Presentation for ESA (Baltimore), 2015, "Does biomass partitioning differ between plant functional types? Analysis of a global biomass and allometry database (BAAD)" by Remko Duursma and Daniel Falster
Biomass partitioning, leaf area index, and canopy greenness: the Good, the BA...remkoduursma
Seminar presented to the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment's weekly seminar series on 28 October 2015. Topics include a global database of plant biomass and allometry, leaf area index at the EucFACE, and canopy greenness as measured with phenocams.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Biomass partitioning, leaf area index, and canopy greenness: the Good, the BA...remkoduursma
Seminar presented to the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment's weekly seminar series on 28 October 2015. Topics include a global database of plant biomass and allometry, leaf area index at the EucFACE, and canopy greenness as measured with phenocams.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Seasonal growth patterns of Arundo donax L. in the United States | IJAAR @sli...Innspub Net
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) has been extensively evaluated as a dedicated energy crop for biomass and biofuel production in southern Europe and the United States, with very favorable results. Current agronomic and biologic research on giant reed focuses on management practices, development of new cultivars, and determining differences among existing cultivars. Even though detailed information on the growth patterns of giant reed would assist in development of improved management practices, this information is not available in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this 2-year field study was to describe the seasonal growth patterns of giant reed in Alabama, United States. Changes in both plant height and biomass yield of giant reed with time were well described by a Gompertz function. The fastest growing period occurred at approximately 66 d after initiation of regrowth (mid-May), when the absolute maximum growth rate was of 0.045 m d-1 and 0.516mg ha-1 d-1. After mid-May, the rate of growth decreased until maturation at approximately 200 d after initiation of regrowth (mid- to late September). The observed maximum average plant height and biomass yield were 5.28 m and 48.56mg ha-1, respectively. Yield decreased following maturation up to 278 d after initiation (early to mid-December) of growth in spring, partly as a result of leaf loss, and was relatively stable thereafter.
Estimating Carbon Stock of a Protected Tropical Forest in Cebu, Central Phili...Ramon Earl Laude
Undergraduate thesis made with more limitations of the study than objectives, more recommendations than results. With only one reason: financial and logistic constraint.
Title: Estimating Carbon Stock of a Protected Tropical Forest in Cebu, Central Philippines
Proponents: Edgar Borga Jr. & Ramon Earl Labrada
Adviser: Neriza Arche MS
Note: This is not a peer reviewed study. (Obviously)
Just wanted to post this.
My Real name
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Seasonal growth patterns of Arundo donax L. in the United States | IJAAR @sli...Innspub Net
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) has been extensively evaluated as a dedicated energy crop for biomass and biofuel production in southern Europe and the United States, with very favorable results. Current agronomic and biologic research on giant reed focuses on management practices, development of new cultivars, and determining differences among existing cultivars. Even though detailed information on the growth patterns of giant reed would assist in development of improved management practices, this information is not available in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this 2-year field study was to describe the seasonal growth patterns of giant reed in Alabama, United States. Changes in both plant height and biomass yield of giant reed with time were well described by a Gompertz function. The fastest growing period occurred at approximately 66 d after initiation of regrowth (mid-May), when the absolute maximum growth rate was of 0.045 m d-1 and 0.516mg ha-1 d-1. After mid-May, the rate of growth decreased until maturation at approximately 200 d after initiation of regrowth (mid- to late September). The observed maximum average plant height and biomass yield were 5.28 m and 48.56mg ha-1, respectively. Yield decreased following maturation up to 278 d after initiation (early to mid-December) of growth in spring, partly as a result of leaf loss, and was relatively stable thereafter.
Estimating Carbon Stock of a Protected Tropical Forest in Cebu, Central Phili...Ramon Earl Laude
Undergraduate thesis made with more limitations of the study than objectives, more recommendations than results. With only one reason: financial and logistic constraint.
Title: Estimating Carbon Stock of a Protected Tropical Forest in Cebu, Central Philippines
Proponents: Edgar Borga Jr. & Ramon Earl Labrada
Adviser: Neriza Arche MS
Note: This is not a peer reviewed study. (Obviously)
Just wanted to post this.
