This document summarizes an experiment investigating the use of anthocyanins extracted from blackberries, blueberries, and raspberries to create dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Blackberry extract produced the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.01% compared to 0.0013% for blueberry and 0.0017% for raspberry. Testing found that slightly acidic conditions optimized cell performance, while higher operating temperatures reduced efficiency. The experiment also demonstrated that greater surface area of the TiO2 electrode, as in meso-porous structures, increased efficiency compared to planar electrodes.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. It works by applying an electric field to move molecules through a buffer solution or gel based on their size and charge. There are several types of electrophoresis that use different supporting media like agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, cellulose acetate, or paper to separate molecules. Factors like pH, buffer composition, strength of electric field, and temperature influence how molecules separate during electrophoresis. It has various applications in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.
This document provides information about electrophoresis. It discusses different types of electrophoretic techniques including slab electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. It also covers principles, instrumentation, applications in areas like DNA analysis and vaccine analysis.
Electrophoresis:
Electrophoresis is separation technique based on movement of charge particle in an electric field.
Movement of charge particles can be determined by following formula--
V= Eq/f
Where,
V= Velocity of the charged particle;
E= electric field of the molecule;
q= Net charge of the molecule; and
f= Frictional co-efficient of the molecule
Types of electrophoresis:
1. Agarose gel electrophoresis ;
2. Poly-acryl amide gel electrophoresis [PAGE];
3. Sodium do-decyl sulphate Poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] ;
4. Two dimensional –Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis [2D-PAGE];
5. Pulse field gel electrophoresis [PFGE];
6. Capillary gel electrophoresis [CGE]; and
7. Disc electrophoresis for Protein.
Application of electrophoresis:
1. Estimation of the DNA molecule.[ Agarose , PAGE ]
2. Analysis of PCR product. [ Agarose ]
3. Separation of restricted genomic DNA and RNA. [Agarose and PAGE respectively]
4. Conformation of newly isolated DNA .[Agarose]
5. Separation of most small fragments of DNA. [PAGE]
6. In forensic science.[Agarose , PAGE, SDS-PAGE, 2D PAGE ,Capillary gel electrophoresis , PFGE]
8. In determining molecular wt. of protein.[SDS-PAGE].etc
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis, a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and peptides. It discusses the principles behind electrophoresis, where charged molecules migrate in an electric field at different rates depending on their charge and size. Several types of electrophoresis are described, including moving boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis using different supporting materials like paper or gels, and isoelectric focusing, which separates molecules based on their isolectric point. The document provides details on how each technique works and its applications.
Study of electrical properties of Polythiophene and its compositesIOSR Journals
Conducting polymers are known to have significant electrical properties which can be improved by strong oxidizing power of oxidizing agents like V2O5. In the current study oxidative polymerization of the thiophene monomers was done to obtain Polythiophene for converting it into its composites with V2O5 to study their improved electrical nature. The electrical properties of pure Polythiophene, pure V2O5, PTh- V2O5 composite 1:2 (thiophene: V2O5) and PTh- V2O5 composite 2:1(thiophene: V2O5) were studied by carrying out current voltage measurements. It can be stated that the increased concentration of V2O5 is responsible for the increased current flow through the polymer matrix. The study is explained on the basis of fact that oxidizing power leads to removal of higher number of charge carriers from the backbone thereby causing increases in current flow. Such conducting polymers have wide range of applications in the field of Metal ions detectors, molecular electronics, conductive adhesive, electrical displays, electromagnetic shields, chemical, biochemical and thermal sensors, rechargeable batteries, solid electrolytes, optical computers and ion exchange membrane
This document discusses electrophoresis, including:
- Its history beginning with Arne Tiselius developing moving boundary electrophoresis in the 1930s.
- The principle that charged particles migrate toward the cathode or anode depending on their charge when subjected to an electric field.
- Common supporting media like filter paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels that stabilize the medium and improve separation.
- Key factors that affect electrophoretic separation like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. It works by applying an electric field to move molecules through a buffer solution or gel based on their size and charge. There are several types of electrophoresis that use different supporting media like agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, cellulose acetate, or paper to separate molecules. Factors like pH, buffer composition, strength of electric field, and temperature influence how molecules separate during electrophoresis. It has various applications in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.
This document provides information about electrophoresis. It discusses different types of electrophoretic techniques including slab electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. It also covers principles, instrumentation, applications in areas like DNA analysis and vaccine analysis.
Electrophoresis:
Electrophoresis is separation technique based on movement of charge particle in an electric field.
