- The document provides an overview of e-commerce and business processes from an experience working at Insyncltd from August 2014 to January 2015. - It describes the key aspects of B2B and B2C business including types of businesses, purchase and sales processes, and retail. Common business documents like invoices and purchase orders are also outlined. - Manufacturing business processes, ERP tools, and the sales process in SAP Business One are summarized as well.

1. E-COMMERCE
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY
(AUG 2014– JAN2015@ INSYNCLTD.)
Prepared by: Shreyansh
Contact: shreyansh_piit@yahoo.com

2. BUSINESS PROCESS
B2B/B2C business, business documents, manufacturing business processes

3. Types of Business:
1. Make to order ---- Jewellery
2. Order to Make --- Retail business
Purchase ->
1. Vendor/Suppliers
2. Finished goods from manufacturer or whole seller
Sales->
1. Distribution channels/Large retailers
2. Consumer, small retails, physical stores, online stores
Retail->
1. related to consumer
2. Reselling Items

4. B2C business:
• Business to consumer
• Goods directly to consumer
• Product/service driven
• Large target market
• Single step buying process
• Brand identity
• Emotional buying process
B2B business:
• Business to business
• End goods not sold directly to consumer
• Relationship, On-time delivery and after sales service driven
• Small target market
• Multi-step buying process – Quotations -> Purchase request/Sales order-> PO->delivery->
Good receipt PO-> A/R invoice
• Brand identity built on relationship and market reputation
• Logic based buying process

5. Documents in the business:
Account payable -> Expense purchasing – Pay to vendor A/P
Account Receivable -> Payment received -> customer will pay you A/R
Purchase documents:
1. Purchase request –informal
2. Purchase order
3. goods received purchase order
4. A/P invoice (A/C for pay to vendor )
5. A/P credit memo (purchase return )
Sales process document
1. sales quotation (cost estimation ,delivery )
2. sales order (purchase or production )
3. Delivery (inventory or shipment )
4. A/R invoice (you should item you are about to get money )
5. sales return
6. A/R credit memo

6. Credit note :
• It is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer .
• Credit note / memo, is generally issued if buyer receives all returns a damaged good , errors
or allowances.
• In respect to previously issued invoice, a credit memo will reduce or eliminate the amount
the buyer must pay.
• it may be used to allow user to buy items in exchange of it.

7. manufacturing business process
Target customer
• distribution channel
• large retailer
Departments in manufacturing:
• Purchase – raw material
• Sales - finish goods
• Production – plants and factories
• Personnel – labors and workers
• Accounting - account activities
• HR Department
• Marketing
• shipment and logistics
• warehouse and inventory –raw material and finished goods

8. Types of business processes
1. Management process (strategic management )
2. operational process (purchasing, sales, manufacturing )
3. supporting processes (accounting, recruitment, tech support , call center )
types of Risk:
1. market risk
2. credit risk
3. operational risk

9. G/L (General Ledger ) account
A general Ledger contains all accounts for recording transaction relating to a company's
assets, liabilities , owner’s equity, revenues and expenses.
Generally different warehouses G/L account for different warehouses.
The general Ledger is backbone of any accounting system which holds financial and
nonfinancial data for organization.
the collection of all accounts is known as Ledger accounts. its categories are :
1. Assets
2. Liabilities
3. owner's equity
4. Revenue
5. Expenses
6. Games
7. Losses
8. subledgers : cash , A/R, A/P

10. E- COMMERCE
E- commerce and Magento product types

11. What is e-business?
Use of electrical technology especially web and other network technology for business.
Useful Business terms:
1. Business to business : interaction between businesses either an established supply chain or with
trading partners. the ability to electronically link your business get that off your supplier could
lead to faster restocking times lower stock levels and lower cost.
2. business automation allows fast and flexible communication with a mobile workforce.
3. Content management systems
4. eCRM (customer relationship management ) : integrated sales, marketing and service
strategy used to identify , attract and retain an organization’s customers through innovative
Internet technology
5. Emarketplace : online trading forum to buy or sell product using different trading and
purchasing mechanism including catalogs, auction, reverse auctions, request for code and
request for tender
6. E procurement : B2B purchasing system offering electric purchase, order processing and
enhanced admin functions for buyers and suppliers
7. M-Commerce: Shopping through mobile apps

