E 1027, famous house designed by Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici in France in 1929. It has been recently restored by French architect P-A Gatier. First analysis of the work by specialists Burkhardt Rukschcio and Renaud Barres
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the influential Bauhaus school. He believed in creating organic buildings that expressed their inner structure without unnecessary ornamentation. Some of Gropius' most famous works that exemplified this Modernist philosophy included the Fagus Factory, built in 1911-1913, and the Glass Pavilion at the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition. Later in life, Gropius designed his family home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, known as the Gropius House, which combined traditional New England materials with modern industrial elements. He founded the Bauhaus school in 1919 with the goal of uniting art, craft, and technology, which became an important center for the development of Modern architecture
El documento describe la Casa Estudio No. 22 diseñada por Pierre Koenig en Los Ángeles. La casa tiene una forma de L y está construida principalmente de vidrio y acero para maximizar las vistas panorámicas. Las zonas privadas como dormitorios y baños se ubican en un ala mientras que las zonas comunes como cocina, comedor y sala de estar se ubican en el otro ala. Aunque la casa ofrece vistas espectaculares de la ciudad, su diseño de paredes de vidrio proporciona poca privacidad a sus habitantes
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect born in 1886 in Germany. He worked under influential architects like Bruno Paul and Peter Behrens early in his career, developing his style of modern architecture focused on simplicity and open floor plans. Some of his most famous works include the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, and skyscrapers in Chicago using new steel and glass technologies. He emigrated to the US in 1937 to escape the Nazis and became an American citizen, directing the architecture program at IIT and leaving a lasting impact on modern high-rise design before his death in 1969.
Archigram was an experimental architecture group formed in the 1960s in London. The group is known for producing conceptual designs for walking cities, instant cities, and plug-in cities that incorporated emerging technologies and drew inspiration from pop culture and science fiction. Their designs represented a rejection of the austerity and formality of postwar modernist architecture in favor of mobile, flexible cities that celebrated technology and consumerism. Their conceptual projects were published in Archigram, an avant-garde magazine they founded, helping them gain prominence and influence architectural thought in the 1960s and beyond.
- Farnsworth House was designed and built from 1946 to 1951 by German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
- The house consists of precast concrete floor and roof slabs supported by a carefully crafted steel skeleton frame, with single panes of glass spanning from floor to ceiling.
- Though it proved difficult to live in, Farnsworth House is still regarded as an important accomplishment of the international style for its elegant simplicity.
The De Stijl movement was founded in the Netherlands in 1917 with the goal of expressing universal concepts through simplified geometric forms, primary colors, and an emphasis on horizontals and verticals. Key characteristics included flat roofs, asymmetric designs, white or gray walls accented with primary colors in rectangular shapes. Furniture was designed as an extension of the architecture, using straight lines, planes, and geometric shapes. Decorative elements were limited, as the architecture itself was considered a work of art.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the influential Bauhaus school. He believed in creating organic buildings that expressed their inner structure without unnecessary ornamentation. Some of Gropius' most famous works that exemplified this Modernist philosophy included the Fagus Factory, built in 1911-1913, and the Glass Pavilion at the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition. Later in life, Gropius designed his family home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, known as the Gropius House, which combined traditional New England materials with modern industrial elements. He founded the Bauhaus school in 1919 with the goal of uniting art, craft, and technology, which became an important center for the development of Modern architecture
El documento describe la Casa Estudio No. 22 diseñada por Pierre Koenig en Los Ángeles. La casa tiene una forma de L y está construida principalmente de vidrio y acero para maximizar las vistas panorámicas. Las zonas privadas como dormitorios y baños se ubican en un ala mientras que las zonas comunes como cocina, comedor y sala de estar se ubican en el otro ala. Aunque la casa ofrece vistas espectaculares de la ciudad, su diseño de paredes de vidrio proporciona poca privacidad a sus habitantes
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect born in 1886 in Germany. He worked under influential architects like Bruno Paul and Peter Behrens early in his career, developing his style of modern architecture focused on simplicity and open floor plans. Some of his most famous works include the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, and skyscrapers in Chicago using new steel and glass technologies. He emigrated to the US in 1937 to escape the Nazis and became an American citizen, directing the architecture program at IIT and leaving a lasting impact on modern high-rise design before his death in 1969.
Archigram was an experimental architecture group formed in the 1960s in London. The group is known for producing conceptual designs for walking cities, instant cities, and plug-in cities that incorporated emerging technologies and drew inspiration from pop culture and science fiction. Their designs represented a rejection of the austerity and formality of postwar modernist architecture in favor of mobile, flexible cities that celebrated technology and consumerism. Their conceptual projects were published in Archigram, an avant-garde magazine they founded, helping them gain prominence and influence architectural thought in the 1960s and beyond.
- Farnsworth House was designed and built from 1946 to 1951 by German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
- The house consists of precast concrete floor and roof slabs supported by a carefully crafted steel skeleton frame, with single panes of glass spanning from floor to ceiling.
- Though it proved difficult to live in, Farnsworth House is still regarded as an important accomplishment of the international style for its elegant simplicity.
The De Stijl movement was founded in the Netherlands in 1917 with the goal of expressing universal concepts through simplified geometric forms, primary colors, and an emphasis on horizontals and verticals. Key characteristics included flat roofs, asymmetric designs, white or gray walls accented with primary colors in rectangular shapes. Furniture was designed as an extension of the architecture, using straight lines, planes, and geometric shapes. Decorative elements were limited, as the architecture itself was considered a work of art.