Movement of charge particles can be determined by following formula--
V= Eq/f
Where,
V= Velocity of the charged particle;
E= electric field of the molecule;
q= Net charge of the molecule; and
f= Frictional co-efficient of the molecule
Types of electrophoresis:
1. Agarose gel electrophoresis ;
2. Poly-acryl amide gel electrophoresis [PAGE];
3. Sodium do-decyl sulphate Poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] ;
4. Two dimensional –Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis [2D-PAGE];
5. Pulse field gel electrophoresis [PFGE];
6. Capillary gel electrophoresis [CGE]; and
7. Disc electrophoresis for Protein.
Application of electrophoresis:
1. Estimation of the DNA molecule.[ Agarose , PAGE ]
2. Analysis of PCR product. [ Agarose ]
3. Separation of restricted genomic DNA and RNA. [Agarose and PAGE respectively]
4. Conformation of newly isolated DNA .[Agarose]
5. Separation of most small fragments of DNA. [PAGE]
6. In forensic science.[Agarose , PAGE, SDS-PAGE, 2D PAGE ,Capillary gel electrophoresis , PFGE]
8. In determining molecular wt. of protein.[SDS-PAGE].etc
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis, a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and peptides. It discusses the principles behind electrophoresis, where charged molecules migrate in an electric field at different rates depending on their charge and size. Several types of electrophoresis are described, including moving boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis using different supporting materials like paper or gels, and isoelectric focusing, which separates molecules based on their isolectric point. The document provides details on how each technique works and its applications.
Study of electrical properties of Polythiophene and its compositesIOSR Journals
Conducting polymers are known to have significant electrical properties which can be improved by strong oxidizing power of oxidizing agents like V2O5. In the current study oxidative polymerization of the thiophene monomers was done to obtain Polythiophene for converting it into its composites with V2O5 to study their improved electrical nature. The electrical properties of pure Polythiophene, pure V2O5, PTh- V2O5 composite 1:2 (thiophene: V2O5) and PTh- V2O5 composite 2:1(thiophene: V2O5) were studied by carrying out current voltage measurements. It can be stated that the increased concentration of V2O5 is responsible for the increased current flow through the polymer matrix. The study is explained on the basis of fact that oxidizing power leads to removal of higher number of charge carriers from the backbone thereby causing increases in current flow. Such conducting polymers have wide range of applications in the field of Metal ions detectors, molecular electronics, conductive adhesive, electrical displays, electromagnetic shields, chemical, biochemical and thermal sensors, rechargeable batteries, solid electrolytes, optical computers and ion exchange membrane
This document discusses electrophoresis, including:
- Its history beginning with Arne Tiselius developing moving boundary electrophoresis in the 1930s.
- The principle that charged particles migrate toward the cathode or anode depending on their charge when subjected to an electric field.
- Common supporting media like filter paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels that stabilize the medium and improve separation.
- Key factors that affect electrophoretic separation like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium.
The document discusses agarose gel electrophoresis, which is used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA samples are loaded onto an agarose gel and an electric current is applied, causing the negatively charged DNA to migrate through the gel at rates depending on fragment size. Smaller fragments move faster and travel farther than larger fragments. After electrophoresis, DNA bands can be visualized by staining with ethidium bromide and exposing to UV light. Agarose gel electrophoresis is used for applications like analyzing restriction enzyme digestion products and determining DNA sizes.
1. Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is applied to move the molecules through a gel.
2. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel's pores than larger molecules. Electrophoresis conditions can be adjusted to separate molecules in a desired size range.
3. During electrophoresis, charged molecules migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge. Positively charged molecules move toward the cathode, while negatively charged molecules move toward the anode.
This document discusses methods for separating proteins, focusing on electrophoresis techniques. It explains that proteins can be separated based on their size, charge, and binding properties to study each protein's individual structure and function. Electrophoresis methods separate proteins in an electric field based on factors like their molecular mass and charge. SDS-PAGE is described as denaturing proteins with SDS to give each one a uniform negative charge proportional to its size. Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their isoelectric point by using a pH gradient gel. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combines these methods to separate thousands of proteins based on both their isoelectric point and size.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids by using an electric field. There are different types of electrophoresis including zone electrophoresis using paper, cellulose acetate, or gel matrices, and moving boundary electrophoresis without a supporting medium. Gel electrophoresis techniques like agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE are commonly used. Electrophoresis finds applications in fields like clinical testing, forensic analysis, and environmental monitoring by allowing separation and characterization of biomolecules.
Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the movement of charged particles in an electric field.
