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Durham Researcher Development Programme 2015-16: Bibliometric Research Indicators

The document outlines key concepts of bibliometric research indicators, focusing on their calculation and their implications for measuring research impact. It addresses various metrics such as the journal impact factor (JIF), h-index, and g-index, emphasizing their appropriateness and limitations for evaluating articles, authors, and institutions. The document also highlights strategies for improving the visibility and discoverability of research publications.

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Contact Details Academic Liaison Librarian (Researcher Support) james.bisset@durham.ac.uk Phone: +44 (191) 334 2961 Measuring Research Impact: Bibliometric Research Indicators
Learning Outcomes for the session • Understanding the original purpose and intended uses of bibliometric research indicators • Understanding of how some key indicators (JIF, H-index) are calculated • Ability to make a judgement as to the appropriateness and limitations of such indicators • Ability to use online datasets to view and calculate key bibliometric measures • Awareness of some factors which can increase the visibility and discoverability of your own publications.
Session outline • Introduction: What can you measure? • Citations • Author metrics • Journal metrics • Optimising cite-ability
Quick Survey (1) • How many of you have already published research papers in journals conference proceedings? • How many of you are expected to during the course of your studies? • How many of you have already been advised where to publish, or where not to publish, based on what are the “best” journals?
What can you measure? • Article/Book impact • One measure of the impact of individual journal articles, conference proceedings or books, is the number of times they are cited by other works.
What can you measure? • Publication (Journal) impact • The perceived impact of a specific academic journal might be assessed by the number of times their articles are cited (on average) and where they are cited.
What can you measure? • Researcher impact • The number of outputs and citation a researcher generates can be an indicator for the impact of an individual researcher.
What can you measure? • Institutional impact • The prestige of a department or area of research within an institution compared to those at other institutions can be measured by the sum of individual researchers ‘impact’.
Impact ?
Are bibliometrics effective & reliable measures of academic impact?
Quick Survey (2) • Web of Science • JCR • Sciverse Scopus • PoP software • JIF • Eigenfactor • SCImagoJR / SNIP • H-index / g-index • altmetrics • Sherpa ROMEO • Sherpa JULIET • Sherpa FACT
Part 1 Citations and Citation Indices
Citations • Links between papers that have something in common • Building upon, or challenging, research • Help make a judgement about impact an article has made • Sum of citations can be an indication of the ‘impact’ of an author’s work / a journal as a collection of articles
Citation indices • 1955: Eugene Garfield proposed creating a citation index for science to... “eliminate the uncritical citation of fraudulent, incomplete or obsolete data by making it possible for the conscientious scholar to be aware of criticisms of earlier papers” Garfield, E (1955) ‘Citation Indexes for Science’ Science, New Series, Vol. 122, No. 3159, pp. 108-111
Citation indices • 1955: Starts with the idea of measuring the ‘impact’ of journal articles using citations • 1960s: Science Citation Index developed to highlight “formal, explicit linkages between papers that have particular points in common” • 1975: Journal Citation Reports use Web of Science data to rank journals within disciplines
Citation indices (2008) Taylor and Francis LibSite Newsletter, issue 9. p. 5 Science subjects Social-science subjects
Citation indices “reference lists are held under copyright by academic publishers which makes tracking citations impossible” The death of the reference and the re-use factor (2013) http://figshare.com/blog/The_Death_Of_The_Reference_and_the_reuse_factor/103
Citation indices • Web of Science • Provided by Thomson Reuters. • Includes the Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities & Books Citation Indexes. • Indexes about 11,800 journals, plus conference proceedings. • Approximately 5,000 journals covering arts, humanities and social sciences.
Citation indices • Sciverse Scopus • Launched by Elsevier in 2004. • Main commercial competition to Web of Science • Currently indexes c19,000 ‘active’ journals plus conference proceedings • Many titles covered by both WoS and Scopus
Citation indices • Google Scholar • Pulls data from a much broader range of documents (eg books, reports, blogs, wider range of publishers) • Useful for some subjects not covered by Web of Science • Citation data: quality and accuracy often questionned.
