe Asia
Asia
WORLDWIDE
WORLDWIDE
Japan
Japan
Others
Others
ASIAN REGION
ASIAN REGION
No usage
Annual Consumption of
Brominated Flame Retardants in Asia in 1999
Annual Consumption of
Annual Consumption of
Brominated Flame Retardants in Asia in 1999
Brominated Flame Retardants in Asia in 1999
Watanabe and Sakai, Env. Int., 29, 665, 2003

9. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sum PCB Sum MeSO2-PCB
PCBs
y=1161.3e -0.0479x
MeSO 2 -PCBs
y=10.155e -0.0744x
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sum TEQs
Sum TEQs
y=92.658e -0.0466x
1972
1976
1980
1990
1992
1994
1996
1972
1976
1980
1990
1992
1997
1985
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Sum PBDEs
PBDEs
y=107.86e 0.1363x
1972
1976
1980
1990
1994
1996
1984/85
Time Trends of POPs in Human
Milk by Norén & Meironyté
Norén & Meironyté
Chemosphere, 40,
1111 (2000)

10. Inside of TV set cover

11. Organic Bromine Compounds in
TV set back cover and Inside Dust
Sample ID K
(Late ’80s)
L
(Early ’90s)
M
(Late ’90s) Average
PBDDs/DFs4-8 (ug/g) 100 240 510 280
PBDEs (ug/g) 36,000 91,000 77,000 68,000
TBBPA (ug/g) 11 3,400 21,000 8,100
Sample ID G
(Late ’80s)
H
(Early ’90s)
I
(Late ’90s) Average
Dust of Air
Conditioner
PBDDs/DFs4-8 (ug/g) 8.5 1.6 2.1 4.1 0.0059
PBDEs (ug/g) 200 160 320 230 4.2
TBBPA (ug/g) 4.1 11 37 17 0.15
TV Back Cover
Dust Inside TV cover
Tamade et al, Organohalogen Comp.,56,189, 2002

12. 1. E-waste and Chemical
Related Issues
(2) Mercury (Hg)
E-waste Management for the Sound
Material Cycles and Persistent
Chemicals Control

13. Global Inventory and Asia
Asia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Stationary
combustion
Non-ferrous
metal
production
Pig-iron and
steel
production
Cement
production
Waste
disposal
Emission
to
air
(t/y)
Continent
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
E
u
r
o
p
e
A
f
r
i
c
a
A
s
i
a
N
o
r
t
h
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
S
o
u
t
h
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
&
O
c
e
a
n
i
a
Emission
to
air
(t/y)
Asia
Coal Combustion
Waste incineration ←Japan
UNEP, Global Mercury Assessment (2003)

14. Products: Domestic demand of mercury for
products in Japan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Others
Fluorescent lamps
Battery
Instruments
Electric appliances
Inorganic drugs
Amalgam
(ton-Hg/yr)
However, the amount increased
slightly for 2003 because of
“fluorescent lamps” and “others”.
Efforts
to find alternatives to mercury
and to reduce its use
have resulted in significant
reductions in demand.

15. Products: Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps include a small amount of mercury as an essential substance;
however, they are energy-efficient and widely used for domestic lighting.
On the other hand, despite
efforts to develop a
replacement technology,
nothing seems to be superior
to mercury in terms of
efficiency and economy.
(mg-Hg / 1 Lamp)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
The average amount of mercury used in each lamp in Japan
Efforts to reduce the amount of mercury
used in each lamp made it possible to
reduce the amount of mercury.
10 mg-Hg/lamp
in 2002
50 mg-Hg/lamp
in 1974

16. Domestic sales of fluorescent lamps
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Straight type (40W)
Straight type (20W)
Ring type
Backlights
Others
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
(Number)
The recent rapid increase
in digital home
electronics with liquid
crystal displays (TV,
PC, mobile phones, and
digital cameras) has led
to a marked increase in
the production of
backlights.

17. Change of TV model and recycling
Change of TV model and recycling
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
C
R
T
s
M
illionunits
Y
ear
O
ver10inchforLC
D
s
8.14
9.45
10.25
10.85
11.35 11.39
9.00 9.00
8.48
8.50
8.64
925
9.87 10.05 PDPs
LCDs
Estimated sales of TVs
(%)
JEITA estimation
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays (PRDs) spread
rapidly as alternatives to cathode-ray tube TVs (CRTs)