Electrophoresis is an analytical method of separating charged particles based on their relative mobilities in an electric field
Gel electrophoresis is a method to separate biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids based on their charge and size. During gel electrophoresis, an electric current is applied across a gel, causing negatively charged molecules to migrate toward the positive electrode and positively charged molecules to migrate toward the negative electrode. Smaller molecules migrate faster through the gel than larger molecules. Factors like the charge, size, and shape of molecules, as well as the electric current, gel composition, and buffer used, determine how far each type of molecule will migrate through the gel. Gel electrophoresis has applications in separating DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules.
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis techniques. It discusses different types of electrophoresis including moving boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) are described in more detail. The document outlines the basic principles, components, sample preparation, running, and visualization of electrophoresis gels.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
This document summarizes the synthesis and properties of polyaniline. Polyaniline was prepared through chemical and electrochemical polymerization in acidic medium. Different solvents, including DMF and m-cresol, were compared for their effect on polyaniline's conductivity. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyze the polymer films. The conductivity of polyaniline was influenced by acidity and the electronic structure of different solvents, which impacts the polymer chain conformation. Polyaniline in m-cresol had higher conductivity than in DMF due to stronger interactions between adjacent polarons.
This document describes a method for multidimensional liquid phase separation of intact proteins as an alternative to 2D gel electrophoresis for proteomics analysis. The method involves separating intact proteins from a mouse plasma sample using two sequential liquid chromatography steps - strong anion exchange chromatography followed by reversed phase chromatography. This results in 384 fractions that are then digested with trypsin and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Image processing and analysis tools are used to compare the separation images and identify fractions containing differentially expressed proteins for further analysis. The method aims to overcome limitations of existing techniques by separating intact proteins prior to digestion.
Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the movement of charged particles in an electric field
The term electrophoresis was coined from a greek work “Phoresis” which means “Being carried away”
Hence literal meaning of the word electrophoresis means “to carry with electricity.”
an analytical method used to separate components of a protein mixture based on size.
Principle : A charged molecule will migrate in an electric field towards an electrode with opposite sign.
Polyacrylamide gels are characterized by two parameters: total monomer concentration (%T, in g/100 ml) and weight percentage of cross linker (%C).
%T -the relative pore size of the resulting polyacrylamide gel
higher %T - smaller pores.
The practical ranges for monomer concentration are stock solutions of 30-40%
Synthesis of low spin iron complex as potential redox mediator for DSCsdanielmorales91
This document discusses the synthesis of low spin iron complexes as potential redox mediators for dye sensitized solar cells. The complexes [Fe(bphen)3]2+/3+ are proposed as they may have a large redox potential and fast self-exchange electron rate due to a smaller reorganizational energy. Characterization techniques like NMR, ESR, and cyclic voltammetry will be used. The complexes will be tested in electrolytes with porphyrin dyes and device performance metrics like J/V and IPCE spectra will be analyzed. Modifying the ligands may tune the redox potential to optimize the open circuit voltage while allowing dye regeneration.
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
This document discusses electrophoresis, which is the movement of charged particles in an electric field. It separates molecules based on their charge and size. Key factors that affect migration rate are listed. The main requirements for electrophoresis are an electrophoresis tank, electrodes, power supply, buffer, and specimens like serum or plasma. Common electrophoresis techniques described include zone electrophoresis using paper or gel, isoelectric focusing, immuno electrophoresis, and SDS-PAGE which separates based on size. Clinical applications involve using electrophoresis to analyze conditions like liver disease or infections.
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...Mugilan Narayanasamy
This document summarizes chemical and electrochemical methods for synthesizing polyaniline and polythiophene. Polyaniline can exist in three oxidation states - leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline. It can be synthesized chemically using an oxidative process with an acid and oxidizing agent like ammonium persulfate or potassium dichromate. Electrochemical synthesis grows a polyaniline film on an anode. Polythiophene is also synthesized chemically using oxidative polymerization with catalysts or electrochemically by applying a potential to drive polymerization. The McCullough and Rieke methods can produce regioregular polythiophene using nickel or palladium catalysts. Both polymers find applications in
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. It involves applying an electric field to move molecules through a medium like agarose gel or capillary. Shorter/less charged molecules move faster and are separated from longer/more charged molecules. It is used in laboratories and clinical settings to analyze biological samples and diagnose conditions.