12. Magento product type :
product catalog based upon 6 product type described as simple and complex.
standalone product types :
standalone products can be sold individually and sometimes in Association with other product types in a “one
to many” relationship
1. Simple product → possible to sell many variations of a product
2. Virtual product →selling of services, warranties or subscription not physical product
3. Gift card products →virtual, physical, combined each has unique code which is redeemed during
checkout
“one too many” product relationship :
1. Group product - lets you offer multiple standalone products as a group. Each product can be purchased
separately or as a part of group.
2. Configurable product – appears to be a single product with list of options for each version. Each option
represents a separate simple product with distinct SKU. Possible to track inventories for each variation.
3. Bundle products – let customer “build their own” from an assortment of options. Bundle can be computer,
gift basket or anything that is customizable each item in bundle is separate and standalone product

13. ERP TOOLS
ERP, MRP, SAP Business one, Sales and inventory processes in ERP

14. ERP - enterprise resource planning
Why computerize?
• Better visibility into
• stores (inventory control )
• investment (costing )
• Earning (financial control )
• Manpower (HR )
• Time (production scheduling )
• Customer (sales and CRM )
• Procurement (SCM and purchase )
• Design (engineering and R&D )
Consequences :
• handling more info of more products
• handling more changes and updates
• handling more customers and customer updates

15. Inventory control system:
Plan to stock
Advantages :
• easy to administer
• purchase depending on requirement
Disadvantages :
• insensitive to change in demand and lead time
• possibility of stockouts and overstocking
• plans on past not future

16. Manufacturing resource planning (MRP)
Master planning schedule : (Plan to order)
❑ Top management planning : business planning – objectives , sales planning – demand
,Production planning - resources
❑ operation management planning : BOM –> master scheduling –> product ,inventory status->
material planning –>material ,routing -> capacity planning –> capacity
❑ operation management planning: purchasing –>parts . shopfloor control –> efforts .
performance measurement –> accountability
Shortcomings :
• focus on enterprise not on value chain
• not integrated with finance and HR
Today's challenge:
➢ poor HR management
➢ low batch size
➢ focus on value added chain and shorter product lifecycle

17. MRP (material requirement planning ) in SAP business one:
1. define planning data (forecast )
2. running MRP
3. view other recommendations → purchase order / production order
key planning data:
• bill of material → components needed
• item master plan → planning data (Make/buy) and lead time (Minimum order quantity)
• invent data → stock in hand

18. what is ERP?
▪ Software design for organizing and managing business processes
▪ Modules share information across all business functions
▪ All modules are fully integrated and use a common database

19. Benefits of ERP:
• online data flow decreases process
time
• Less paperwork
• better inventory management
• less employee needed
• data security
• Scalable Architecture
• decision making (better analytics
coma forecasting, improved
control and transparency )
Drawbacks of ERP:
• complex integration
• ERP license cost, implementation,
infrastructure and customization
• Productivity loss during adoption
• recurring cost :
• hardware AMC
• additional license
• ongoing training

20. ERP components :
1. Supplier
2. HR
• personal management
• training and development
• skill inventory
3. Customer
4. Logistics
• Production planning
• material management
• plant management quality
• sales and distribution
5. Financial
• financial accounting
• Treasury management
• financial controls
• asset management
ERP options:
1. option 1→ MAKE (using
internal resources ) :
building a custom-built
ERP package
2. option 2 → BUY : Going for
tailor-made ERP package
like SAP, Oracle app
3. Option 3 → MAKE (using
external resources ):
custom build with help of
software solution providers

21. Browser •Presentation
Layer
Middle
tier
•Business
Logic
Database
tier
•Data layer
• SAP Modules are standalone softwares but are connected together.
• SAP modules is a three-tier architecture.
• Sharing of traffic using multiple middle tier

22. Upselling → similar products in a page of a product which user may be interested in buying
cross selling →similar products shown at the checkout cart .
SAP business suit :
1. ERP
2. CRM →helps companies acquire and retain customers , gain marketing
3. product lifecycle management (PLM) → hence manufacturer with product related info
4. SCM → helps in process of resourcing it's manufacturing and service process
5. SRM (supply relationship management ) → enable companies to procure from supplier
SAP business one → a business management software design for small businesses. It aims at
automating key business function in financial, operations and human resource