18. Liquid crystal display TV and Mercury
Liquid crystal display TV and Mercury
a) Size: 20V or smaller b) Size: 20V or larger
Back light
(“L”-shaped
fluorescent light)
Back light
(Straight-shaped
fluorescent light)
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Shipment to Market 152,184 233,320 306,988 403,750 498,168
Annual Shipment of Fluorescent light for Back-light Devices
Year 2001 2002 2003年 2004 2005
Amount of Hg 362 562 745 985 1,386
Annual Use of Hg for Fluorescent light for Back-light Devices
Backlight behind panel glasses: multiple fine fluorescent tubes
containing mercury and shipment of fluorescent tube for backlight: 3
times increase in 2005 compared with 2001 → Total amount of
mercury used for backlight: 4 times increase in 2005 from 2001.
Thousand
Quantities
(Kg)
Central Environment Council Waste and Recycling Committee, July 9, 2009

19. Used fluorescent
lamps
Crushed
Fluorescent lamps
Sludge (Hg)
Crushing,
separation
Drying
Used dry-cell
batteries
Separation
Condensation Refining
Magnetic
separation
Roasted cinder
Residual zinc
Flue-gas treatment
Flue-gas treatment
Cullet
Mercury
Aluminum
Zinc,
manganese
Soft ferrite
materials
Iron scrap
Iron scrap
Metalic base and
Non-glass materials
Washing
Sludge
Roasting
Treatment flow chart for used fluorescent lamps and dry-cell
batteries at the Itomuka mercury recycling plant

20. The Itomuka plant has some facilities for different
kinds of waste materials with optimum methods
• Large multi-health
roasting furnace
• For sludge etc.
• Capacity (Approx.):
100 ton/day
• Rotary furnace
• For dry-cell batteries
• Capacity (Approx.):
20 ton/day
• Condenser tower

21. 2. E-Waste Recycling
System Developments
E-waste Management for the Sound
Material Cycles and Persistent
Chemicals Control

22. Processes of waste home appliances after the enactment
of the Home Appliances Recycling Law
End-of-life home appliance,
Annually approx.18 million,
0.6 million ton
Consumers
Municipalities
To take back 4 items by
retailers with the recycling
charge by consumers
The others was taken by
municipalities
Manufacturers
Recycling
Targets of recycling
Air conditioners：60％
TVs：55％
Refrigerators：50％
Washing machines：50％
To recover the four
items; iron, copper,
aluminum and glass
Landfill of
residues
Retailers
Manufacturers

23. Outline of home appliances recycling in Japan
Japanese Basic Stat.
Number of
Recycling Plants
Number of
Collection Sites
Population Area
(Thousand) (km2
)
127,770 377,923 48 380
Air Conditioner CRT TV Refrigerator Washing Machine
3675* 2835 4830 2520 (Yen)
23 18 30 16 (Euro)
32 25 42 22 (USD)
*3150 after April 2007 1 Euro = 160 Yen 1 USD = 115 Yen
Note: Fees in the table include tax.
Recycling charge for 4 home appliance items(2008)
1）Difficulty of disposal by municipalities
2）Take-back possibility by retailers when replaced
3）Economic reality can be expected for recycling
4）Possibility of environment-conscious designing
Air conditioner
Tube TV
Refrigerator
Washing machine
Air conditioner
Tube TV
Refrigerator
Washing machine
Conditions for target goods
Status of maintenance of recycling
facilities(2008)
Required recycling rate of 50-
60% depending upon the kind
of items （recycled resource
amount/waste product）
Responsibility of recovery of
Freons from air conditioner &
refrigerator.
Responsibilities of
manufactures
Responsibilities of
manufactures

24. New targets of home appliance recycling (2008)
New targets of home appliance recycling (2008)
View of old and new recycling rates
Air conditioner：70％ （10%↑）
CRT TV：keep recycle rate unchanged, 55%
Refrigerator： 60％ （10%↑）
Washing machine（include cloth drier）： 65％ （15%↑）
Liquid crystal display (LCD), Plasma display (PLD)： 50％
Air Conditioners CRT-TVs Refrigerators WashingMachines PDPs &LCDs
Current Rate 60% 55% 50% 50% -
EstimatedRate 70% 55% 60% 65% 50%
Product life times of liquid crystal display and plasma display were unknown, so weighted
averages were calculated based on the numbers of shipment in 2002 (about 1 million
（84%） and nineteen thousands（16%）, respectively）
Weighted averages were taken for automatic washing machine, washer of double-layered
structure, electric cloth drier, and cloth drier based on the numbers of shipment from
1997 to 2001 (about 2.9 million（12%）, nineteen million（80%）, 1.7 million（7%）, twenty
thousands（1%）, respectively）
Product life times of liquid crystal display and plasma display were unknown, so weighted
averages were calculated based on the numbers of shipment in 2002 (about 1 million
（84%） and nineteen thousands（16%）, respectively）
Weighted averages were taken for automatic washing machine, washer of double-layered
structure, electric cloth drier, and cloth drier based on the numbers of shipment from
1997 to 2001 (about 2.9 million（12%）, nineteen million（80%）, 1.7 million（7%）, twenty
thousands（1%）, respectively）
Footnote for the calculation above