This document discusses chemiluminescence, which is the emission of light from a chemical reaction without significant heat production. It describes how chemiluminescence occurs when a reactant kicks an electron in an atom to an excited state, and the electron then returns to the ground state emitting a photon of light. Common examples of chemiluminescent reactions involve luminol, isoluminol, and luciferin. The document outlines applications of chemiluminescence including immunoassays, DNA hybridization detection, western blotting, forensic analysis to detect blood, and food analysis to detect pesticides. It also notes some limitations such as light leaks and high intensity light saturation effects.
Electrophoresis along with its history, application and types are discussed here to give a brief yet understanding outlook to the topic explained which is an important topic for the biotechnology as well as all biological research field.
Thank you for the detailed presentation on electrophoresis. I appreciate you taking the time to explain the key concepts and techniques. Please let me know if you have any other questions.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and DNA. It works by applying an electric current which causes the molecules to migrate through a buffer or gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. The document discusses the principles of electrophoresis, different types of electrophoresis like agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and factors that influence molecule migration like pH, molecular weight, and net charge.
This document discusses electrophoresis, which separates charged compounds using an electric field. It moves negatively charged proteins in serum towards the anode at pH 8.6. Applications include separating serum proteins, lipoproteins, hemoglobin variants, and isoenzymes. Zone electrophoresis is commonly used and involves applying samples to a support medium like paper, cellulose acetate, or polyacrylamide gel. After separation, proteins are visualized through staining and quantified using densitometry. Serum protein electrophoresis is used to analyze the albumin and globulin percentages. Abnormal patterns can indicate conditions like multiple myeloma or liver cirrhosis.
This document appears to be a schedule of religious services and events at the Parish of Naxxar in Malta for the month of April 2413. It lists the times and dates of masses and other religious events, along with the names of the priests, religious leaders, and volunteers assigned to each event. The schedule spans each day of the week from Sunday to Saturday, and includes morning, late morning/early afternoon, and evening masses as well as other religious gatherings like Kor Nisa and H.T. Group. At the bottom is a note requesting volunteers contact the parish priest or sacristan if interested in assisting with weekend events.
The document discusses agarose gel electrophoresis, which is used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA samples are loaded onto an agarose gel and an electric current is applied, causing the negatively charged DNA to migrate through the gel at rates depending on fragment size. Smaller fragments move faster and travel farther than larger fragments. After electrophoresis, DNA bands can be visualized by staining with ethidium bromide and exposing to UV light. Agarose gel electrophoresis is used for applications like analyzing restriction enzyme digestion products and determining DNA sizes.
1. Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is applied to move the molecules through a gel.
2. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel's pores than larger molecules. Electrophoresis conditions can be adjusted to separate molecules in a desired size range.
3. During electrophoresis, charged molecules migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge. Positively charged molecules move toward the cathode, while negatively charged molecules move toward the anode.
This document discusses methods for separating proteins, focusing on electrophoresis techniques. It explains that proteins can be separated based on their size, charge, and binding properties to study each protein's individual structure and function. Electrophoresis methods separate proteins in an electric field based on factors like their molecular mass and charge. SDS-PAGE is described as denaturing proteins with SDS to give each one a uniform negative charge proportional to its size. Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their isoelectric point by using a pH gradient gel. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combines these methods to separate thousands of proteins based on both their isoelectric point and size.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids by using an electric field. There are different types of electrophoresis including zone electrophoresis using paper, cellulose acetate, or gel matrices, and moving boundary electrophoresis without a supporting medium. Gel electrophoresis techniques like agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE are commonly used. Electrophoresis finds applications in fields like clinical testing, forensic analysis, and environmental monitoring by allowing separation and characterization of biomolecules.
Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the movement of charged particles in an electric field.
Electrophoresis is an analytical method of separating charged particles based on their relative mobilities in an electric field
Gel electrophoresis is a method to separate biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids based on their charge and size. During gel electrophoresis, an electric current is applied across a gel, causing negatively charged molecules to migrate toward the positive electrode and positively charged molecules to migrate toward the negative electrode. Smaller molecules migrate faster through the gel than larger molecules. Factors like the charge, size, and shape of molecules, as well as the electric current, gel composition, and buffer used, determine how far each type of molecule will migrate through the gel. Gel electrophoresis has applications in separating DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules.
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis techniques. It discusses different types of electrophoresis including moving boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) are described in more detail. The document outlines the basic principles, components, sample preparation, running, and visualization of electrophoresis gels.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
This document summarizes the synthesis and properties of polyaniline. Polyaniline was prepared through chemical and electrochemical polymerization in acidic medium. Different solvents, including DMF and m-cresol, were compared for their effect on polyaniline's conductivity. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyze the polymer films. The conductivity of polyaniline was influenced by acidity and the electronic structure of different solvents, which impacts the polymer chain conformation. Polyaniline in m-cresol had higher conductivity than in DMF due to stronger interactions between adjacent polarons.