Peter Behrens was a pioneering 20th century German designer and architect who had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. He is considered a founder of modern industrial architecture and design. Some of his most notable works included Haus Behrens, his own home which helped move him from Art Nouveau to a modernist style, and the iconic AEG Turbine Factory, one of the first examples of modern industrial architecture that combined functionality and elegance through its use of materials and proportions. Behrens had a profound impact through his assistants, including Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe, who helped spread his ideas globally.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect known for his maxim "Less is More". He designed skyscrapers made of steel and glass that set models for modern architecture. His works used simple rectangular forms, open floor plans, and extensive glass to bring the outside in. His Seagram Building in New York featured a steel frame with curtain walls of glass and bronze. It established new standards with its minimalist design and generous public plaza. Mies also designed the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago following his philosophies of "Skin and Bone" architecture and independent, floating structures.
Villa Capra, also known as La Rotonda, is a Renaissance villa near Vicenza, Italy designed by architect Andrea Palladio in 1566. It was commissioned by priest Paolo Almerico as a country house upon his retirement. Inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, the symmetrical villa has a central circular hall beneath a dome and four identical porticoed facades that project from each corner. Known as La Rotonda due to its circular interior space, the villa's design carefully integrates the architecture with the surrounding landscape through its placement and facade variations.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. The document discusses the Bauhaus movement and its key principles of simplicity, harmony between mass production and craftsmanship, and harmony of form and function. It provides examples of Bauhaus architecture like the Fagus Factory designed by Gropius, which used new technologies like glass, concrete, and steel in its flat-roofed, cubic design with open floor plans and functional furniture.
The document provides information about Mies van der Rohe, a pioneering modernist architect. It discusses his background and some of his most famous works, including the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, and Crown Hall. The majority of the document then focuses on detailing Mies van der Rohe's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library in Washington D.C. It provides information about its construction, features, plans, elevations and sections to illustrate its modern architectural design.
The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution and Victorian culture. Artists and designers sought to return to handcrafted, high-quality designs and reject mass production. The Prairie School was influenced by these ideals and focused on horizontal lines, hipped roofs, craftsmanship, and integrating buildings into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright was a leading proponent, designing homes like the Winslow House and Bradley House that featured these characteristics. Both movements promoted natural materials and simplicity over ornamentation.
This document discusses the history and characteristics of minimalism in architecture and design. It begins with an introduction to minimalism and its emphasis on simplicity, balance, and empty space. Key minimalist architects like Mies van der Rohe, Tadao Ando, and Luis Barragan are profiled for their use of simple geometric forms, natural lighting, and strategic use of color. Characteristics of minimalist architecture are outlined as simplicity of form and function, uncomplicated exteriors, open floor plans filled with natural light, and strategic material selection. Minimalism is also discussed as applied to interior design, furniture, painting, photography, and sculpture through emphasis on simplicity, negative space, and singular focal points.
La Casa Stahl diseñada por Pierre Koenig en 1960 en California es una vivienda unifamiliar de planta abierta y estructura de hormigón y acero. La casa se eleva sobre pilares para integrarse con el paisaje circundante, ofreciendo amplias vistas del exterior desde el interior a través de grandes ventanales. El diseño minimalista buscaba maximizar la sensación de espacio y ligereza al tiempo que proporcionaba comodidad y estabilidad a sus habitantes.
Tadao Ando's 1984 Koshino House design features two parallel concrete rectangular structures partially buried into a sloping landscape in a national park in Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan. The northern volume contains a living room, kitchen, and dining area on the first floor and a master bedroom and study on the second floor. The southern volume contains six linearly organized children's bedrooms, a bathroom, and a lobby. A below-grade tunnel connects the two spaces. Ando used the courtyard revealed between the structures to express the fundamental nature of the site, contouring to the natural topography. Narrow apertures manipulate natural light and shadow into the interior spaces.
La Escuela de Chicago surgió a finales del siglo XIX en respuesta al crecimiento demográfico y al gran incendio de Chicago de 1871, lo que requirió el desarrollo de nuevos estilos arquitectónicos e innovaciones como los rascacielos de acero, ascensores eléctricos y ventanas corridas. Arquitectos prominentes como Jenney, Sullivan y Burnham & Root ayudaron a definir el estilo con edificios que presentaban estructuras de acero, fachadas de mampostería y líneas horizontales y verticales.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a unique organic style. Some of his most famous works include the Prairie style homes he designed in the early 1900s like the Robie House, which featured horizontal lines, bands of windows, and integration with the landscape. In the 1930s he designed Fallingwater, partially built over a waterfall, and in the late career he pioneered the Usonian home design for affordable houses using new materials like concrete. Wright had a philosophy of organic architecture that embraced nature and simplicity.