Things you can do • Count citations to an article • Link to other related articles • Citation mapping • Set up citation alerts • Search for cited references • See citation reports for authors and journals
Demo Web of Science / Google Scholar
Over to you • Check Google Scholar and Web of Science for an article you have already read or are aware of (or try: Zong, Y. and Tooley, M. J. (2003) 'A historical record of coastal floods in Britain : frequencies and associated storm tracks.', Natural hazards, 29 (1). pp. 13-36. • Explore and compare the number of citations (if any) listed Citation searching Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
Citation Metrics h-index (Hirsch, 2005) • an author’s number of articles (h) that have received at least h citations • a researcher with an h-index of 10 has published 10 articles that have each been cited 10+ times g-index (Egghe, 2006) • the highest number (g) of papers that together received g2 or more citations • a researcher with a g-index of 10 has published 10 papers that, in total, have been cited at least 100 times
h-index Author: Smith, J Has written and published 9 articles (a-i), which have been cited as follows: a:3, b:6, c:6, d:2, e:13, f:3, g:0, h:1, i:3 “no. of articles (n) that have received at least n citations”
h-index: what’s in a number? • Nobel Prize Winner 2013, Peter W Higgs • H-index (Google Scholar) = 12 • H-index (Web of Science) = 11
g-index Author: Smith, J Has written and published 9 articles (a-i), which have been cited as follows: a:3, b:6, c:6, d:2, e:13, f:3, g:0, h:1, i:3 “the highest number (g) of papers that together have received g2 or more citations”
Demo Web of Science
Over to you • If you have published 1 or more papers, and if all are indexed on Web of Science or Google Scholar, see if you can calculate and compare your h-index (or try to calculate your g-index) • ... or try the same for a colleague, supervisor or head of department. Author metrics Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
Google Scholar – My Citations • Track citations to your publications • Check who is citing your publications. Graph your citations over time. Calculate citation metrics. • View publications by colleagues or co-authors • Keep up with their work, view their citation metrics. • Appear in Google Scholar Search Results • Create a public profile that can appear in Google Scholar when someone searches for your name.
Demo Google Scholar – My citations
Author metrics – Issues? • Author identification e.g. Professor Gordon Love A name is not unique o Prof. Gordon Love, University of California (Earth Science) o Dr Gordon L Love, Sacramento (Medicine and Health) o Prof. Gordon Love, Durham University (Physics)
Author metrics – Issues? • Author identification e.g. Professor Gordon Love ... So you need a unique identifier (or 3) o ORCID profile (0000-0001-5137-9434) o Researcher ID profile (A-3071-2011) o Google Scholar profile (3xJXtlwAAAAJ)
Demo ResearcherID ORCiD
Publish or Perish (PoP) software • Anne-Wil Harzing (2006), current version 4.25.1 (17th January 2016) • Aimed at individual researchers • Analyse own performance using a range of metrics • FREE TO DOWNLOAD (Windows, Apple OS X, GNU/Linux) and FREE TRAINING MATERIAL • http://www.harzing.com/pop_win.htm
Part 3 Journal Metrics
Journal Citation Reports (JCRs) • JCRs – annual publication of journals and their impact factors. • Over 10,800 titles, across 232 disciplines have JIFs in 2015 editions • A journal that is cited once, on average, for each article published has an JIF of 1.
