The dandora dumpsite in nairobi city; status, challenges and way forwardcaxtonk2008
The Dandora dumpsite handles all the wastes generated by Nairobi City, East Africas’ largest and most populous City. It is located 8 KMs from the citys’ central business district. The dumpsite measures 26.2 Hectares and has been in operation for over thirty years. The dumpsite receives over 1500 tonnes of waste on a daily basis of which forms a less than half of Nairobis’ total generated waste.
Started in the 1970S’ by Nairobi City council, the site was initially a quarry. It was therefore established with the intention of filling up and eventually rehabilitating the quarry. However the dumpsite has been in operation for a period that far exceeds the ten to fifteen year limit set by international laws for the use of a dumpsite. It has thus ended up becoming a humanitarian nightmare especially for the surrounding communities, although it is considered by a blessing by those who depend on it for a living.
The dumpsite is surrounded by various residential estates including: Dandora, Baba Ndogo, Kariobangi and Korogocho of which is Nairobi Citys’ fourth largest slum. These estates harbor a population of over a million people and this is growing fast fuelled by among other factors the high urban immigration common in Africa.
Dumping at the site goes on due to lack of an alternative site and the interest of the dumpsite beneficiaries who are totally against its relocation. Attempts to move it has been strongly opposed by those benefiting from it. Attempts to move it to Ruai on the outskirts of Nairobi was strongly opposed by the community around the area who felt this was an attempt to dump the problem on them. Various solutions have been suggested including establishment of a semi aerobic land fill currently being piloted and establishment of thermal electricity generation plant among others.
The Dandora dumpsite continues to pose great threats to humanity. This is due to the fact that that the dumpsite has outlived its lifespan and overpassed its capacity. The activities in the dumpsite are not effective or efficient in dealing with the high amount of waste generated by in its source area. Attempts to address the situation continue to hit dead ends despite the many existing opportunities and developed plans.
Despite the many challenges that abound an alternative site needs to be urgently identified and modern recycling methods put into use. The plight of the separators operating at the dumpsite also needs to be addressed to ensure that solutions adopted don’t marginalize them and negate their great dependency on this malpractice. The participation of the people in the process of better waste management is also imperative
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
The presentation is an overview of the different modalities of public toilet construction and maintenance in Hyderabad. It also reviews the currently most preferred Build-Operate-Transfer model under Public-Private-Partnership, based on four criteria:
- Community & Location
- Economics & Viability
- Governance & Operational Management
- Design & User Experience
This presentation was prepared by Indivar Jonnalagadda, Research Associate at Hyderabad Urban Lab for the workshop Toilet Republic held at Do Din 2014 on December 20, 2014.
The dandora dumpsite in nairobi city; status, challenges and way forwardcaxtonk2008
The Dandora dumpsite handles all the wastes generated by Nairobi City, East Africas’ largest and most populous City. It is located 8 KMs from the citys’ central business district. The dumpsite measures 26.2 Hectares and has been in operation for over thirty years. The dumpsite receives over 1500 tonnes of waste on a daily basis of which forms a less than half of Nairobis’ total generated waste.
Started in the 1970S’ by Nairobi City council, the site was initially a quarry. It was therefore established with the intention of filling up and eventually rehabilitating the quarry. However the dumpsite has been in operation for a period that far exceeds the ten to fifteen year limit set by international laws for the use of a dumpsite. It has thus ended up becoming a humanitarian nightmare especially for the surrounding communities, although it is considered by a blessing by those who depend on it for a living.
The dumpsite is surrounded by various residential estates including: Dandora, Baba Ndogo, Kariobangi and Korogocho of which is Nairobi Citys’ fourth largest slum. These estates harbor a population of over a million people and this is growing fast fuelled by among other factors the high urban immigration common in Africa.
Dumping at the site goes on due to lack of an alternative site and the interest of the dumpsite beneficiaries who are totally against its relocation. Attempts to move it has been strongly opposed by those benefiting from it. Attempts to move it to Ruai on the outskirts of Nairobi was strongly opposed by the community around the area who felt this was an attempt to dump the problem on them. Various solutions have been suggested including establishment of a semi aerobic land fill currently being piloted and establishment of thermal electricity generation plant among others.