This document describes a method for multidimensional liquid phase separation of intact proteins as an alternative to 2D gel electrophoresis for proteomics analysis. The method involves separating intact proteins from a mouse plasma sample using two sequential liquid chromatography steps - strong anion exchange chromatography followed by reversed phase chromatography. This results in 384 fractions that are then digested with trypsin and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Image processing and analysis tools are used to compare the separation images and identify fractions containing differentially expressed proteins for further analysis. The method aims to overcome limitations of existing techniques by separating intact proteins prior to digestion.
Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the movement of charged particles in an electric field
The term electrophoresis was coined from a greek work “Phoresis” which means “Being carried away”
Hence literal meaning of the word electrophoresis means “to carry with electricity.”
an analytical method used to separate components of a protein mixture based on size.
Principle : A charged molecule will migrate in an electric field towards an electrode with opposite sign.
Polyacrylamide gels are characterized by two parameters: total monomer concentration (%T, in g/100 ml) and weight percentage of cross linker (%C).
%T -the relative pore size of the resulting polyacrylamide gel
higher %T - smaller pores.
The practical ranges for monomer concentration are stock solutions of 30-40%
Synthesis of low spin iron complex as potential redox mediator for DSCsdanielmorales91
This document discusses the synthesis of low spin iron complexes as potential redox mediators for dye sensitized solar cells. The complexes [Fe(bphen)3]2+/3+ are proposed as they may have a large redox potential and fast self-exchange electron rate due to a smaller reorganizational energy. Characterization techniques like NMR, ESR, and cyclic voltammetry will be used. The complexes will be tested in electrolytes with porphyrin dyes and device performance metrics like J/V and IPCE spectra will be analyzed. Modifying the ligands may tune the redox potential to optimize the open circuit voltage while allowing dye regeneration.
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
This document discusses electrophoresis, which is the movement of charged particles in an electric field. It separates molecules based on their charge and size. Key factors that affect migration rate are listed. The main requirements for electrophoresis are an electrophoresis tank, electrodes, power supply, buffer, and specimens like serum or plasma. Common electrophoresis techniques described include zone electrophoresis using paper or gel, isoelectric focusing, immuno electrophoresis, and SDS-PAGE which separates based on size. Clinical applications involve using electrophoresis to analyze conditions like liver disease or infections.
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...Mugilan Narayanasamy
This document summarizes chemical and electrochemical methods for synthesizing polyaniline and polythiophene. Polyaniline can exist in three oxidation states - leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline. It can be synthesized chemically using an oxidative process with an acid and oxidizing agent like ammonium persulfate or potassium dichromate. Electrochemical synthesis grows a polyaniline film on an anode. Polythiophene is also synthesized chemically using oxidative polymerization with catalysts or electrochemically by applying a potential to drive polymerization. The McCullough and Rieke methods can produce regioregular polythiophene using nickel or palladium catalysts. Both polymers find applications in
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. It involves applying an electric field to move molecules through a medium like agarose gel or capillary. Shorter/less charged molecules move faster and are separated from longer/more charged molecules. It is used in laboratories and clinical settings to analyze biological samples and diagnose conditions.
This document discusses chemiluminescence, which is the emission of light from a chemical reaction without significant heat production. It describes how chemiluminescence occurs when a reactant kicks an electron in an atom to an excited state, and the electron then returns to the ground state emitting a photon of light. Common examples of chemiluminescent reactions involve luminol, isoluminol, and luciferin. The document outlines applications of chemiluminescence including immunoassays, DNA hybridization detection, western blotting, forensic analysis to detect blood, and food analysis to detect pesticides. It also notes some limitations such as light leaks and high intensity light saturation effects.
Electrophoresis along with its history, application and types are discussed here to give a brief yet understanding outlook to the topic explained which is an important topic for the biotechnology as well as all biological research field.
Thank you for the detailed presentation on electrophoresis. I appreciate you taking the time to explain the key concepts and techniques. Please let me know if you have any other questions.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins and DNA. It works by applying an electric current which causes the molecules to migrate through a buffer or gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. The document discusses the principles of electrophoresis, different types of electrophoresis like agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and factors that influence molecule migration like pH, molecular weight, and net charge.