Journal Citation Reports (JCRs) • 2015 edition (published June 2015): • is JCR year 2014 (providing 2014 Journal Impact Factor (JIF) metrics) • counting citation data from 2014 • for articles published in 2012/13
Journal Impact Factor (JIF) Citations in 2014 to all articles published by Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Number of articles that were published in Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Journal X’s 2014 impact factor =
Journal Impact Factor (JIF) Citations in 2014 (in journals indexed in Web of Science) to all articles published by Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Number of articles (of a type deemed to be citeable) that were published in Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Journal X’s 2014 impact factor =
Journal Ranking
Journal Ranking
Demo JCRs Journal Impact Factors
Other journal impact metrics • Eigenfactor • Calculates weightings based on ‘where’ the citation came from • Also takes into account the ‘size’ of a journal, to measure the ‘total importance of a journal’ • http://www.eigenfactor.org/ (1997-2013)
Other journal impact metrics • SCImago • Based on data from Scopus (rather than Web of Science) • http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php
Over to you • Explore the JCRs to identify relevant subject categories for your field of research. • Identify journals and compare JIFs and Eigenfactor Scores Journal metrics Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
Issues with journal metrics • Author identification • Citation cultures vary across disciplines • Publication cultures vary across disciplines • Research careers have different stages • Citations ≠ confirmation of excellence • Scholarly communication is evolving… • Blogs, twitter, data and open access repositories
Optimising the cite-ability of an article • Title & Abstract • Discoverability • Length • Reference List • Journal / means of publication • Journal Impact Factors • Open Access Publication
Title and abstract - Discoverability “Construct a clear, descriptive title” • describe what the research is about • consider what readers might be looking for “Re-iterate key phrases in the abstract” • improves potential search ranking • ‘aids’ human decision-making Publisher guidelines (Wiley-Blackwell)
Title and abstract - Discoverability Easier to find = More likely to be read = May translate to increased citations (but still depends on the quality of the research)
“Ever since the British colonists in Australia became aware of the disappearance of the indigenous peoples in the 1830s, they have contrived to excuse themselves by pointing to the effects of disease and displacement. Many colonists called for the extermination of Aborigines when they impeded settlement by offering resistance, yet there was no widespread public acknowledgement of this as a policy until the later 1960s, when a critical school of historians began serious investigations of frontier violence. Their efforts received official endorsement in the 1990s, but profound cultural barriers prevent the development of a general awareness of this. Conservative and right-wing figures continue to play down the gravity of what transpired. These two aspects of Australian public memory are central to the political humanisation of the country.” Australia’s Forgotten Victims
Genocide and Holocaust Consciousness in Australia “Ever since the British colonists in Australia became aware of the disappearance of the indigenous peoples in the 1830s, they have contrived to excuse themselves by pointing to the effects of disease and displacement. Yet although genocide was not a term used in the nineteenth century, extermination was, and many colonists called for the extermination of Aborigines when they impeded settlement by offering resistance. Consciousness of genocide was suppressed during the twentieth century until the later 1960s, when a critical school of historians began serious investigations of frontier violence. Their efforts received official endorsement in the 1990s, but profound cultural barriers prevent the development of a general genocide consciousness. One of these is Holocaust consciousness, which is used by conservative and right-wing figures to play down the gravity of what transpired in Australia. These two aspects of Australian public memory are central to the political humanisation of the country. ”
Title and abstract - Length • Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) - Looked at 16,058 Biology/Biochemistry articles, 16,378 Chemistry articles and 15,392 Social Sciences articles all covered by Web of Science. • “abstract length significantly associates with increased citation impact in all fields” • “the number of keywords and the title length statistically associate with decreased citations” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006
Title and abstract - Length
Reference List • “The impact [factor] and the number of cited references are … significant determinants of increased citation impact” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006 • Consistent with studies in fields including psychology, medicine, chemistry, physics, engineering…
Place of Publication: JIF • “… the JIF is the main determinant of article citation impact” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006 • “… the he impact factor of the journal in which articles appeared was the primary predictor of the citations that they accrued” Haslam, N. and Koval, P. (2010) “Predicting long-term citation impact in articles in social and personality psychology” Psychological Reports 106(3) Jun 2010. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.891-900
Place of Publication: JIF • “…a small but significant correlation between journal rank and future citations can be observed … stems from visibility effects due to the influence of the IF on reading habits (Lozano et al., 2012), rather than from factors intrinsic to the published articles … [but] the correlation is so weak that it cannot alone account for the strong correlation between retractions and journal rank” Björn Brembs, Katherine Button and Marcus Munafò (2013) “Deep impact: unintended consequences of journal rank” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 291. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291 Citing Lozano, G. A., Larivière, V., and Gingras, Y. (2012). “The weakening relationship between the impact factor and papers' citations in the digital age” J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 63, 2140–2145. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.22731
Place of Publication: JIF Fang, F. C., & Casadevall, A. (2011). Retracted Science and the Retraction Index . Infection and Immunity, 79(10), 3855–3859. http://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05661-11
Impact ?