This document discusses expressionism in modern and contemporary architecture. It begins by defining expressionism in painting in the early 20th century, noting the emphasis on conveying emotion through abstraction. In architecture, expressionism sought to make buildings more emotionally expressive through sculptural, sometimes irrational forms reflecting the architect's personality. Several key expressionist architects are discussed, including Bruno Taut, Erich Mendelsohn, and Rudolf Steiner, along with some of their most celebrated works employing expressionist styles like the Glass Pavilion, Einstein Tower, and Goetheanum buildings. The document explores how expressionism is not always clearly defined and can overlap with other styles, but generally features distorted, sculptural forms conveying emotion, spirit
The Gropius House employed a modernist style using industrial materials like glass, iron and concrete. It combined traditional New England elements such as fieldstone foundations and brick chimneys with innovative materials like glass block and acoustical plaster. The design emphasized simplicity, functionality and economy through its use of standard catalog components and Bauhaus principles of form following function. Massing of the house took a simple rectangular cubic form under a flat roof to exemplify modernist ideals.
La Casa Bianchi diseñada por Mario Botta en 1971 se ubica en Riva San Vitale, Suiza. Es una torre cuadrada de 10 metros de lado y 13 de altura que se eleva sobre la ladera de una montaña, protegiendo el paisaje. La casa tiene cuatro fachadas con vistas específicas y está organizada en cinco niveles conectados por una escalera central en espiral. Los materiales principales son el hormigón gris de las paredes y el rojo de la pasarela de acceso.
1. Marcel Breuer era un arquitecto húngaro que trabajó en la Bauhaus y emigró a Estados Unidos en 1937. Allí colaboró con Walter Gropius en proyectos que revisaban los principios de la arquitectura moderna, como la casa Chamberlain de 1941, que combinaba materiales naturales con la estructura tradicional de madera americana.
2. La casa Chamberlain consistía en una caja de piedra en la parte inferior y una caja de madera volada encima, con porches y grandes ventanales que conectaban la arquitectura con
Herbert Jacobs House 2, Assessment 2 FINALSamantha Dunne
This document discusses redesigning the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Herbert Jacobs House II for the climate of Sydney, Australia. The original house, built in rural Wisconsin, utilized sustainable design principles but would need modifications for Sydney's warmer climate. The redesign project, called Jacobs House 3, aims to maintain Wright's sustainability features while optimizing the design for Sydney's weather through changes like earth sheltering, green roofs, and passive cooling/heating systems. An analysis of Sydney's climate is provided to inform the redesign process.
The document provides information on several influential modern architects and their works:
- The International Style emerged in the 1920s-1930s with characteristics of rectilinear forms, light planes stripped of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete.
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed over 1000 structures in his philosophy of organic architecture that blended with nature, like Fallingwater. Mies van der Rohe pioneered modern architecture using steel and glass like his Farnsworth House.
- Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture used in works like the Villa Savoye. Gropius founded the Bauhaus School and designed the Fagus Factory using modern materials.
Pierre Koenig diseñó la Casa Stahl en Hollywood, Los Ángeles en 1961. La casa tiene una forma de L que abraza la piscina, con una entrada desde el estacionamiento sobre la piscina. La estructura está soportada por pilares de hormigón cada 6 metros que sostienen las vigas y la losa de hormigón.
The Fagus Factory in Germany was originally designed in 1913 by Edward Werner as a shoe last factory. Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer added the outer facades in 1925, representing Gropius's new modern architectural style. The iconic building featured a steel frame structure with brick columns, glass curtain walls, and floor-to-ceiling windows, representing Gropius's belief in "form follows function" through its functional design and use of new materials like glass and steel.
The document describes the clotting cascade process which involves the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by the release of negative ions from damaged epithelium, which activates several coagulation factors (denoted by a) through a series of reactions. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue, which activates factor VII allowing further activation of factors. The cascade ultimately leads to a fibrin clot forming. Common anticoagulant drugs such as apixaban, rivaroxaban and heparin inhibit factors Xa and thrombin to prevent inappropriate clotting.
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss architect and pioneer of Modern architecture.
- Some of Le Corbusier's most important contributions to Modern architecture included his five points of architecture: pilotis, roof gardens, free floor plans, elongated windows, and free facades.
- Some of Le Corbusier's most notable works that illustrated these principles were the Villa Savoye, Unite d'Habitation, and the buildings of Chandigarh Capital Complex like the Secretariat and High Court buildings.
Peter Behrens was a pioneering 20th century German designer and architect who had a significant influence on modern architecture and design. He is considered a founder of modern industrial architecture and design. Some of his most notable works included Haus Behrens, his own home which helped move him from Art Nouveau to a modernist style, and the iconic AEG Turbine Factory, one of the first examples of modern industrial architecture that combined functionality and elegance through its use of materials and proportions. Behrens had a profound impact through his assistants, including Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe, who helped spread his ideas globally.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect known for his maxim "Less is More". He designed skyscrapers made of steel and glass that set models for modern architecture. His works used simple rectangular forms, open floor plans, and extensive glass to bring the outside in. His Seagram Building in New York featured a steel frame with curtain walls of glass and bronze. It established new standards with its minimalist design and generous public plaza. Mies also designed the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago following his philosophies of "Skin and Bone" architecture and independent, floating structures.
Villa Capra, also known as La Rotonda, is a Renaissance villa near Vicenza, Italy designed by architect Andrea Palladio in 1566. It was commissioned by priest Paolo Almerico as a country house upon his retirement. Inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, the symmetrical villa has a central circular hall beneath a dome and four identical porticoed facades that project from each corner. Known as La Rotonda due to its circular interior space, the villa's design carefully integrates the architecture with the surrounding landscape through its placement and facade variations.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. The document discusses the Bauhaus movement and its key principles of simplicity, harmony between mass production and craftsmanship, and harmony of form and function. It provides examples of Bauhaus architecture like the Fagus Factory designed by Gropius, which used new technologies like glass, concrete, and steel in its flat-roofed, cubic design with open floor plans and functional furniture.