23. Sales process in SAP Business one:
1. Sales order can be edited
2. after creating sales order, we create a delivery in response of that sales order by “copy to
function ”
3. then we create an A/R invoice for the delivery by “copy to” function
4. create incoming payment for the A/R invoice by selecting “payment means ”
5. some customers purchase their goods directly from warehouse and pay immediately.
choose sales A/R →A/R invoice + payment
• Returns : sales A/R → returns ; Sales A/R → A/R invoice (copy from deliveries )
• creating credit memo to return an item : sales A/R → A/R credit memo ; choose customer →
copy from A/R invoices
• Exchange : sales A/R → A/R invoice

24. Inventory process in SAP business One :
1. Set up item
2. Inventory data : available = in stock + ordered – committed
3. item grouping
4. inventor valuation methods:
• moving average price
• first in first out (FIFO) : system uses price from oldest Ledger and so on. good for product
with expiry dates.
• Standard price (manual price – logic for items produced in house)
Dropship warehouse : a virtual warehouse where goods are shipped directly to a customer from a
vendor.

25. SAP Business one sales process :
steps in sales process
1. Sales order
2. Delivery
3. A/R invoice
4. incoming payment
Customer master data record :
• Create purchase order directly from sales order
• company represented as database
• master data concept
• data about leads which may turn to customer

26. Marketplace : lot of different sellers pet shops on the same website
E Commerce : same seller in our entire website
sales process :
1. sales order creation
2. Delivery
3. A/R (account receivable) invoice
issues in sales process
• product unavailability (shipping options )
• product returns (return and credit memo )
• Credits
• Exchanges (negative rows in sales document )
return document : item returned from customer after delivery

27. APPSECONNECT
A cloud based integration tool between online market place and backend ERP tool

28. Cloud computing → using the Internet to access someone else's software running on someone
else's hardware in someone else's data center .
cloud computing services :
• software as a service (SaaS) – end user
• on demand service
• Example –Gmail ,Yahoo Mail
• can provide security features
• platform as a service – app development
• gives nice API (application programming interface ) and takes care of implementation
• Is platform for developers to write and create their own SaaS i.e., applications.
• Rapid development at low cost
• infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – network architect
• hardware as a service
• allow existing app to be run on cloud supplier hardware
• Example – Amazon Web Services

29. APPSeCONNECT:
Is a generic solution that integrates online store ( made on Magento, Shopify etc. platforms)
and back-office accounting system or ERP tool (SAP Business one/ HANA etc.)
it has two components :
1. APPSeCONNECT cloud → the online configuration manager to configure and administer
connectivity between 2 end points of client’s on-premises data .
2. Agent → on premise tool to start doing actual sync operation. Capable of responding any
configuration change and can retain application configuration.

30. QUALITY AND
TESTING
QA, QC, Testing, Quality engineering, Software testing methods and levels, Testing
documentation

31. Quality assurance : ensuring that the product are of quality required for intended use
• QA= QC + GMP/other quality systems
• QA = Quality assurance
• QC = quality control
• GMP = good manufacturing practices (works in favor of manufacturer )
• ISO (international organization for standardization - works in favor of customer )
• All necessary controls on starting material, intermediate product and bulk products and in
person control, calibration and validation are carried out.
• The finished product is correctly processed and checked according to the defined
procedure
• 5M’s of quality
1. Man
2. Machinery
3. Material
4. Motivation
5. Manuals / methodology

32. QA activities :
✓ technology transfer
✓ Validation
✓ Documentation
✓ quality inspection of products
✓ assuring quality of products
✓ quality improvement plans
Documentation : to establish , monitor and record “quality ” for all aspects of GMP such as
• standard operating procedure
• test protocols
• test results
• test reports
Quality plan: this document should contain :
✓ product introduction
✓ product plans
✓ process description
✓ quality goals
✓ risk and risk management

33. Quality Engineering
• Integration process: integration of product development, engineering, marketing.
• Installation of QA plan :
1. organizing of departments → make use of supervisors
2. amount and quality of training affects finished product quality
• every line employee should be trained
• verify job is being done correctly
3. Automation of closest changes types and quantities of analysis needed
• speed of testing
• what level of accuracy is necessary
• maintenance of lab equipment
• training of technicians
• QA operations :
✓ reviewing of daily lab and production reports
✓ inventory control
✓ checking raw material deviation
✓ production and purchasing should get feedback regarding raw material and finished
product
✓ install new procedures that are based on verified cause and effect analysis
✓ explain what customer wants
✓ Audit and inspections