Place of Publication: Open Access • Boost the potential visibility and access of research, to a wider audience • Removes research from behind paywall barriers for existing audience • Enables authors to retain their rights and more easily share via social media, email etc.
Place of Publication: Open Access • 4633 articles across ecology, applied mathematics, sociology and economics. • 2280 were open access, and had an average citation count of 9.04 • 2353 were subscriptions journals, and had an average citation count of 5.76. Norris, M. (2008) “The citation advantage of open access articles” Thesis. Available at https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/4089
Place of Publication: Open Access SPARC Europe: Open Access Citation Advantage Service http://sparceurope.org/oaca/ Total number of studies so far 70 Studies that found a citation advantage 46 Studies that found no citation advantage 17 Studies that were inconclusive, found non- significant data or measured other things than citation advantage for articles 7
Place of Publication: Open Access Terras, M. (2011) “What happens when you tweet an Open Access Paper” Melissa Terras’ Blog. Available at http://melissaterras.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/what-happens- when-you-tweet-open-access.html
Place of Publication: Open Access Terras, M. (2011) “What happens when you tweet an Open Access Paper” Melissa Terras’ Blog. Available at http://melissaterras.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/what-happens- when-you-tweet-open-access.html By October 2012, the OA version had seen nearly 3 times more downloads than the version sitting behind a subscription paywall.
Demo Sherpa Romeo Sherpa FACT
Over to you • (very briefly) For any of the journals you have previously looked at (eg to se their JIF), use Sherpa Romeo (or Sherpa FACT if your research is funded) to identify your open access options (if you can interpret Sherpa!) Checking OA options Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
Other suggestions… • Dr Michael Taylor, Dept. Earth Sciences (Bristol) - Discusses strengths and weaknesses of his already published article titles. - http://tinyurl.com/k6dhcac - http://tinyurl.com/k7o9msc - avoid vague words / weak puns - NEGATIVE “it’s 12 characters too long to tweet” - POSITIVE “ the title strongly implies the conclusion” - POSITIVE “ Short, appealing and (hopefully) funny.”
Beyond Bibliometrics… • Altmetrics…
Learning Outcomes for the session • Understanding the original purpose and intended uses of bibliometric research indicators • Understanding of how some key indicators (JIF, H-index) are calculated • Ability to make a judgement as to the appropriateness and limitations of such indicators • Ability to use online datasets to view and calculate key bibliometric measures • Awareness of some factors which can increase the visibility and discoverability of your own publications.
Image Credits [Slide 5] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by demonsub. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/66397367@N05/6993902269 [Slide 13] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by Kirsty Andrews. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/47745961@N08/5169765739 [Slide 23, 35, 50, 71] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/ [Slide 40] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by Alan Cleaver. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/11121568@N06/4122176776/ [Slide 22] ‘Vitae®, © 2010 Careers Research and Advisory Centre (CRAC) Limited‘ Available at www.vitae.ac.uk/rdf
Measuring Researcher DevelopmentVitae Researcher Development Framework [see image credits]
Durham University Library: Supporting your research Contact Details Academic Liaison Librarian (Researcher Support) james.bisset@durham.ac.uk Phone: +44 (191) 334 2961

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Durham Researcher Development Programme 2015-16: Bibliometric Research Indicators

  • 1.
    Contact Details Academic LiaisonLibrarian (Researcher Support) james.bisset@durham.ac.uk Phone: +44 (191) 334 2961 Measuring Research Impact: Bibliometric Research Indicators
  • 2.
    Learning Outcomes forthe session • Understanding the original purpose and intended uses of bibliometric research indicators • Understanding of how some key indicators (JIF, H-index) are calculated • Ability to make a judgement as to the appropriateness and limitations of such indicators • Ability to use online datasets to view and calculate key bibliometric measures • Awareness of some factors which can increase the visibility and discoverability of your own publications.
  • 3.
    Session outline • Introduction:What can you measure? • Citations • Author metrics • Journal metrics • Optimising cite-ability
  • 4.
    Quick Survey (1) •How many of you have already published research papers in journals conference proceedings? • How many of you are expected to during the course of your studies? • How many of you have already been advised where to publish, or where not to publish, based on what are the “best” journals?