The document provides information about Mies van der Rohe, a pioneering modernist architect. It discusses his background and some of his most famous works, including the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, and Crown Hall. The majority of the document then focuses on detailing Mies van der Rohe's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library in Washington D.C. It provides information about its construction, features, plans, elevations and sections to illustrate its modern architectural design.
The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution and Victorian culture. Artists and designers sought to return to handcrafted, high-quality designs and reject mass production. The Prairie School was influenced by these ideals and focused on horizontal lines, hipped roofs, craftsmanship, and integrating buildings into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright was a leading proponent, designing homes like the Winslow House and Bradley House that featured these characteristics. Both movements promoted natural materials and simplicity over ornamentation.
This document discusses the history and characteristics of minimalism in architecture and design. It begins with an introduction to minimalism and its emphasis on simplicity, balance, and empty space. Key minimalist architects like Mies van der Rohe, Tadao Ando, and Luis Barragan are profiled for their use of simple geometric forms, natural lighting, and strategic use of color. Characteristics of minimalist architecture are outlined as simplicity of form and function, uncomplicated exteriors, open floor plans filled with natural light, and strategic material selection. Minimalism is also discussed as applied to interior design, furniture, painting, photography, and sculpture through emphasis on simplicity, negative space, and singular focal points.
La Casa Stahl diseñada por Pierre Koenig en 1960 en California es una vivienda unifamiliar de planta abierta y estructura de hormigón y acero. La casa se eleva sobre pilares para integrarse con el paisaje circundante, ofreciendo amplias vistas del exterior desde el interior a través de grandes ventanales. El diseño minimalista buscaba maximizar la sensación de espacio y ligereza al tiempo que proporcionaba comodidad y estabilidad a sus habitantes.
Tadao Ando's 1984 Koshino House design features two parallel concrete rectangular structures partially buried into a sloping landscape in a national park in Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan. The northern volume contains a living room, kitchen, and dining area on the first floor and a master bedroom and study on the second floor. The southern volume contains six linearly organized children's bedrooms, a bathroom, and a lobby. A below-grade tunnel connects the two spaces. Ando used the courtyard revealed between the structures to express the fundamental nature of the site, contouring to the natural topography. Narrow apertures manipulate natural light and shadow into the interior spaces.
La Escuela de Chicago surgió a finales del siglo XIX en respuesta al crecimiento demográfico y al gran incendio de Chicago de 1871, lo que requirió el desarrollo de nuevos estilos arquitectónicos e innovaciones como los rascacielos de acero, ascensores eléctricos y ventanas corridas. Arquitectos prominentes como Jenney, Sullivan y Burnham & Root ayudaron a definir el estilo con edificios que presentaban estructuras de acero, fachadas de mampostería y líneas horizontales y verticales.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a unique organic style. Some of his most famous works include the Prairie style homes he designed in the early 1900s like the Robie House, which featured horizontal lines, bands of windows, and integration with the landscape. In the 1930s he designed Fallingwater, partially built over a waterfall, and in the late career he pioneered the Usonian home design for affordable houses using new materials like concrete. Wright had a philosophy of organic architecture that embraced nature and simplicity.
This document discusses expressionism in modern and contemporary architecture. It begins by defining expressionism in painting in the early 20th century, noting the emphasis on conveying emotion through abstraction. In architecture, expressionism sought to make buildings more emotionally expressive through sculptural, sometimes irrational forms reflecting the architect's personality. Several key expressionist architects are discussed, including Bruno Taut, Erich Mendelsohn, and Rudolf Steiner, along with some of their most celebrated works employing expressionist styles like the Glass Pavilion, Einstein Tower, and Goetheanum buildings. The document explores how expressionism is not always clearly defined and can overlap with other styles, but generally features distorted, sculptural forms conveying emotion, spirit
The Gropius House employed a modernist style using industrial materials like glass, iron and concrete. It combined traditional New England elements such as fieldstone foundations and brick chimneys with innovative materials like glass block and acoustical plaster. The design emphasized simplicity, functionality and economy through its use of standard catalog components and Bauhaus principles of form following function. Massing of the house took a simple rectangular cubic form under a flat roof to exemplify modernist ideals.
La Casa Bianchi diseñada por Mario Botta en 1971 se ubica en Riva San Vitale, Suiza. Es una torre cuadrada de 10 metros de lado y 13 de altura que se eleva sobre la ladera de una montaña, protegiendo el paisaje. La casa tiene cuatro fachadas con vistas específicas y está organizada en cinco niveles conectados por una escalera central en espiral. Los materiales principales son el hormigón gris de las paredes y el rojo de la pasarela de acceso.
1. Marcel Breuer era un arquitecto húngaro que trabajó en la Bauhaus y emigró a Estados Unidos en 1937. Allí colaboró con Walter Gropius en proyectos que revisaban los principios de la arquitectura moderna, como la casa Chamberlain de 1941, que combinaba materiales naturales con la estructura tradicional de madera americana.