This document discusses electrophoresis, which separates charged compounds using an electric field. It moves negatively charged proteins in serum towards the anode at pH 8.6. Applications include separating serum proteins, lipoproteins, hemoglobin variants, and isoenzymes. Zone electrophoresis is commonly used and involves applying samples to a support medium like paper, cellulose acetate, or polyacrylamide gel. After separation, proteins are visualized through staining and quantified using densitometry. Serum protein electrophoresis is used to analyze the albumin and globulin percentages. Abnormal patterns can indicate conditions like multiple myeloma or liver cirrhosis.
This document appears to be a schedule of religious services and events at the Parish of Naxxar in Malta for the month of April 2413. It lists the times and dates of masses and other religious events, along with the names of the priests, religious leaders, and volunteers assigned to each event. The schedule spans each day of the week from Sunday to Saturday, and includes morning, late morning/early afternoon, and evening masses as well as other religious gatherings like Kor Nisa and H.T. Group. At the bottom is a note requesting volunteers contact the parish priest or sacristan if interested in assisting with weekend events.
American Cancer Society 2015 Statisticslivecleanly
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths in the United States in 2015. Lung cancer causes the most cancer deaths each year in both men and women, though the lung cancer death rates have been declining since 1990 in men and since 2002 in women. Overall cancer death rates have declined by 23% from their peak in 1991, resulting from fewer smoking, advances in early detection and treatment.
La presentación trata sobre la primera presentación del autor en SlideShare sobre la panamericana. En pocas oraciones resume los puntos principales de la presentación sobre este tema.
Dineo Cora Ngake is a South African citizen currently working as a call center agent at Standard Bank. She has over 6 years of experience in call center roles at both Direct Channel Holdings and Standard Bank. Her education includes completing grade 12 in 2006 and obtaining a certificate in call center agent skills in 2008 and studying for a higher certificate in insurance. She is proficient in English and several other South African languages.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang garis sumbu segitiga dan dalil-dalilnya. Garis sumbu segitiga adalah garis yang melalui titik tengah sisi segitiga dan tegak lurus pada sisi tersebut. Tiga dalil garis sumbu segitiga adalah: (1) ketiga garis sumbu berpotongan pada satu titik yang disebut titik sumbu, (2) titik sumbu berjarak sama ke tiap titik sudut segitiga, dan (3) titik sumbu adal
Experiment 4: Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers.
Introduction:
Conductive polymers (CP) exhibit very useful properties such as flexibility, solubility [1], electrical conductivity, low energy optical transitions, low ionization potential, and high electron affinity.[2] These characterizations make them such effective candidates for many applications such as antistatic and antimagnetic shielding devices[3], microwave attenuation[4], light emitting devices, optical sensors, enzymatic biosensors[5], electronic circuits, and detectors of odors and flavors. The most widely known conducting polymers are polypyrole, polyanaline, and polythiophene. By applying an electrical potential (reversible reaction), these polymers can be reduced. The role of these polymers when they are used as active templates in biosensor applications is the immobilization of dynamic species on the electrode. This will contribute to enhancing the sensitivity and the accuracy of analyte detection. CPs have been used for stabilizing numerous biological species such as enzymes, antibodies, haptens, DNA, and more interestingly the whole cells. [1]
Aim:
The aim of performing this experiment is to create a conducting polypyrrole film which consists of a stabilized enzyme, identify the film and its characteristics, and utilize it as glucose biosensor.
Procedure:
“Refer to Manual for NANO 3101/8302, Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers, Flinders University, p.24-29.”
Results and Discussion:
In the biosensor uses, the deposition of the polymers on the electrode surface can be done by applying an oxidative potential. During this action, the enzymes can be stabilized, and by modifying the deposition time, the amounts of the deposited layer can be recreated. The sensitivity, selectivity, and the accuracy of detection of the biosensors are reliant on the architecture of the polymer, the biological activity of the enzymatic immobilization, and the electropolymerisation circumstances.
In this experiment, the glucose oxidase (enzyme) was immobilized in a conducting polypyrole film on an electrode to find out their appropriateness as a functioning electrode. The performance of the electrode was measured through a Cyclic Voltammogram (CV) of ferricyanide
The geometric area of the electrode was measured by a ruler, and it was found to be 3.14 mm ²which is identical to 0.00314 cm².
The Randles-Sevcik equation is used in the redox reactions
at 25 C °
Where is the peak current, A is the electrode area (cm²), n is the number of electrons involved, C is the concentration of the bulk (mol/ml) for active species, v is the scan rate (V/s), and D is the diffusion coefficient.
n = 1, therefore
, therefore = 0.002756809.