25. Dismantling Waste TV
Dismantling Waste TV

26. Example of Dismounting a TV set
TV set
Back Cabinet
Front Cabinet
CRT
Printed Circuit Board
Electron Gun
Explosion
protection band Panel Glass
Shadow Mask
Deflection Coil Funnel Glass
Crashed and then valuables to be collected
Collected High Pb

27. Recycling performance of home appliances in Japan
Recycling performance of home appliances in Japan
Thousand tonnes
() means number of collected appliances (million units).
・About a half of the flow are recycled. Favorable growth of
recycling from year to year as seen in the chart below
・Annual unit weight of recycled appliances is 3.5 kg per
person
・WEEE directive which targets all electric and electronic
goods in EU requires at least 4 kg of recycling rate per
person →we almost reached this goal by 4 items.

28. Resource recycling by home appliance recycling of Japan
Resource recycling by home appliance recycling of Japan
Increased amount of recovered resources
Increase in plastic recycling rate（”others”）
Amounts of Recycled Materials
(Thousand tonnes)
Fiscal Year
Amounts of Recycled Materials
(Thousand tonnes)
Press release by MOE

29. Characteristic of home appliances recycling system in Japan
Characteristic of home appliances recycling system in Japan
1. Confine target items for recycling to large size
appliances
2. Consumers pay recycling charge
3. Physical responsibility to recycle waste home
appliances is imposed on manufactures
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) defines Extended Producer
Responsibility（EPR） as follows; shift of a part of or
all physical/ financial responsibility to manufactures
from local authorities.

30. 3. “Clean, Cycle & Control”
Concept as Hierarchical
Chemical & Waste Management
E-waste and
Persistent Toxic Chemicals

31. “Clean/ Cycle/ Control”, 3C’s Concept
• Basic concept for technologies and society
systems with the control of hazardous wastes
and persistent chemicals
• Avoid the use of hazardous chemicals and
the use of alternatives. （Clean）
• In case there is no appropriate alternative
substances and the use of specified material
is essential because of its crucial effect,
recycling should be the principle. （Cycle）
• Emission control to the environment, and
the decomposition and stabilization of stock
substances and wastes which have been used
in the past. （Control）

32. Mercury from the standpoint of Clean/
Cycle/ Control
• Avoid the use of mercury as much as possible to
avert negative impact to human health and to
control its global-scale transport and
concentration. Disuse of mercury catalysts in
caustic soda industries and transfer to non-
mercury dry cells are the present examples. Its
limited use to the very essential case and the
trade restriction is the global trend（Clean）
• Recycling and reuse should be fundamental for
the products which can not avoid the usage of
mercury: e.g. fluorescent (Cycle)
• Emission control into the environment will be the
last defense measure to avoid ultimate mercury
pollution (Control)

33. BFRs from the viewpoints of
Clean/ Cycle/ Control
• From the viewpoint of ３Ｃ’s principle, which is the
priority “clean” or “integrated measures”? - Chaos-
• PBDEs are persistent organic pollutants in the
environment which have bioaccumulation. They are
toxic for lever and nervous system and affect thyroid
hormones.
• PeBDE and OBDEs received a risk assessment as
“effective”, and their production was voluntarily
stopped in Europe and Japan.
• As to ＢＦＲ, seeking for control measures will be
continued along with seeking for clean measures.

34. Summaries (1)
1. Japan’s Home Appliance Recycling Law, which
was enforced in 2001, is targeting TV sets,
Refrigerators/Freezers, Washing Machines, and
Air Conditioners. Recycling cost is charged to
the consumers at a time of discarding the
product. Physical responsibility to recycle waste
home appliances is imposed on manufactures.
2. The number of recycled home appliances
increased from 8 million items in 2001 to 12
million items in 2006. The total weight is about
460 thousands ton, of which 70-80 % are
recycled and reused. Major materials to be
reused are Irons, Coppers, and Aluminiums.

35. Summaries (2)
3. 3R perspectives from persistent chemicals are
essential for E-waste management. The 3C
concept (Clean/Cycle/Control) can be proposed
as a similar concept of 3R for a measure of
controlling chemical substances and hazardous
wastes.
4. Phase-out of Penta-BDEs and Octa-BDEs
internationally is one of reduction measures for
BFR. Deca-BDE is still used and more research
is necessary from transformation and toxicology.
Mercury is controlled stringently and globally in
the total lifecycle.