2. La casa Chamberlain consistía en una caja de piedra en la parte inferior y una caja de madera volada encima, con porches y grandes ventanales que conectaban la arquitectura con
Herbert Jacobs House 2, Assessment 2 FINALSamantha Dunne
This document discusses redesigning the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Herbert Jacobs House II for the climate of Sydney, Australia. The original house, built in rural Wisconsin, utilized sustainable design principles but would need modifications for Sydney's warmer climate. The redesign project, called Jacobs House 3, aims to maintain Wright's sustainability features while optimizing the design for Sydney's weather through changes like earth sheltering, green roofs, and passive cooling/heating systems. An analysis of Sydney's climate is provided to inform the redesign process.
The document provides information on several influential modern architects and their works:
- The International Style emerged in the 1920s-1930s with characteristics of rectilinear forms, light planes stripped of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete.
- Frank Lloyd Wright designed over 1000 structures in his philosophy of organic architecture that blended with nature, like Fallingwater. Mies van der Rohe pioneered modern architecture using steel and glass like his Farnsworth House.
- Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture used in works like the Villa Savoye. Gropius founded the Bauhaus School and designed the Fagus Factory using modern materials.
Pierre Koenig diseñó la Casa Stahl en Hollywood, Los Ángeles en 1961. La casa tiene una forma de L que abraza la piscina, con una entrada desde el estacionamiento sobre la piscina. La estructura está soportada por pilares de hormigón cada 6 metros que sostienen las vigas y la losa de hormigón.
The Fagus Factory in Germany was originally designed in 1913 by Edward Werner as a shoe last factory. Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer added the outer facades in 1925, representing Gropius's new modern architectural style. The iconic building featured a steel frame structure with brick columns, glass curtain walls, and floor-to-ceiling windows, representing Gropius's belief in "form follows function" through its functional design and use of new materials like glass and steel.
The document describes the clotting cascade process which involves the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by the release of negative ions from damaged epithelium, which activates several coagulation factors (denoted by a) through a series of reactions. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue, which activates factor VII allowing further activation of factors. The cascade ultimately leads to a fibrin clot forming. Common anticoagulant drugs such as apixaban, rivaroxaban and heparin inhibit factors Xa and thrombin to prevent inappropriate clotting.
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss architect and pioneer of Modern architecture.
- Some of Le Corbusier's most important contributions to Modern architecture included his five points of architecture: pilotis, roof gardens, free floor plans, elongated windows, and free facades.
- Some of Le Corbusier's most notable works that illustrated these principles were the Villa Savoye, Unite d'Habitation, and the buildings of Chandigarh Capital Complex like the Secretariat and High Court buildings.
Le Corbusier designed the Maisons Jaoul in Paris between 1954-1956. The two houses, House A for Andre and Suzanne Jaoul and House B for their son Michel and his wife Nadine, featured Le Corbusier's signature Brutalist style with exposed concrete and an emphasis on his five points of architecture. Key elements included pilotis, a free floor plan, horizontal windows, a roof garden, and vaulted ceilings providing dramatic interior light.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering Swiss-French architect and urban planner. The document provides details on some of Le Corbusier's key architectural ideologies and designs including the Pilotis, Roof Garden, Free Floor Plan, Elongated Windows, and Free Facade. It summarizes several of Le Corbusier's landmark buildings such as the Villa Savoye, Unite d'Habitation, Notre-Dame-du-Haut Chapel, and the Mill Owners' Association Building, highlighting his signature design elements and approaches to addressing function and climate.
Villa Sarabhai in Ahmedabad, India was designed by Swiss architect Le Corbusier and built between 1951-1955. It was commissioned by Manorama Sarabhai for her growing family. Le Corbusier designed the house according to the local climate, using vaulted ceilings and brise-soleil to allow air flow while protecting the interior from sun and rain. The austere design featured rough brick walls, concrete beams, and vaulted ceilings covered with earth to create an interior garden. The villa exemplified Le Corbusier's modernist principles and approach to designing for the local environment.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering Swiss-French architect and urban planner. He is known for developing the architectural style now called International Style. Some of his most notable designs include the Villa Savoye and the city of Chandigarh, India. He believed that a house is a machine for living in, and developed five principles of modern architecture including pilotis, free facade, horizontal windows, roof gardens, and free ground plans. Le Corbusier had a profound influence on architecture and urban planning in the 20th century.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for creating and sharing a presentation using Prezi. It explains how to set up a free Prezi account, choose a template, add slides, images, text, videos and customize slide elements. The instructions also cover saving the presentation, previewing it, copying links to share and posting the presentation on social media like Facebook.
13 Interesting Ways to use Prezi in the Classroomj3pr0x
This document provides 13 tips for using Prezi in the classroom:
1) Zoom into details of images using arrows
2) Create dynamic Venn diagrams using overlapping circles
3) Embed YouTube videos by pasting URLs
4) Have students create Prezis on topics using provided guides
5) Build up Prezis over time with topic strands and additions
6) Use Prezi as a mind map without imposed structure
7) Use Prezi for vocabulary by zooming in on definitions
8) Have international student collaborations on Prezi projects
9) Have students create graphic organizers for ideas
10) Quickly make advertisements by uploading screen recordings
11) Study topics by embedding Street View
The document discusses Le Corbusier's master plan for Chandigarh, India, which included designing several key buildings. It summarizes Le Corbusier's background and approach. It then describes several of the major buildings he designed for the Capitol Complex in Chandigarh, including the Secretariat building, High Court, and Assembly Hall. For each building, it discusses the design concepts, materials used, and architectural features. Overall, the document provides details on Le Corbusier's vision and implementation of the master plan for Chandigarh through the buildings he designed.
