Madhwa philosophy has nine tenets including that Vishnu is the primary and efficient cause of creation, preservation, and destruction of the world. It affirms that the world and individual souls are real, with an ultimate fivefold difference between God, individual souls, inanimate objects, one soul from another, and between souls and objects. Devotion is considered the means to attain moksha or liberation, through correct reasoning and practices such as ceasing harmful actions, listening, contemplation, and meditation on God.