The Dandora dumpsite continues to pose great threats to humanity. This is due to the fact that that the dumpsite has outlived its lifespan and overpassed its capacity. The activities in the dumpsite are not effective or efficient in dealing with the high amount of waste generated by in its source area. Attempts to address the situation continue to hit dead ends despite the many existing opportunities and developed plans.
Despite the many challenges that abound an alternative site needs to be urgently identified and modern recycling methods put into use. The plight of the separators operating at the dumpsite also needs to be addressed to ensure that solutions adopted don’t marginalize them and negate their great dependency on this malpractice. The participation of the people in the process of better waste management is also imperative
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
The presentation is an overview of the different modalities of public toilet construction and maintenance in Hyderabad. It also reviews the currently most preferred Build-Operate-Transfer model under Public-Private-Partnership, based on four criteria:
- Community & Location
- Economics & Viability
- Governance & Operational Management
- Design & User Experience
This presentation was prepared by Indivar Jonnalagadda, Research Associate at Hyderabad Urban Lab for the workshop Toilet Republic held at Do Din 2014 on December 20, 2014.
I CSU Math Center 1-800-977-8449 x6538 [em.docxwilcockiris
I
CSU Math Center | 1-800-977-8449 x6538 | [email protected]
Math Center Requests: Math Center Request Form
Municipal Government &
Transfer Station
Problem: A municipal government has agreed to provide once per week waste collection services to a
new residential community of 25,000 people. The city council has hired you to make a preliminary
assessment to determine if they should build and operate a transfer station to support the collection.
For the initial analysis, assume that the community does not have a recycling program. Here is some
of the initial data that the municipal engineer has collected.
* The round trip distance from the residential community to the landfill is 40 miles.
* The size of the residential garbage truck that collects waste from the community is 30 cubic yards.
* The round trip distance from the proposed site of the transfer station will be 45 miles.
* The garbage truck is capable to compact the refuse to 700 lbs./yd3.
* A long haul truck is capable to transport 25 tons of compacted waste per trip.
* The transfer station has a fixed operating cost of $15/ton.
* The cost to operate the garbage truck is $1.50/mile.
* The cost to operate the long haul truck is $0.75/mile.
(a) Would you recommend to the city council that a transfer station should be built and operated?
Show all work on how you came to your answer.
* The United Nations estimates waste generation rate is 4.8 lbs. per person per day.
(See page 39 of the textbook)
(b) If the community operated a recycling program, would this change or support your
recommendation to the city council? Show all work on how you came to your answer.
* Total recycled municipal waste is 33.2% of generation.
Solution
:
(a) We will use the estimated waste generation rate of 4.8 lbs. per person per day in this calculation.
Step 1
Residential waste generated = 25,000 people x 4.8 lbs. x 7 days = 840,000 lbs. or 420 tons
person/day 1 week each week
Step 2
Calculate the waste collected in each truck:
30 yd3 x 700 lbs. = 21,000 lbs. of waste collected per truck
truck yd3
Step 3
Calculate the number of trucks needed:
840,000 lbs. = 40 trucks (round up)
21,000 lbs./truck
Step 4
Determine the cost to travel to landfill by garbage trucks:
40 trucks x $1.50 x 40 miles = $2,400 per week
week mile
mailto:[email protected]
https://mycsu.columbiasouthern.edu/student/forms/courses/math-center-request/
Step 5
Calculate the number of long haul trucks based on residential waste generated:
420 tons = 17 trucks (round up)
25 tons per truck
Step 6
Determine cost to travel to transfer station by long haul trucks:
17 trucks x $0.75 x 45 miles = $573.75
mile .
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Solid wastes collection and removal from buildings. On-site processing and disposal methods. Aerobic and Anaerobic decomposition
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1 Course Le.docxaryan532920
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management.