  • 6.
    What can youmeasure? • Article/Book impact • One measure of the impact of individual journal articles, conference proceedings or books, is the number of times they are cited by other works.
  • 7.
    What can youmeasure? • Publication (Journal) impact • The perceived impact of a specific academic journal might be assessed by the number of times their articles are cited (on average) and where they are cited.
  • 8.
    What can youmeasure? • Researcher impact • The number of outputs and citation a researcher generates can be an indicator for the impact of an individual researcher.
  • 9.
    What can youmeasure? • Institutional impact • The prestige of a department or area of research within an institution compared to those at other institutions can be measured by the sum of individual researchers ‘impact’.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    Are bibliometrics effective &reliable measures of academic impact?
  • 12.
    Quick Survey (2) •Web of Science • JCR • Sciverse Scopus • PoP software • JIF • Eigenfactor • SCImagoJR / SNIP • H-index / g-index • altmetrics • Sherpa ROMEO • Sherpa JULIET • Sherpa FACT
  • 13.
  • 14.
    Citations • Links betweenpapers that have something in common • Building upon, or challenging, research • Help make a judgement about impact an article has made • Sum of citations can be an indication of the ‘impact’ of an author’s work / a journal as a collection of articles
  • 15.
    Citation indices • 1955:Eugene Garfield proposed creating a citation index for science to... “eliminate the uncritical citation of fraudulent, incomplete or obsolete data by making it possible for the conscientious scholar to be aware of criticisms of earlier papers” Garfield, E (1955) ‘Citation Indexes for Science’ Science, New Series, Vol. 122, No. 3159, pp. 108-111
  • 16.
    Citation indices • 1955:Starts with the idea of measuring the ‘impact’ of journal articles using citations • 1960s: Science Citation Index developed to highlight “formal, explicit linkages between papers that have particular points in common” • 1975: Journal Citation Reports use Web of Science data to rank journals within disciplines
  • 17.
    Citation indices (2008) Taylorand Francis LibSite Newsletter, issue 9. p. 5 Science subjects Social-science subjects
  • 18.
    Citation indices “reference listsare held under copyright by academic publishers which makes tracking citations impossible” The death of the reference and the re-use factor (2013) http://figshare.com/blog/The_Death_Of_The_Reference_and_the_reuse_factor/103
  • 19.
    Citation indices • Webof Science • Provided by Thomson Reuters. • Includes the Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities & Books Citation Indexes. • Indexes about 11,800 journals, plus conference proceedings. • Approximately 5,000 journals covering arts, humanities and social sciences.
  • 20.
    Citation indices • SciverseScopus • Launched by Elsevier in 2004. • Main commercial competition to Web of Science • Currently indexes c19,000 ‘active’ journals plus conference proceedings • Many titles covered by both WoS and Scopus
  • 21.
    Citation indices • GoogleScholar • Pulls data from a much broader range of documents (eg books, reports, blogs, wider range of publishers) • Useful for some subjects not covered by Web of Science • Citation data: quality and accuracy often questionned.
  • 22.
    Things you cando • Count citations to an article • Link to other related articles • Citation mapping • Set up citation alerts • Search for cited references • See citation reports for authors and journals
  • 23.
    Demo Web of Science/ Google Scholar
  • 25.
    Over to you •Check Google Scholar and Web of Science for an article you have already read or are aware of (or try: Zong, Y. and Tooley, M. J. (2003) 'A historical record of coastal floods in Britain : frequencies and associated storm tracks.', Natural hazards, 29 (1). pp. 13-36. • Explore and compare the number of citations (if any) listed Citation searching Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
  • 27.