34. • Test plans Vs Random testing
• Test plan system adds structure and discipline to the testing process , helping to maintain
consistent environments for the testing and evaluating everything within a specified
environment (good for complex and robust software/products )
• if a test passes, the software moves to next test. if it fails, a lab log is written to return to
development team for improvement, accompanied by comprehensive information about
the failure and is then returned for further testing.
• Random testing can compliment test plan by pinpointing odd weakness but can never
replace plan test scripts.
• virtual testing :
• testing remotely enables QA staff to assist the individual nature of each customer's
implementation and the specific issues they face.
• enables comparative performance evaluation
• allows greater flexibility in testing process
• load testing/stress testing:
• eliminates downtime for software that is not designed to handle the desired workload
• All test results need to be documented
• waterfall models of testing and incremental model of testing are two ways of test plans

35. QA vs QC vs Testing
QA
◦ Ensure implementation of
process and standards
◦ focus on processes
◦ process oriented
◦ subset of STLC
QC
◦ verification of software
with respect to
documented
requirement
◦ focus on actual testing
through implementation
of process
◦ product oriented
◦ subset of QA
Testing
◦ Ensure identification of
bugs /errors /defects
◦ focus on actual testing
◦ product oriented
◦ subset of QC

36. Software testing ISO Standards :
❑ ISO / IEC 9126 → function , reliable ,usable ,efficient ,maintenance ,portable
❑ ISO/ IEC 25000:2005 → Software product quality requirement and evaluation (SQuaRE)
❑ ISO 2500n → quality management division
❑ ISO 2501n → quality model division
❑ ISO 2502n → quality measurement division
❑ ISO 2503n→ quality requirement division
❑ ISO 2504n → quality evaluation division
❑ IEEE 1028 → standard for software inspection
To get ISO 9001 certification, a third-party auditor assesses organization for same. The
certification is typically good for about three years after which a reassessment is required.

37. Software testing methods
black box testing :
• technique of testing without having any knowledge of interior working of application
• tester does not have access to source code
Advantages :
• well suited for large code
segment
• code access not required
• large number of moderately
skilled testers can test the
application with no knowledge of
implementation, programming
language or operating systems
Disadvantages :
• Limited coverage since only selected
number of test scenarios can be tested
• insufficient testing because tester has
limited knowledge about software or
application
• blind coverage since tester cannot
target specific code segment or error
prone areas

38. White box testing :
• Detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of code (glass / open box testing )
• tester needs to look inside the source code and find out which unit of code is behaving
inappropriately
Advantages :
• ask tester has knowledge of
source code it becomes very
easy to find out which data can
help in testing application
• helps in optimizing the code
• maximum coverage attainable
Disadvantages :
• high cost due to skill involved
• difficult to maintain as tools requirement
is high

39. Grey box testing :
• Testing the application with limited knowledge of the internal working of an application
• tester does have access to design documents and database
Advantages :
• tester don't rely on the source code,
instead they rely on interface, definition
and functional specification
• can build excellent test scenarios
specially around communication
protocol and data type handling
• test done from user point of view
Disadvantages :
• since access to source code is not
available, the ability to go over the
code and test coverage is limited
• test can be redundant if software
designer has already run a test case

40. Levels of software testing
1. Functional testing
I. unit testing
II. integration testing
III. system testing
IV. regression testing
V. acceptance testing
VI. Alpha testing
VII. beta testing
2. Non-functional testing
I. performance testing
II. load testing
III. stress testing
IV. usability testing
V. security testing
VI. portability testing

41. Functional testing
It is a type of testing where test results are examined to test functionality of the software.
Steps :
1. determination of functionality
2. creation of test data
3. output based on test data
4. writing of test scenarios and execution of test cases
5. comparison of actual and expected results based on executed test cases
❖ Unit testing → performed by developers on individual unit off assigned codes
❖ Integration testing → testing of combined parts of application to determine if they function
correctly together.
o bottom-up integration : unit test → module test
o top-down integration : module test →lower module levels
❖ System testing → test system as a whole
❖ Regression testing → whenever change in a software application is made it is quite possible that
other areas within the application have been affected by this change. The test is to make sure that
the functionality of software remains unaffected.
❖ Acceptence testing → test the acceptance of software as per it's functional requirement
❖ Alpha testing → unit testing +integration testing +system testing
❖ beta testing → sample introduced to intended audience and test the application. it is real world
test and feedbacks are taken from customer.