7. Examine the impact of solid waste on human populations.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Chapter 2:
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Quantities
Unit Lesson
During the last 10 years, the European Union (EU) has seen a 25% increase in the per capita generation of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and a 30% increase in the generation of hazardous waste (European
Environment Agency, 2013; Eurostat, 2016). In Asia, MSW is expected to increase by 150% in the next 20
years (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Government regulators and corporations are looking for ways to
reduce and better manage these wastes. One option is to use the principles of the Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) program. The ISWM program is structured with the highest priority being the prevention
of waste from being generated. The lowest-ranked priority involves the final disposal of the waste in a landfill
facility. When waste is generated in a manufacturing facility, every attempt is made to reduce its quantity by
using sustainable consumption processes that utilize fewer toxic and hazardous materials in the
manufacturing processes. The next highest priority in the hierarchy is recycling or reusing waste in
commercially viable products. To properly protect human health and the environment, waste that has no
commercial value must be disposed of. Before going straight to a landfill, opportunities need to be explored
that are related to the recovery of heat and energy by incineration or other thermal oxidation processes.
Incineration also has the added advantage of converting the large quantity of organic materials down to a
reduced quantity of ash residue that is disposed of in the landfill.
As cities grow in population and commerce leading to the generation of increased quantities of waste,
communities need to adopt and implement an ISWM program to manage these wastes. The composition of
municipal wastes is also shifting as lifestyles and consumption patterns change between the generations.
Industrial facilities are becoming more complex, and they are using more complex hazardous and toxic
materials to maximize profits in global markets. In many older communities, there are legacy sites where
waste has been improperly disposed of, and these sites are now exerting adverse impacts to groundwater
and drinking water aquifers. During the last few years, residents have been taking control of their
environments, and they are now requiring companies to be more responsible in how they manage their
wastes. Companies are being held accountable to fulfill their promise to be good corporate citizens in the
local communities where they operate. With the implementation ...
Application of Mobile Technology in Waste CollectionWaqas Tariq
One of the stages in waste management is waste collection, and as global waste generation continue to increase year after year, the need for better and more efficient waste disposal, collection and management methods become more evident and urgent. Automated forms of waste collection are very expensive and far from being affordable in many low income communities, especially in the so called developing countries. To solve this dilemma, mobile technologies are considered for use in waste collection as a prospective means of improving waste management. This paper is an attempt to proffer a generic but yet concrete and efficient solution to the problems associated with waste collection via the application of mobile technologies, firstly, by tackling the problems individually in form of subsystems and then, through integration of the subsystems together.
Automated home waste segregation and management systemIJECEIAES
Waste management is a massive issue in India, most of the present systems cannot manage waste on a scalable level, thus creating pressure on the ecosystem. Before the elimination of waste, segregation needs to be done to manage individual types of waste. Hence taken the same approach to solving the problem, which most of the present-day systems fail to do. The goal is to segregate the garbage generated in individual households into solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and non-combustible, using many subsystems that involve electro pneumatics, compression, and storage. Image processing techniques will further advocate the process. The desired system will further reduce the waste of an in-built pulverizer. After conducting in-depth research on the present solutions for the urban waste processing chain, the level of complexity increases as the waste goes further along the chain and, in the end, the only option left is incineration was figured out. The solution allows endpoints of the chain to process different types of garbage in a more organized fashion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is solid waste that results from municipal community, commercial, institutional, and recreational activities. This paper aims to segregate the MSW generated by households into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and noncombustible.
I CSU Math Center 1-800-977-8449 x6538 [em.docxwilcockiris
I
CSU Math Center | 1-800-977-8449 x6538 | [email protected]
Math Center Requests: Math Center Request Form
Municipal Government &
Transfer Station
Problem: A municipal government has agreed to provide once per week waste collection services to a
new residential community of 25,000 people. The city council has hired you to make a preliminary
assessment to determine if they should build and operate a transfer station to support the collection.
For the initial analysis, assume that the community does not have a recycling program. Here is some
of the initial data that the municipal engineer has collected.
* The round trip distance from the residential community to the landfill is 40 miles.
* The size of the residential garbage truck that collects waste from the community is 30 cubic yards.
* The round trip distance from the proposed site of the transfer station will be 45 miles.
* The garbage truck is capable to compact the refuse to 700 lbs./yd3.
* A long haul truck is capable to transport 25 tons of compacted waste per trip.
* The transfer station has a fixed operating cost of $15/ton.