    Citation Metrics h-index (Hirsch,2005) • an author’s number of articles (h) that have received at least h citations • a researcher with an h-index of 10 has published 10 articles that have each been cited 10+ times g-index (Egghe, 2006) • the highest number (g) of papers that together received g2 or more citations • a researcher with a g-index of 10 has published 10 papers that, in total, have been cited at least 100 times
  • 28.
    h-index Author: Smith, J Haswritten and published 9 articles (a-i), which have been cited as follows: a:3, b:6, c:6, d:2, e:13, f:3, g:0, h:1, i:3 “no. of articles (n) that have received at least n citations”
  • 29.
    h-index: what’s ina number? • Nobel Prize Winner 2013, Peter W Higgs • H-index (Google Scholar) = 12 • H-index (Web of Science) = 11
  • 31.
    g-index Author: Smith, J Haswritten and published 9 articles (a-i), which have been cited as follows: a:3, b:6, c:6, d:2, e:13, f:3, g:0, h:1, i:3 “the highest number (g) of papers that together have received g2 or more citations”
  • 32.
  • 33.
    Over to you •If you have published 1 or more papers, and if all are indexed on Web of Science or Google Scholar, see if you can calculate and compare your h-index (or try to calculate your g-index) • ... or try the same for a colleague, supervisor or head of department. Author metrics Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
  • 34.
    Google Scholar –My Citations • Track citations to your publications • Check who is citing your publications. Graph your citations over time. Calculate citation metrics. • View publications by colleagues or co-authors • Keep up with their work, view their citation metrics. • Appear in Google Scholar Search Results • Create a public profile that can appear in Google Scholar when someone searches for your name.
  • 35.
  • 36.
    Author metrics –Issues? • Author identification e.g. Professor Gordon Love A name is not unique o Prof. Gordon Love, University of California (Earth Science) o Dr Gordon L Love, Sacramento (Medicine and Health) o Prof. Gordon Love, Durham University (Physics)
  • 37.
    Author metrics –Issues? • Author identification e.g. Professor Gordon Love ... So you need a unique identifier (or 3) o ORCID profile (0000-0001-5137-9434) o Researcher ID profile (A-3071-2011) o Google Scholar profile (3xJXtlwAAAAJ)
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Publish or Perish(PoP) software • Anne-Wil Harzing (2006), current version 4.25.1 (17th January 2016) • Aimed at individual researchers • Analyse own performance using a range of metrics • FREE TO DOWNLOAD (Windows, Apple OS X, GNU/Linux) and FREE TRAINING MATERIAL • http://www.harzing.com/pop_win.htm
  • 40.
  • 41.
    Journal Citation Reports(JCRs) • JCRs – annual publication of journals and their impact factors. • Over 10,800 titles, across 232 disciplines have JIFs in 2015 editions • A journal that is cited once, on average, for each article published has an JIF of 1.
  • 42.
    Journal Citation Reports(JCRs) • 2015 edition (published June 2015): • is JCR year 2014 (providing 2014 Journal Impact Factor (JIF) metrics) • counting citation data from 2014 • for articles published in 2012/13
  • 43.
    Journal Impact Factor(JIF) Citations in 2014 to all articles published by Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Number of articles that were published in Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Journal X’s 2014 impact factor =
  • 44.
    Journal Impact Factor(JIF) Citations in 2014 (in journals indexed in Web of Science) to all articles published by Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Number of articles (of a type deemed to be citeable) that were published in Journal X in 2012 & 2013 Journal X’s 2014 impact factor =
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
    Other journal impactmetrics • Eigenfactor • Calculates weightings based on ‘where’ the citation came from • Also takes into account the ‘size’ of a journal, to measure the ‘total importance of a journal’ • http://www.eigenfactor.org/ (1997-2013)
  • 49.
    Other journal impactmetrics • SCImago • Based on data from Scopus (rather than Web of Science) • http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php
  • 50.
    Over to you •Explore the JCRs to identify relevant subject categories for your field of research. • Identify journals and compare JIFs and Eigenfactor Scores Journal metrics Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
  • 51.
    Issues with journalmetrics • Author identification • Citation cultures vary across disciplines • Publication cultures vary across disciplines • Research careers have different stages • Citations ≠ confirmation of excellence • Scholarly communication is evolving… • Blogs, twitter, data and open access repositories
  • 53.
    Optimising the cite-abilityof an article • Title & Abstract • Discoverability • Length • Reference List • Journal / means of publication • Journal Impact Factors • Open Access Publication
  • 54.
    Title and abstract- Discoverability “Construct a clear, descriptive title” • describe what the research is about • consider what readers might be looking for “Re-iterate key phrases in the abstract” • improves potential search ranking • ‘aids’ human decision-making Publisher guidelines (Wiley-Blackwell)
  • 55.