My Real name
A framework for assessing and projecting climate change effects on forest com...Jennifer Costanza
Presented at US-IALE annual meeting in Baltimore, MD. We are using hierarchical classification to produce an empirical set of forest tree assemblages for use in projection, assessment, and monitoring of global change effects on forest communities.
Presentation of the fall and rise and fall again of eastern hemlock, a foundation tree species of eastern North American forests. Testing the hypothesis that it is a foundation species, modeling its future given climate change scenarios, and validating model results with eddy covariance data
Effect of planting density on leucaena leucocephala forage and Woody stems p...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Lack of year round supply of forage for animal feed is common in most parts of dry lands. leucaenaleucocephala is one of most widely used dry season tree legume forage. In this study, the effect of planting density on forage and woody stems production was investigated. Three different planting spacing corresponding to (40X40 cm, 60X60 cm and 80X80 cm) were applied to tests its effects on tree growth and yield. Tree height and diameter were measured before every cutting harvest. In addition to that fresh and dry matter production of both stems and forage (tons/ha), stems, and leaves dry weight ratios over time were determined. The study revealed that different planting densities were resulted in very high significant effects on forage and stem production. Tree height was affected by planning density in most of the harvests, while diameter showed significant difference among the treatments in only one harvest. Planting trees at 40 cm distance produced higher forage yield with smaller woody stems sizes, whereas 60 and 80 cm spacing resulted in lesser forage yield, but with bigger stems size. This indicates that planting trees at closer spacing produce higher wood and forage yield, but the wood with smaller sizes. There is also, observed seasonal variation in production in which hot weather lowered yield. The stems and leaves dry matter ratio revealed that leaves production is slightly higher than stem production and were not affected by planting density. The results conclude that planting leucaena in closer spacing in arid lands will supply a considerable amount of forage as supplementary feed in addition to wood that can be used for different purposes.
Presentation slides from a webinar featuring results from the Climate Change Atlas for New England and northern New York. Part of the New England Climate Change Response Framework (www.forestadaptation.org). Presentation by Louis Iverson, Steve Matthews, and Maria Janowiak.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Does biomass partitioning differ between plant functional types? Analysis of BAAD.
1. Does biomass partitioning differ between plant
functional types? Analysis of a global biomass and
allometry database (BAAD)
Remko Duursma, Daniel Falster
2. The importance of biomass partitioning
• The distribution of biomass between plant components (‘partitioning’) is of
fundamental importance for
• lifetime of carbon in the ecosystem
• carbon and nutrient cycling
• Global Vegetation Models (GVMs) all contain an allocation submodel, a very
important model component (e.g. Friend et al. 2014 PNAS)
• These models are highly simplified and based on very sparse input data or
often 'best guesses'
• We need data
3. Questions
• How does biomass partitioning (leaf vs.
stem) differ between
• Angiosperms vs. Gymnosperms
• Deciduous vs. Evergreen
• Does higher leaf mass per area (LMA) lead
to higher plant leaf mass, or lower leaf
area?
• Does biomass partitioning depend on
climate (mean annual rainfall, mean annual
temperature)?
0.25-0.75 quantiles
4. Data: GlopNET (Wright et al. 2004, Nature)
Leaf lifespan increases with LMA
If all else equal, longer-lived foliage implies higher total
foliage biomass
5. The Biomass and Allometry Database (BAAD)
• data from published and unpublished sources, containing biomass and
size metrics for woody plants
• Authors were contacted directly, and were asked for raw data + metadata
• Individual plants, destructive harvest (not from allometric estimates)
Raw data
Manipulate data (if needed)
Extract variables included in BAAD (and assign unified variable names)
Add new data (e.g. latitude, longitude, species)
Store metadata (methods for data collection)
Store study contacts
Clean data • Repeat for each separate study
• Combine all clean datasets
• Post-process (calculate derived
variables, check species names
against databases, etc.)
BAAD
See also our post on https://ropensci.org/blog/
7. BAAD in numbers
20950 individual woody plants
176 published or unpublished studies
674 species from 120 taxonomic families
Height range from <1cm to 112m,
weight from <1g to >300t.