* The cost to operate the garbage truck is $1.50/mile.
* The cost to operate the long haul truck is $0.75/mile.
(a) Would you recommend to the city council that a transfer station should be built and operated?
Show all work on how you came to your answer.
* The United Nations estimates waste generation rate is 4.8 lbs. per person per day.
(See page 39 of the textbook)
(b) If the community operated a recycling program, would this change or support your
recommendation to the city council? Show all work on how you came to your answer.
* Total recycled municipal waste is 33.2% of generation.
Solution
:
(a) We will use the estimated waste generation rate of 4.8 lbs. per person per day in this calculation.
Step 1
Residential waste generated = 25,000 people x 4.8 lbs. x 7 days = 840,000 lbs. or 420 tons
person/day 1 week each week
Step 2
Calculate the waste collected in each truck:
30 yd3 x 700 lbs. = 21,000 lbs. of waste collected per truck
truck yd3
Step 3
Calculate the number of trucks needed:
840,000 lbs. = 40 trucks (round up)
21,000 lbs./truck
Step 4
Determine the cost to travel to landfill by garbage trucks:
40 trucks x $1.50 x 40 miles = $2,400 per week
week mile
mailto:[email protected]
https://mycsu.columbiasouthern.edu/student/forms/courses/math-center-request/
Step 5
Calculate the number of long haul trucks based on residential waste generated:
420 tons = 17 trucks (round up)
25 tons per truck
Step 6
Determine cost to travel to transfer station by long haul trucks:
17 trucks x $0.75 x 45 miles = $573.75
mile .
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Solid wastes collection and removal from buildings. On-site processing and disposal methods. Aerobic and Anaerobic decomposition
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1 Course Le.docxaryan532920
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management.
7. Examine the impact of solid waste on human populations.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Chapter 2:
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Quantities
Unit Lesson
During the last 10 years, the European Union (EU) has seen a 25% increase in the per capita generation of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and a 30% increase in the generation of hazardous waste (European
Environment Agency, 2013; Eurostat, 2016). In Asia, MSW is expected to increase by 150% in the next 20
years (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Government regulators and corporations are looking for ways to
reduce and better manage these wastes. One option is to use the principles of the Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) program. The ISWM program is structured with the highest priority being the prevention
of waste from being generated. The lowest-ranked priority involves the final disposal of the waste in a landfill
facility. When waste is generated in a manufacturing facility, every attempt is made to reduce its quantity by
using sustainable consumption processes that utilize fewer toxic and hazardous materials in the
manufacturing processes. The next highest priority in the hierarchy is recycling or reusing waste in
commercially viable products. To properly protect human health and the environment, waste that has no
commercial value must be disposed of. Before going straight to a landfill, opportunities need to be explored
that are related to the recovery of heat and energy by incineration or other thermal oxidation processes.
Incineration also has the added advantage of converting the large quantity of organic materials down to a
reduced quantity of ash residue that is disposed of in the landfill.
As cities grow in population and commerce leading to the generation of increased quantities of waste,
communities need to adopt and implement an ISWM program to manage these wastes. The composition of
municipal wastes is also shifting as lifestyles and consumption patterns change between the generations.
Industrial facilities are becoming more complex, and they are using more complex hazardous and toxic
materials to maximize profits in global markets. In many older communities, there are legacy sites where
waste has been improperly disposed of, and these sites are now exerting adverse impacts to groundwater
and drinking water aquifers. During the last few years, residents have been taking control of their
environments, and they are now requiring companies to be more responsible in how they manage their
wastes. Companies are being held accountable to fulfill their promise to be good corporate citizens in the
local communities where they operate. With the implementation ...
Application of Mobile Technology in Waste CollectionWaqas Tariq
One of the stages in waste management is waste collection, and as global waste generation continue to increase year after year, the need for better and more efficient waste disposal, collection and management methods become more evident and urgent. Automated forms of waste collection are very expensive and far from being affordable in many low income communities, especially in the so called developing countries. To solve this dilemma, mobile technologies are considered for use in waste collection as a prospective means of improving waste management. This paper is an attempt to proffer a generic but yet concrete and efficient solution to the problems associated with waste collection via the application of mobile technologies, firstly, by tackling the problems individually in form of subsystems and then, through integration of the subsystems together.