V = 20mV/s = 0.02 V/s, therefore
C = 10 mM = 0.01 mol/L = 0.00001 mol/mL.
can be determined from figure.1
Figure 1: Cyclic Voltammograms (CV) as a function of escalating the scan rate for Platinum Electrode in ferrricyanide solution.
This c ...
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis, including its principle, working conditions, factors affecting separation, and types. Electrophoresis is an analytical technique that separates charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids based on their movement in an electric field. It works by applying a voltage to move molecules through a buffer solution or gel support medium. The rate of migration depends on factors like the molecule's charge, size, and the electric field strength. Common electrophoresis techniques described include zone electrophoresis using paper, gels, and thin layers, as well as moving boundary methods like capillary electrophoresis.
Potentiometric Glucose Detection by Paper-based Electrochemical Sensor on CMO...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a low cost portable medical device for biochemical sensor using CMOS chip
and paper-based fluidic channel. We measured a potential produced by enzyme activity of glucose
between the working and reference electrode on CMOS chip. A liquid sample is transported by paperbased
fluidic channel, which is made of chromatography paper and silicone resin, and consists of the area
for filtering a sample (filter layer) and that for reacting enzyme (enyzme layer). The paper-based fluidic
channel is used by combining CMOS chip, and the solution with glucose is dropped from top of the paperbased
fluidic channel. The concentrations of glucose are detected by potentiometry (open circuit potential
time). The experimental results show that the glucose concentration is measured by CMOS chip and
paper-based fluidic channel.
Interaction of Components in Molecular Optoelectronics for the Next Generati...Scientific Review SR
The interaction of molecular optoelectronic components on the molecular scale were studied where
the solvent shell indicating the influence of the medium was found to be surprisingly small. The transport of
energy as resonant energy transfer covers distances of about 5 nm and was shown not to proceed by a simple to
dipole dipole interaction with typical restrictions, but by a more complex mechanism. Furthermore, a novel -type of
far-reaching interactions of electronically excited structures until macroscopic dimensions were fond and may be
applied for addressing molecular structures by conventional electronics
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter through microbial activity. They consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, microbes degrade organic compounds and transfer electrons to the anode. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and protons to form water. Ionic strength, temperature, electrode spacing and material affect performance, with higher ionic strength and temperatures increasing power density up to certain points. Microbial fuel cells produce electricity from waste sources while treating wastewater.
Membrane Electrode Assembly based on Sulfonated Polystyrene as Proton Exchang...AnuragSingh1049
A novel membrane electrode assembly(MEA) basedonsulfonated polystyrene was synthesized and applied to a microbial fuel cell (MFCs). In this study, membrane electrode assembly made of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and nafion membrane were fabricated by combining 20% AgNO3/C catalystink. The performance of membrane electrode assemblybased sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and nafion were evaluated by measuring proton conductivity and power density.This sulfonated polystyrene of membrane electrode assembly(SPS-MEA) revealed power density was higher than that nafion non activated membrane, this is considered for membrane application of proton exchange membrane (PEM). The presence of sulfonation groups of polystyrene was characterized by Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) and nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The membranetopographybefore and after the fuel cell process treatment was investigatedby atomicforce microscopy (AFM).
Electrochemical Behavior of L-Tyrosine at Poly (Dicyclomine Hydrochloride) Fi...paperpublications3
Abstract: An electrochemical method for the determination of L-Tyrosine (LTY) using a dicyclomine hydrochloride (DICY) polymer film modified carbon paste electrode. The surface morphology of poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode was characterized by SEM. The modified electrode showed excellent electro catalytic activity towards the oxidation of LTY in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.5. The effect of pH, concentration and scan rate were studied at the bare carbon paste electrode and poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode were investigated. Increase of LTY concentration shows linear increase in oxidation peak current. The linear relationship was obtained between the anodic peak current (Ipa) and concentration LTY in range 2×10-5 M to 1×10-3 M with correlation coefficient of 0.9984. The low detection limit (LOD) and low quantification limit (LOQ) of LTY were detected. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the oxidation of LTY at the modified electrode surface was irreversible; adsorption controlled and undergoes a one electron transfer process at the poly (DICY) film modified carbon paste electrode. The modified electrode showed high sensitivity, detection limit, high reproducibility, easy preparation and regeneration of the electrode surface.
This document summarizes research on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Remazol Black B (RBB) dye using nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO3) film electrodes. Key findings include:
1) WO3 film electrodes were found to be better photoelectrocatalysts for degrading RBB dye than titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes or molybdenum oxide (MoO3) electrodes with similar surface roughness.