42. Non-functional testing
It is a type testing that tests Performance, security , user interference etc.
❖ Performance testing → Test the performance of software. Performance downgrading factors are:
• Network delay
• client-side processing
• database transaction processing
• load balancing between servers
• data rendering
❖ load testing →mostly performed with automated tools . virtual users defined in automated testing
tools
❖ stress testing →testing software behavior under abnormal conditions. taking away resources used
by software, turning data on or off, running different processes that consume resources suggest
CPU, memory, servers etc.
❖ usability testing →identify errors and improvements in software by observing the user through their
usage and operation. see factors such as :
• Easy to learn/ remember / understand
• Efficient/satisfactory to use
❖ security testing → test the security of software to make sure data is transferred securely and is not
linked to any unintended recipient.
❖ portability testing → test the software integration with various platforms, software and hardware.

43. Software testing documents
1. Test plan→ A test plan contains following details:
✓ Introduction to test plan document
✓ Assumptions
✓ list of test cases
✓ list of features to be tested
✓ what sort of approach to use when testing the software
✓ resources allotted for testing the application
✓ any risks involved
2. test scenarios → One line statement that tells what area in the application will be tested.
use to ensure that all process flows are tested from end to end.
3. test cases → Involve set of steps, conditions and inputs which can be used while performing
the testing tasks. kind of test cases : functional, negative, error, logical, physical test case.
4. traceability matrix → requirement traceability matrix is a table which is used to trace
requirement of SDLC. we have forward tracing (design to coding) or backward tracing
(Coding to requirement)

44. PROGRAMMING
SDLC, STLC, types of programming, XLTS, XML, CSS

45. SDLC (software development lifecycle ):
1. requirement analysis
2. gap analysis
3. finalize business requirement document
4. Design
5. coding
6. Testing
7. Deployment at client systems
STLC (software testing lifecycle ):
1. Test planning
2. test design
3. test execution
4. defect report
5. retesting

46. Types of programming:
imperative programming : It is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms
of statements that change a program state . Imperative programs define sequence of
commands for the computer to perform. example - C programming
Declarative programming : it focuses on what the program should accomplish without
prescribing how to do it in terms of sequence of actions to be taken . Ex- SQL queries
Some programming languages:
➢ XLTS : Extensible stylesheet long transformation. XLTS is a language for transferring XML
document into other XML documents ,call other objects such as SDML, postscripts etc.
➢ CSS : CSS defines how HTML elements are to be displayed. all formatting would be
removed from that table document and stored in a separate CSS file.
▪ Syntax : h1 (selector) { color (property) : blue (value); font size (property) : 12 pts (value); } (declaration)
➢ XML – Extensible markup language. It is used to describe data while HTML is used to display
data

47. XML – Extensible markup language
• XML is used to describe data while HTML is used to display data
• XML - Software and hardware independent tool for carrying information
• XML does not do anything. It is just the information wrapped in tags. Someone must write a
piece of software to send, receive or display it.
• XML does not have predefined tags.
• XML separates data from HTML
• XML simplifies data sharing and transport
Example:
<Note>
<to> Tom </to>
<From> Caroline </From>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body> Don’t forget me </body>
</Note>
Structure:
<root>
<child>
<Subchild >…</Subchild>
< /child >
</root>

48. AGILE/SCRUM SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
Agile software development, scrum

49. Agile software development methodology:
in traditional approach everything is done segment wise. testing happens at end stage thus it
leads to unexpected results at the end/delivery. whereas in agile approach everything is tested
in each stage of development also called as Iterations. Thus, it has regular system testing
process. Agile gives better visibility, business value and flexibility. Agile methodology is also
called as Scrum methodology.
3 Roles (Scrum Roles)
1. Product owner
2. Scrum master
3. Development team
3 Artifacts
1. Product Increments/Burndown
charts
2. Product Backlog
3. Sprint Backlog
5 Events
1. Sprint (Iteration)
2. Sprint planning
3. Daily scrum
4. Sprint review
5. Retrospective
SCRUM

50. Sprint :
• different attritions with some development
• few weeks long
• Require requirement, product design, coding and testing definition
product backlog:
• documents and manages information. it outlines project timeline and priorities
• it is an ordered list of everything that might be needed in the product and is single source of
requirement for every change to be made to the product.
Product owner→ represents voice of customer. writes user stories, prioritizes them and then places
them in the product backlog.
scrum master → not a leader of team (ask team is self organizing) but acts as a buffer between
the team and any distracting influences. he or she protects the team and keep the team
focused on task in hand.
Team → responsible for product delivery (members from design, development and QA
departments)

51. Thank you!
Some words from back pages of my dairy that
inspire me till date.