Prezi - Putting More Life to Your PresentationsApril Santos
The document provides step-by-step instructions for creating presentations using Prezi. It explains how to set up a free Prezi account and navigate the interface. Various elements that can be added to a Prezi like text, images, shapes, and themes are demonstrated. The tutorial concludes by showing how to save and access created Prezis.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect and urban planner. Some of his most notable works include the Villa Savoye built between 1928-1931, which demonstrated his five principles of modern architecture through its pilotis, free facade, free plan, ribbon windows, and roof terrace. The Villa Savoye served as a country retreat but suffered from leaks and cracks over time. It was added to the French register of historical monuments in 1965 and underwent restoration from 1985-1997. Le Corbusier was influential in promoting modern architecture and urban planning and made contributions to buildings in Europe, India, and North and South America before his death in 1965
One of the most important buildings by architect Le Corbusier from the 17 that have been to UNESCO's World Heritage List is Villa Savoye, the top-heavy weekend retreat created as a Modernist version of the French country house
This document provides details about Louis Kahn's Fred E. and Elaine Cox Clever House in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Some key points:
- The house was commissioned in 1967 and is one of only nine built houses designed by Kahn.
- The central living room is surrounded by five smaller rooms, each with a pyramidal roof. The living room has a complex roof structure made of four large angled sections.
- The property is currently in disrepair with unkempt landscaping, which is a shame as it is an important work by a prominent architect.
The document provides an analysis of several modernist houses designed by prominent architects including Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Luis Barragan. It summarizes key projects such as Le Corbusier's Villa La Roche-Jeanneret House from 1923-1925, the Weissenhof Estate designed by multiple architects in 1927, and Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye from 1928-1931. Floor plans, sections, elevations, and diagrams are included to illustrate the designs. Brief biographies are also given for each architect and descriptions of how the designs reflected the modernist styles of the time.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a prominent German-American architect born in 1886 in Aachen, Germany and died in 1969 in Chicago. He is known for his work in modern architecture, focusing on simplicity, proportion and structural aesthetics. Some of his most notable works include the Barcelona Pavilion from 1927-1928, which synthesized key elements of modern architecture, and the Tugendhat House built in 1928 in Brno, Czechoslovakia, which featured expansive glass windows connecting the interior living spaces to the outdoor views.
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E 1027 - restoration - first analysis - rukschcio-barres
1. 1
E-1027 House by the sea (1926-29) – Restoration : first analysis
________________________________________________________________
HISTORY OF THE BUILDING
E-1027 is the work of Eileen Gray, an Irish architect and designer who came to live in Paris in 1907, and
Jean Badovici, a Roumanian architect and critic of architecture who had come to finish his studies of
architecture in France in 1917.
Jean Badovici was its only recipient. The terrain is situated in Roquebrune Cap Martin, on former
agricultural plantations. It was bought in 1926 from the family Devissi by Jean Badovici, while Eileen Gray
bought several terrains in the community of Menton in order to construct her own house (Tempe a Pailla).
The construction of E-1027 went from 1927 to 1929.
The entire house is a work of art ; all the furniture and equipment was specially designed by Eileen Gray,
harmoniously in keeping with its architecture designed by four hands.
Jean Badovici edits a long presentation of E-1027 in his publication L'Architecture Vivante, Autumn-
Winter 1929 ; it became a well-known separate publication.
E-1027 is Jean Badovici's only property; he goes there regularly during the year, in the company of his
girl-friend Madeleine Goisot. Le Corbusier, a friend of Jean Badovici's, spends time there with his wife.
From 1938-1939 he creates 8 mural paintings on the inside and outside walls of the house, with Jean
Badovici's enthusiastic support .
The effect of the locality and the subtle harmony due to the sensitive proportions of the furniture and the
architecture are strongly modified by this intervention by Le Corbusier.
During the war the house is closed, the furniture stored securely with a near-by neighbor. Degradation
ensues. Jean Badovici starts important restoration from 1946-1947, thanks to post-war funds.
The furniture is being put back in the house.
In 1949 Jean Badovici loans the house to Le Corbusier to use as a workshop for his architecture projects
for the city of Bogota. During this stay the two architects have a falling-out and Le Corbusier is prohibited
from entering the house. As a consequence, Le Corbusier builds his Cabanon, which allows him to stay in
the area, just a few meters from the house.
Jean Badovici dies in August 1956 after an emergency hospitalization in Monaco.
2. 2
After long negociations, orchestrated by Le Corbuiser, the house is sold in 1960 by the government of
Roumania to Marie-Louise Schelbert, a Swiss woman of American origin.
Marie-Louise Schelbert initiates some restoration work and modifies several elements of the architecture
of the house and the furniture. She sells the house to her doctor Peter Kaegi in 1974, but reserves the
right to live there until her death in 1982.
Peter Kaegi recovers the house at ML Schelbert's death.
Schelbert's children contest this acquisition; they go to court but lose the trial.
Peter Kaegi does not effect any maintenance work in the house and sells the remaining furniture at
auctions at Sotheby's Monaco in 1991 and 1982.
He is assassinated in the house in August 1996.