2) Kinetic measurements showed the degradation of RBB on WO3 followed a generalized Langmuir-Hinshelwood model with an overall rate constant of 1.1 × 10−9 mol cm−2s−1.
3
Role of heterocyclic dye (methylene blue) with reductant and micelles in phot...eSAT Journals
Abstract Studies of heterocyclic dye (Methylene blue) with reductant and micelles in photogalvanic cell containing Methylene blue-EDTA-TX-100 system for solar energy conversion and storage The photopotential and photocurrent of the cell is observed 845.0 mV and 420.0 μA respectively. The conversion efficiency and fill factor of the cell are determined 1.08 % and 0.2488 respectively. The storage capacity (performance) of the cell is observed 160.0 minutes in dark. The effects of different parameters on the electrical output of the cell were observed and current-voltage (i-V) characteristics of the cell were also studied. The mechanism is proposed for the generation of photocurrent in photogalvanic cell. Keywords: - Photogalvanic effect1, conversion efficiency2, storage capacity3, fill factor4.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Scott Shaw conducted research investigating strong coupling of β-carotene in microcavities. He was successful in achieving the strong coupling regime, obtaining a Rabi splitting of ~2.1 eV, over twice as large as the next highest. Degradation experiments showed β-carotene films deteriorated quickly when exposed to light and water, but less so under nitrogen. While a large splitting was achieved, the system was likely not emissive due to aggregation-induced quenching. The research demonstrated strong coupling of β-carotene can be achieved under specified fabrication and storage conditions.
Thermally Stimulated Discharge Current study of PMMA:PVP blendsinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes an experiment investigating fac/mer isomerism in a low spin iron(II) complex. A complex was synthesized from iron(II) tetrafluoroborate, benzylamine, and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, yielding 79.7% product. NMR showed a high ratio of facial to meridional isomers. UV-vis spectroscopy determined molar extinction coefficients of 6081.9 and 4518.4 L/mol-cm at 516.5 and 561.3 nm, respectively.
Space charge and dielectric behavior of epoxy composite with si o2 al2o3 nano...Oussama Elbouadi
The document discusses a study of the space charge distribution, complex dielectric permittivity, and conduction current of an epoxy resin and its composite with SiO2-Al2O3 nano-micro fillers at temperatures ranging from 20 to 200°C. The results show that below the glass transition temperature (Tg), space charge behavior is dominated by electronic charge transport, while above Tg it is dominated by ion transport. Both the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity increase dramatically above Tg, which can be attributed to ion accumulation at the electrodes. The conduction current also increases with temperature and transitions from electronic to ionic charge transport above Tg. The composite exhibits weaker space charge accumulation, lower complex permit
The document discusses electrophoresis, which is the separation of charged molecules using an electric field. It separates molecules based on their charge and size. Electrophoresis is used to separate biological substances like proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, and amino acids. During electrophoresis, charged molecules migrate through a buffer solution under the influence of an electric field at rates depending on their charge and size. There are different types of electrophoresis like zone electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and moving boundary electrophoresis.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how the photoluminescence quantum yield of lead selenide quantum dots is affected by increasing excitation energy. Three samples of PbSe quantum dots were synthesized with different diameters and characterized. It was found that the quantum yield decreased as the excitation energy increased, likely due to the formation of multi-exciton states within single quantum dots that lead to non-radiative Auger processes. The quantum yield was measured using an integrating sphere method and by analyzing absorption and emission spectra of the samples excited at different wavelengths. The results supported the expectation that higher excitation energies reduce quantum yield.
This document discusses electrophoresis, which is the migration of charged particles through a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. It defines key terms and describes the theory behind electrophoresis, factors that influence particle migration rates, and different electrophoresis techniques. Some main techniques covered are agarose gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Troubleshooting tips for common issues are also provided.
DIELECTROPHORETIC DEFORMATION OF ERYTHROCYTES ON TRANSPARENT INDIUM TIN OXIDE...Larry O'Connell
1. The document presents a protocol for patterning transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes and investigates their efficacy for dielectrophoretically deforming erythrocytes compared to existing gold electrodes.
2. ITO electrodes were fabricated through a multi-step reactive ion etching process involving photoresist patterning and chromium/nickel masking layers. The transparent ITO electrodes allow full visualization of adhered cells, unlike opaque gold electrodes.
3. Erythrocytes suspended in a glucose solution were dielectrophoretically deformed at increasing electric field strengths on the ITO electrodes. Images were captured at each voltage step to measure cell deformation without occlusion from the electrodes.