Automated home waste segregation and management systemIJECEIAES
Waste management is a massive issue in India, most of the present systems cannot manage waste on a scalable level, thus creating pressure on the ecosystem. Before the elimination of waste, segregation needs to be done to manage individual types of waste. Hence taken the same approach to solving the problem, which most of the present-day systems fail to do. The goal is to segregate the garbage generated in individual households into solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and non-combustible, using many subsystems that involve electro pneumatics, compression, and storage. Image processing techniques will further advocate the process. The desired system will further reduce the waste of an in-built pulverizer. After conducting in-depth research on the present solutions for the urban waste processing chain, the level of complexity increases as the waste goes further along the chain and, in the end, the only option left is incineration was figured out. The solution allows endpoints of the chain to process different types of garbage in a more organized fashion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is solid waste that results from municipal community, commercial, institutional, and recreational activities. This paper aims to segregate the MSW generated by households into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and noncombustible.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. START THE
TOOL HERE
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and programme under grant agreement No 690103
2. URBANREC will implement an eco-innovative and integral
bulky waste management system enhancing prevention and
reuse, improving logistics and allowing new waste treatments
to obtain high added value recycled products and
demonstrate its effectiveness in different EU regions,
including a roadmap to improve Eco-efficiency on European
waste management and pro-active standardization strategy.
SKIP THE
INTRODUCTION AND
GO TO THE TOOL
NEXT:
THE E-LEARNING
TOOL
NEW
APPROACHES FOR
THE
VALORISATION OF
URBAN BULKY
WASTE INTO HIGH
ADDED VALUE
RECYCLED
PRODUCTS
WHAT THE
PROJECT IS
ABOUT
3. This e-learning tool was developed as a part of the
knowledge transfer and training activities which were
targeting industry, municipalities and policy makers in
different regions across Europe in order to increase their
knowledge on the benefits of the proposed technologies
during the project’s lifetime. Being an online tool, it now
allows third parties to take advantage of the URBANREC
project and its outputs, as well as the know-how
concentrated around the project’s consortium, which is
composed by some of the leading regions in Europe when it
comes to bulky waste management. This tool also containes
policy recommendations based on emprical knowledge and
experiences coming from the very industry.
SKIP THE
INTRODUCTION AND
GO TO THE TOOL
THE
E-LEARNING
TOOL
NEXT:
HOW DOES THE
TOOL WORK?
4. Navigation through this tool happens solely by using the
provided buttons. They navigate the user through the entire
e-learning tool and allow the user to explore innovative
collection, treatment and valorisation pathways for various
household bulky waste types. The e-learning tool also
includes links to factsheets which summarise certain
treatment and or valorisation methods deployed in the
URBANREC regions.
The e-learning tool is quite intuitive and allow the user to
explore household bulky waste pathways of particular
interest. Don’t forget to keep an eye open for the
downloadable factsheets in the upper right corners.
SKIP THE
INTRODUCTION AND
GO TO THE TOOL
HOW DOES
THE TOOL
WORK?
READY TO EXPLORE
THE E-LEARNING
TOOL
5. Click on the type of household bulky waste you want to learn more about
6. Click on the type of household bulky waste you want to learn more about
7. Click on the type of household bulky waste you want to learn more about
8. Click on the type of household bulky waste you want to learn more about
9. MATTRESSES
Up to 30 million mattresses in Europe reach their end of life annually and it is estimated that 60% of those goes to
landfill and 40% is incinerated (EBIA, 2014). However, at least 85% of their mass can be readily recycled through simple
disassembly (CalRecycle, 2012).
Why are mattresses an undesirable waste?
Bulkiness - difficult to handle during waste pickup and transport
Low density - undesirable landfill material (an average mattress takes up 650 litres of landfill space as
compression is difficult)
Springs have a tendency to damage landfill and transfer station compacting or shredding
equipment.
The composition of mattresses varies greatly, but they are usually categorised based on their main core material, which
falls into three common types:
Steel and polyurethane foam being the biggest contributors to the mattresses’ weight they also present the most
valuable material wen it comes to material recovery.