Peter Kaegi's two sons sell the house on January 2000 to the Conservatoire du Littoral et des rivages
lacustres, with substantial financial support from the community of Roquebrune Cap Martin (78% of the
total amount).
To date an agreement of retrocession of the effective rights grants the community of Roquebrune Cap
Martin the rights and obligations as owners for 30 years.
The house is classified as Historical Monument on March 27, 2000.
Restoration starts in 2008, under the direction of the chief architect in charge of Historical Monuments in
the Alpes-Maritimes.
3. 3
RESTORATION – FIRST ANALYSIS
The result of this work poses a number of questions, concerning the technical choices made by the
architect -the very limited life-expectancy of the materials used and a need of inordinate maintenance, the
destruction or disappearance of original elements and materials of great archeological value, the quality of
the restoration full of errors, the questionable perfect knowledge of the monument to be restored.
Since we cannot be exhaustive, we shall just provide some significant examples to illustrate our purpose.
RECONSTRUCTION
1. The cloth awning protecting the big suspended terrasse
This emblematic element of the House by the Sea no longer existed at the moment of restoration.
The cloth had disappeared during the conflict of 1939-1945, the structure was later taken off by
Mrs. Schelbert.
Traces of the structure are still in place at the beginning of the work.
Photographs of great quality of this element exist, essentially at the Foundation Le Corbusier, in the
Eileen Gray's archives and the Jean Badovici's archives.
1939 : Cloth awning, intact
4. 4
2012 : Present reconstruction
The present reconstruction shows a number of incoherences or errors at the level of :
- sections of the frame, far too heavy,
- joints that are not in keeping with the original ways and techniques of fabrication at the time,
- architectural details as, for instance, the horizontal longitudinal that is originally at the same level as the
vertical poles,
- choice of the material of the awning, its shade of color, the cutting of the strip that does not correspond.
(tying of the cords?)
It seems quite difficult not to totally have to redo this element, based on solid knowledge of the object.
5. 5
2. The stairs giving access to the garden
This very important element in the functional connection between the principal bedroom and the garden
disappeared during the occupation of the house by ML Schelbert (1960 -1982).
The wall of the terrassed field was modified and reinforced at that time, without respecting the original
techniques.
Traces of the structure are still in place at the time of the beginning of the work (specifically the upper
protective hand-rail)
Photographs of great quality of this element exist in the Eileen Gray's archives, as well as a drawing of the
horizontal and vertical section (the latter does, however, not fully correspond to the final execution).
1929 : 2 photos of the stairs giving access to the garden
2012 : Present reconstruction
6. 6
The present reconstruction shows a number of incoherences or errors concerning :
- wood sections out of proportion, conveying an impression of heaviness contrary to the lightness of the
original drawing,
- positioning of the legs in relation to the tiled walkway, wrong and incoherent
- attachment of the lower hand-rail badly positioned in relation to the steps, whereas it is in the void in
1929; this is illogical : today it appears as having simply a decorative value; its structure and the repeated
vertical reinforcement (a steel pole), clearly visible in the photo of 1929, relate to the technical need to
build in the void.
Here too, it seems unavoidable not no have to totally redo this element, based on solid knowledge of
the object.
7. 7
3. The exit to the roof
This element is still there at the moment of restoration but was modified at the level of the flag-holder, the
original pressed glass pannels and the access door were taken away.
Photographs of great quality of this element exist into the Eileen Gray's archives and in the Jean
Badovici's archives.
1929 : photo of the exit to the roof
8. 8
2012 : Present restoration
The restoration and the reconstituted elements present a number of incoherences or errors at the level of:
- flag-pole and flag-holder don't correspond to the original but present more or less a reconstitution of their
modified reconstitution in the seventies,
- glass roof, which is not supposed to protrude beyond the south structure and shows a cusp on the side
of the flag-holder,
- vertical pannels of pressed glass (nail-head) originally existing on the south-south-east side of the
building were not replaced, whereas they are essential in the understanding and the function of the object
(they obstruct the view of the sea before stepping out, thus providing an effect of surprise, and protect
from overheating by the sun)
- access door put back in place; its original thin reinforced glass pannel, existing at the moment of
restoration, replaced by reinforced commercial glass, without any connection to the original.
Alterations and undoing of this part of the restoration seem unavoidable, based on solid knowledge of
the object.
9. 9
4. Polychromy
The rich polychromy disappeared or was largely modified or changed during the period Schelbert (1960-
1982).
Three colored photographs (painted in gouache) exist in L'Architecure Vivante. Several black-and-white
photographs accessible in various archives allow one to clearly distinguish the changes of the original
shades on the walls of the house.
The subsequent paintings were mostly done by covering the colors of the existing layers of paint, enabling
one to determine the nature of the different strata.
The principle of stratographic research used in 20 century restoration, confronted with iconographic
sources, allows for acurate reconstitution.