18. Also : N content, wood density by component (limited)
19. Different scaling for leaf and woody biomass with plant height
Duursma & Falster in revision
Sequioa
sempervirens
Eucalyptus
regnans
20. Terminology
• We here considered aboveground biomass only
(Analysis of root data showed no differences between PFTs)
Leaf Mass Fraction (LMF) = leaf mass / aboveground biomass
Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) = leaf area / aboveground biomass
Leaf Mass per Area (LMA) = leaf mass / leaf area
21. Least-square means
Leaf mass fraction : proportional to leaf mass per area across PFTs
PFTs have similar
leaf area per unit
biomass
Leaf area ratio does not differ between PFTs
Duursma & Falster in revision
22. • LMF and LAR are strongly dependent
on height
• Leaf mass fraction can be further
decomposed into
where AS is basal stem area
• Similar to LMF, foliage biomass per
unit stem area was proportional to
LMA
• These variables are only very weakly
dependent on plant height
23. Weak and inconsistent effects of climate
• Either by biome (boreal, temperate, tropical) or
MAP and MAT
Duursma & Falster in revision
24. Conclusions
• Three plant functional types differ strongly in leaf mass supported at a
total aboveground biomass or basal stem area
• At given plant height, LMF was proportional to LMA across PFTs
• This also to some extent across species, although there is much
variation within PFTs not accounted for
• As a result, leaf area ratio was not different between PFTs
• No clear effects of climate on biomass partitioning
• These results can be used to constrain biomass partitioning estimates in
global vegetation models, which routinely predict differences between
PFTs
25. Getting BAAD and future contributions
• Data is released as an Ecology data paper (Falster et al. 2015), you can
download it without restrictions
• The code repository (including all raw data and workflow) is also publicly
available, as a github repository
• New data can be added and released publicly
26. Acknowledgments
Thanks to all 86 co-authors who contributed raw data,
and provided answers to many data queries
BAAD Team:
Daniel Falster Project lead, programming, workflow
Remko Duursma Data quality, programming, analysis
Masae Ishihara Japanese compilation
Diego R. Barneche Data ingestion, programming
Rich G. FitzJohn Workflow, programming
Angelica Vårhammar Data ingestion, metadata, etc.
27. BAAD : data contributors
Masahiro Aiba, Makoto Ando, Niels Anten, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Christopher Baraloto, John J. Battles,
Benjamin Bond-Lamberty, Michiel van Breugel, Yves Claveau, Lluís Coll, Masako Dannoura, Sylvain
Delagrange, Jean-Christophe Domec, Farrah Fatemi, Wang Feng, Veronica Gargaglione, Akio
Hagihara, Jefferson S. Hall, Steve Hamilton, Degi Harja, Tsutom Hiura, Robert Holdaway, Lindsay
Hutley, Tomoaki Ichie, Eric J Jokela, Anu Kantola, Jeff W. G. Kelly, Tanaka Kenzo, David King, Brian D
Kloeppel, Takashi Kohyama, Akira Komiyama, Jean-Paul Laclau, Christopher H. Lusk, Doug
Maguire, Guerric le Maire, Annikki Mäkelä, Lars Markesteijn, John Marshall, Katherine McCulloh,
Itsuo Miyata, Karel Mokany, Shigeta Mori, Randall W. Myster, Masahiro Nagano, Shawna Naidu,
Yann Nouvellon, Anthony P. O’Grady, Kevin L. O’Hara, Toshiyuki Ohtsuka, Noriyuki Osada,
Olusegun O. Osunkoya, Pablo Luis Peri, Any Mary Petritan, Lourens Poorter, Angelika Portsmuth,
Catherine Potvin, Johannes Ransijn, Douglas Reid, Sabina C. Ribeiro, Scott D. Roberts, Ignacio
Santa-Regina Rodríguez, Rolando Rodríguez, Angela Saldaña-Acosta, Kaichiro Sasa, N. Galia Selaya,
Stephen C. Sillett, Frank Sterck, Kentaro Takagi, Takeshi Tange, Hiroyuki Tanouchi, David Tissue,
Tohru Umehara, Hajime Utsugi, Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur, Fernando Valladares, Petteri
Vanninen, Jian R. Wang, Elizabeth Wenk, Dick Williams, Fabiano de Aquino Ximenes, Atsushi
Yamaba, Toshihiro Yamada, Takuo Yamakura, Ruth Yanai, Robert A. York