BACK TO THE
URBANREC HOUSE
HOW TO COLLECT
MATTRESSES?
HOW TO TREAT
MATTRESSES?
Steel springs – making up
to 29% of the mattress
weight
Polyurethane foam –
making up to 25% of the
mattress weight
Latex foam
10. The composition of mattresses varies greatly, but they are usually categorised based on their main core material, which
falls into three common types:
Steel and polyurethane foam being the biggest contributors to the mattresses’ weight they also present the most
valuable material wen it comes to material recovery.
Up to 30 million mattresses in Europe reach their end of life annually and it is estimated that 60% of those goes to
landfill and 40% is incinerated (EBIA, 2014). However, at least 85% of their mass can be readily recycled through simple
disassembly (CalRecycle, 2012).
Why are mattresses an undesirable waste?
Bulkiness - difficult to handle during waste pickup and transport
Low density - undesirable landfill material (an average mattress takes up 650 litres of landfill space as
compression is difficult)
Springs have a tendency to damage landfill and transfer station compacting or shredding
equipment.
MATTRESSES
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MATTRESSES?
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MATTRESSES?
CIVIC AMENITY SITES
Civic amenity sites (CAS) are guarded, fenced-off areas
where inhabitants can dispose of and sort out their
household waste into receptacles in order to be recycled
or otherwise treated.
MOBILE CIVIC AMENITY SITES
In places where space is limited or in remote areas, or to
target specific populations that have difficulty using the
civic amenity sites (social districts, elderly population,
etc.), mobile civic amenity sites can be implemented to
compensate the absence of one.
TAKE-BACK SCHEMES
Mattresses can also be collected under various voluntary
schemes, set up by producers or retailers.
Steel springs – making up
to 29% of the mattress
weight
Polyurethane foam –
making up to 25% of the
mattress weight
Latex foam
11. CIVIC AMENITY SITES
Civic amenity sites (CAS) are guarded, fenced-off areas where inhabitants can dispose of and sort out their household
waste into receptacles in order to be recycled or otherwise treated. An on-site supervisor is present to provide
information and guidance to the users. Civic amenity sites also give the possibility to collect and source-separate
fractions that cannot be handled by door-to-door or bring bank schemes, due to legal, technical, or financial reasons
(hazardous waste, WEEE, construction and demolition waste, etc.).
There is an important diversity of civic amenity sites and many different ways to operate them. Their effectiveness for
source separation will depend on several factors, such as:
the number of containers they include
their proximity
their opening hours
the presence of trained employees helping the users
whether or not commercial waste is accepted
An important element is the control of users, which is generally done by checking the ID, or providing inhabitants with
individual user cards. Controlling the type of vehicle or the content of the waste brought can also help with the
controls, especially if different systems or tariffs apply to non-household waste producers.
Another important element for sorting is a differentiation of tariffs: when mixed waste is more expensive than
recyclable waste, the incentive for sorting will be higher. Charges can be set according to the volume or the weight of
the waste brought, the number of annual visits. Another possibility is to charge the user when he uses the mixed bulky
waste containers without necessarily weighing or assessing the volume of the waste.
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CIVIC AMENITY SITES IN
THE URBANREC REGIONS
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12. Depending of the size of the civic amenity site, many bulky waste fractions can be source-separated, such as bulky
waste made of a single material such as wood, hard plastics, metal, etc. In URBANREC territories, the civic amenity
sites were implemented to promote source separation: 27 fractions are sorted in average in the Province of Valencia,
39 different fractions in the 2 sites in Warsaw, and 39 in the IMOG territory.
CIVIC AMENITY SITES IN THE URBANREC REGIONS
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HOW TO TREAT
MATTRESSES
It is also possible to limit the volumes of mixed fractions that can be brought by inhabitants. For instance, the
Flemish intermunicipal organisation IVAREM allows 28 free entrances per year and per household and charge the
extra ones €5 per use, with additional limits of 2 uses per days and 2 m³ of waste per day. ID cards are used to
control this system. Mixed bulky waste is charged according to the quantities brought, the fees ranging between
0.03 €/kg and 0.33 €/kg. CAS accounts for over 90% of bulky waste collected on the Flemish territory with 1 CAS
per 19,300 inhabitants, where 95.8% of the population has a CAS within 5 km from their household.