1929 : Big living-room, colored photo: uniform shade of the northern wall
10. 10
1929 : Big living-room, photo in black-and-white: uniform shade of the northern wall
11. 11
1929 : Big living-room: detail “Sea Map” against the northern wall of the living-room, uniform wall
Photography 1949 (period Badovici):” Sea Map” missing, northern wall still uniform
12. 12
2012 : present reconstitution of the polychromy of the northern wall
The same photo at present in black and white, to be confronted with the original black-and-white photos:
no coherence whatsoever
13. 13
The example of the polychomatic reconstitution of the living-room is in total contradiction
to the final state of the house in 1929 and the subsequent phases:
- the northern wall of the living-room always had a uniform shade as one can deduct from the numerous
black-and-white photos as well as the colored photo,
- in the present restoration violently contrasting shades were retained that are incoherent with Eileen
Gray's work and whose contrast would doubtlessly have been visible in the black-and-white photos of
1929, which is not the case (the passage in black and white of the present proposal speaks for itself). See
below the example of the bathroom in 1929
- The results of the stratographic analysis don't seem to have been the object of a critical confrontation
with the available iconographic sources
- the rectangular shade of beige certainly does not refer to the “Sea Map” present in 1929: the dimensions
are far too small and the positioning incorrect, and the map was not painted on the wall but pinned to a
wooden support (the removal olf the map by Jean Badovici reveals no change of shade under the wooden
pannel).
It seems contradictory to the work of Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici to hold on to this type of
erroneous interpretation of the polychromy in the house
1929 : Bathroom : unequivocal identification of the changes in shade when existing
14. 14
5. Electrical outlets
The interruptors, call-buttons and electrical sockets of the house in 1929:
- imbedded in the wall (wooden casing flush with the plaster)
- Protective bevelled glass plate showing the mechanism
At least one intact example usable as model is still visible in the house before the restoration (south wall
of the boiler-room)
1929 : Guest-room : double interruptor
2004, before the restoration: boiler-room, original interruptors
15. 15
2012 : present reconstitution
The reconstitution of switches and interruptors is based on cheap commercial models, without any
connection to the original procedure, seemingly diminishing the esthetics and indicating a regrettable
lack of respect for the house.
16. 16
PRESERVATION OF MATERIALS
1. Glass Products
Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici put into practice a multitude of different glass products in the house,
according to the function of the rooms and the desired light effects.
The steel doors (the recess for the couch, bathroom, exit to the roof) show for example fillings of thinly
reinforced glass pannels; the reinforcement, deformed during the heating process of the glass, reveals
elegant ondulations which say a lot about the technique of fabrication.
These fillings are mostly still existing in the three frames at the time of restoration, and some of them in a
good state olf conservation.
Identical glass period pieces are also available for replacement at certain specialists.
1929 : Recess for the couch: sliding door giving access to the terrasse with the hammock, thinnly
reinforced glass
1929 : Exit to the roof: door to the roof, thinnly reinforced glass
17. 17
2004 : Bathroom: sliding door leading into the garden: 2 of the 3 elements of reinforced glass of 1929 are
still in place, in good conservation, restorable.
18. 18
2012 : present restoration of the door onto the garden
The restoration (idem for the doors of the recess of the couch and the exit to the roof) did away with the
original glass products, replacing them by commercial reinforced glass, whose poor esthetics are totally
different from the original.
The original materials, well preserved, were discarded instead of being preserved.
Such an approach which destroys and discards authentic elements is to be rejected in any type of
restoration.
Such an approach which destroys and discards authentic elements is to be rejected in any type
of restoration.
19. 19
TECHNIQUE / MAINTENANCE
1. Corrosion
Among the numerous defects of execution in the house, which bring up the question of the techniques to
be chosen, the corrosion of the frames and of the metal work is the most visible one.
Although the house is by the seaside, the frames and metal work are correctly protected in 1929 and are
being regularly kept in good repair.
They were not repainted between 1929 and 1947 (18 years).
Thanks to post-war funds Jean Badovici realizes work of restoration and has put back in place missing
glass pannels in 1947.
Mrs. Schelbert undertakes certain alterations and removals, and does routine maintenance of the frames
during her life at the location (1960 - 1982).
Peter Kaegi does no maintenance work from 1982 till his death in 1996
2002 : Folding frames of the big bay window without maintenance for 20 years
2012 : the identical restored frames, 2 years after restoration
20. 20
2002 : Upper frame of the big bay window without maintenance for 20 years
2012 : The same frames restored, 2 years after restoration
The completed restoration shows corrosion :
- very important on practically the totality of the frames and the metal work, including the rand-new parts
(se e.g. above, the cloth awnings); they indicate no desire to preserve the original materials
- much more advanced than the corrosion of the same frames that had not been restored for 27 years
before the restoration
it seems unjustifiable to put into place materials subject to a much higher degree of than the original
materials, and to impose requirements of maintenance that never existed in the house before.
21. 21
2. Structural Degradation
At the moment of restoration the house showed several structural flaws such as an important fissure,
forming an angle, at the juncture of the North and the West façades.
2004 : North-West angle, fissure redirecting itself towards the West
22. 22
2012 : present restoration : reopening of a double fissure in the North and in the West
The nature of the structural disorders does not seem to have been correctly defined, aggravating very
quickly the flaws that were supposed to have been eliminated.
It seems essential in view of the longevity of the building as well as the budget of the work involved to
understand and determine with certitude the nature of the structural disorders before any intervention.
In no way, there again, can this “error of maintenance be imputed to the administrator.
These few examples indicate some of the different and numerous
problems inherent in the restoration of E-1027, the destruction and
disappearance of original materials, very important errors of
reconstruction, as well as inacceptable technical choices.
Reporters : Burkhardt Rukschcio et Renaud Barrès, March 2013