Consorcio has developed a system of environmental points that are given to inhabitants
when using the civic amenity sites, which then give them possibilities to get discounts
on their next waste fees. In the Province of Valencia, about 75% of the bulky waste are
collected in civic amenity sites, with 22,500 inhabitant per 1 CAS
13. MOBILE CIVIC AMENITY SITES
In places where space is limited or in remote areas, or to target specific populations that have difficulty using the civic
amenity sites (social districts, elderly population, etc.), mobile civic amenity sites can be implemented to compensate
the absence of traditional civic amenity site. It might also be a way to make people that do not know about traditional
CAS (or are unsure about the charging system) aware of the collection system as a whole and promote the traditional
CAS.
These mobile civic amenity sites have several characteristics that differentiate them from regular CAS:
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MOBILE CIVIC AMENITY
SITES IN THE URBANREC
REGIONS
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They are temporary
installations, installed for
a single occassion or on a
reoccuring basis
They are open only for a
limited amount of time
before they move to
another location
They are placed in a
public spaces which
makes it easily accessible
for the residents (streets,
marketplacs, town hall
etc.)
They allow also residents
with limited mobility
options (absence of a
vehicle or other mode of
transporting bulky waste)
to a bulky waste
collection point
14. It must be noted that the operational cost of mobile civic amenity sites might be more important than traditional sites,
when comparing the cost per tonne collected. The success of mobile CAS heavily depends on the communication
activities to make them aware of their organisation.
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MOBILE CIVIC AMENITY SITES IN THE URBANREC REGIONS
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HOW TO TREAT
MATTRESSES
In Consorcio, the cost per tonne for mobile CAS amounts to 1,305 €/t, when CAS cost
about 250 €/t.
In Flanders, under certain conditions, local authorities can get subsidies from the Flemish Government for small
temporary or small permanent CAS.
15. TAKE-BACK SCHEMES
Mattresses can also be collected under various schemes similar to Extended Producer Responsibility. These schemes
can be voluntary, set up by producers or retailers in order to increase their corporate responsibility or to offer a
valuable service of collecting old mattresses from their clients or imposed by a local or a regional authority in order to
increase the collection rate of mattresses.
In the UK, the Airsprung Group set a take-back system for mattresses where they would collect old ones when
delivering a new mattress to the consumer. Old mattresses are then brought to a recycling centre to be dismantled,
and where about 60 to 80% of the materials were recycled. This system is also available in Flanders. For instance, the
company Bedking takes back old furniture, slatted base and mattresses.
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HOW TO TREAT
MATTRESSES
16. The composition of mattresses varies greatly, but they are usually categorised based on their main core material, which
falls into three common types:
Steel and polyurethane foam being the biggest contributors to the mattresses’ weight they also present the most
valuable material wen it comes to material recovery.
Polyurethane foam –
making up to 25% of the
mattress weight
MATTRESSES
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MATTRESSES?
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MATTRESSES?
FRAGMENTATION FOLLOWED BY VALORISATION
Fragmentation allows mattresses to be dismantled into
secondary material which feeds into new valorisation
routes
Up to 30 million mattresses in Europe reach their end of life annually and it is estimated that 60% of those goes to
landfill and 40% is incinerated (EBIA, 2014). However, at least 85% of their mass can be readily recycled through simple
disassembly (CalRecycle, 2012).
Why are mattresses an undesirable waste?
Bulkiness - difficult to handle during waste pickup and transport
Low density - undesirable landfill material (an average mattress takes up 650 litres of landfill space as
compression is difficult)
Springs have a tendency to damage landfill and transfer station compacting or shredding
equipment.
Steel springs – making up
to 29% of the mattress
weight
Latex foam
17. FRAGMENTATION
Mattresses are collected together, but before fragmentation they are separated manually, between Latex mattresses,
mattresses with springs and mattresses without springs. Springs are separated before cutting lamination process for
recycling. Four different materials are obtained after mattresses fragmentation:
Foam coming from mattresses without spring
Mixture of foam and textile coming from mattresses with spring
Textile and foam material coming from Latex mattresses
Latex foam
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METAL TEXTILE FOAM
18. FRAGMENTATION
The mattresses processed over the course of the project were collected by Consorcio, and composed of Polyurethane
(PU) or latex foam. For the mattresses with springs, metal parts were detached and sent for reselling.
The fragmentation process results in high purity products:
The obtained PU foam can be applied for rebounding (i.e. the fabrication of new mattresses) and for
glycolysis, to produce adhesives.
The textile parts can be used to produce new textile applications (needlefelts, composites).
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VALORISATION ROUTES
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FRAGMENTATION
19. VALORISATION
The URBANREC project developed innovative valorisation routes for materials extracted from bulky waste. Even though
they were developed at pilot scale, they show promising results for larger applications.
Adhesive and foams obtained from secondary polyols
Tests were performed to apply solvolysis route to obtain adhesives and foams using secondary polyols obtained from
polyurethane foam coming from mattresses. Two different solvolysis process were used: acidolysis and glycolysis.
The obtained polyols from acidolysis was incorporated in viscoelastic mattresses top layer foam and used for PUR hot-
melt adhesive. The secondary polyol from glycolysis process is used for insulation panel applications. The obtained
polyol from post-consumer mattresses waste could be used successfully in flexible and rigid foam application and also
for hot-melt adhesive.
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DOWNLOAD THE FACTSHEET ON
VALORISATION
20. FURNITURE
Nearly 55 million tonnes of wooden waste was produced in the EU in 2016, according to EUROSTAT. A large share of
this waste originates from wooden furniture and parts of other types of furniture. However, this amount decreased
over the years, from nearly 70 million tonnes in 2006. With an expansion of re-use and repair activities and new
business models, these amounts can decrease even more.
In this URBANREC e-learning platform
Why are mattresses an undesirable waste?
Bulkiness - difficult to handle during waste pickup and transport
Low density - undesirable landfill material (an average mattress takes up 650 litres of landfill space as
compression is difficult)
Springs have a tendency to damage landfill and transfer station compacting or shredding
equipment.
The composition of mattresses varies greatly, but they are usually categorised based on their main core material, which
falls into three common types:
Steel and polyurethane foam being the biggest contributors to the mattresses’ weight they also present the most
valuable material wen it comes to material recovery.
BACK TO THE
URBANREC HOUSE
HOW TO COLLECT
FURNITURE?
HOW TO TREAT
FURNITURE?
Steel springs – making up
to 29% of the mattress
weight
Polyurethane foam –
making up to 25% of the
mattress weight
Latex foam
21. 21
WPX. TASK LIST & GANTT DIAGRAM
Please, follow the EXAMPLE, as showed below, using
the Detailed Porject Planning sent to you all.
6 MONTH MEETING
15TH & 16TH NOVEMBER, 2016 ,FRAUNHOFER ICT, PFINZTAL, GERMANY
22. 22
WP X. TASK DESCRIPTION.
First 6-months (M1-M6)
Please, summarise the main tasks to be performed from Jun16-Nov16.
-> Use the table below, Work done & to be done, when already applicable
Works done Work to be done
Task 1.1. TITLE (M1-M12) – ongoing
XXXXX
• xxxx
• xxxx
• xxx
• XXX
• XXX
6 MONTH MEETING
15TH & 16TH NOVEMBER, 2016 ,FRAUNHOFER ICT, PFINZTAL, GERMANY
23. 23
WP X. WPs RELATIONS
• Indicate what you need from other WPs-Tasks/what you can offer for
other WPs –Tasks to perform the corresponding work foreeen within
period M1-M6
WPx
WPx
WPx
WPx
WPx
6 MONTH MEETING
15TH & 16TH NOVEMBER, 2016 ,FRAUNHOFER ICT, PFINZTAL, GERMANY
24. 24
WP X. FUTURE ACTIONS
Task Specific action/activity (m01-m06)
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
6 MONTH MEETING
15TH & 16TH NOVEMBER, 2016 ,FRAUNHOFER ICT, PFINZTAL, GERMANY