    Title and abstract- Discoverability Easier to find = More likely to be read = May translate to increased citations (but still depends on the quality of the research)
  • 56.
    “Ever since theBritish colonists in Australia became aware of the disappearance of the indigenous peoples in the 1830s, they have contrived to excuse themselves by pointing to the effects of disease and displacement. Many colonists called for the extermination of Aborigines when they impeded settlement by offering resistance, yet there was no widespread public acknowledgement of this as a policy until the later 1960s, when a critical school of historians began serious investigations of frontier violence. Their efforts received official endorsement in the 1990s, but profound cultural barriers prevent the development of a general awareness of this. Conservative and right-wing figures continue to play down the gravity of what transpired. These two aspects of Australian public memory are central to the political humanisation of the country.” Australia’s Forgotten Victims
  • 57.
    Genocide and Holocaust Consciousnessin Australia “Ever since the British colonists in Australia became aware of the disappearance of the indigenous peoples in the 1830s, they have contrived to excuse themselves by pointing to the effects of disease and displacement. Yet although genocide was not a term used in the nineteenth century, extermination was, and many colonists called for the extermination of Aborigines when they impeded settlement by offering resistance. Consciousness of genocide was suppressed during the twentieth century until the later 1960s, when a critical school of historians began serious investigations of frontier violence. Their efforts received official endorsement in the 1990s, but profound cultural barriers prevent the development of a general genocide consciousness. One of these is Holocaust consciousness, which is used by conservative and right-wing figures to play down the gravity of what transpired in Australia. These two aspects of Australian public memory are central to the political humanisation of the country. ”
  • 58.
    Title and abstract- Length • Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) - Looked at 16,058 Biology/Biochemistry articles, 16,378 Chemistry articles and 15,392 Social Sciences articles all covered by Web of Science. • “abstract length significantly associates with increased citation impact in all fields” • “the number of keywords and the title length statistically associate with decreased citations” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Reference List • “Theimpact [factor] and the number of cited references are … significant determinants of increased citation impact” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006 • Consistent with studies in fields including psychology, medicine, chemistry, physics, engineering…
  • 61.
    Place of Publication:JIF • “… the JIF is the main determinant of article citation impact” Didegah, F. and Thelwall, M. (2013) “Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties” Journal of Informetrics 7: 861-873. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006 • “… the he impact factor of the journal in which articles appeared was the primary predictor of the citations that they accrued” Haslam, N. and Koval, P. (2010) “Predicting long-term citation impact in articles in social and personality psychology” Psychological Reports 106(3) Jun 2010. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.891-900
  • 62.
    Place of Publication:JIF • “…a small but significant correlation between journal rank and future citations can be observed … stems from visibility effects due to the influence of the IF on reading habits (Lozano et al., 2012), rather than from factors intrinsic to the published articles … [but] the correlation is so weak that it cannot alone account for the strong correlation between retractions and journal rank” Björn Brembs, Katherine Button and Marcus Munafò (2013) “Deep impact: unintended consequences of journal rank” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 291. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291 Citing Lozano, G. A., Larivière, V., and Gingras, Y. (2012). “The weakening relationship between the impact factor and papers' citations in the digital age” J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 63, 2140–2145. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.22731
  • 63.
    Place of Publication:JIF Fang, F. C., & Casadevall, A. (2011). Retracted Science and the Retraction Index . Infection and Immunity, 79(10), 3855–3859. http://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05661-11
  • 64.
  • 65.
    Place of Publication:Open Access • Boost the potential visibility and access of research, to a wider audience • Removes research from behind paywall barriers for existing audience • Enables authors to retain their rights and more easily share via social media, email etc.
  • 66.
    Place of Publication:Open Access • 4633 articles across ecology, applied mathematics, sociology and economics. • 2280 were open access, and had an average citation count of 9.04 • 2353 were subscriptions journals, and had an average citation count of 5.76. Norris, M. (2008) “The citation advantage of open access articles” Thesis. Available at https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/4089
  • 67.
    Place of Publication:Open Access SPARC Europe: Open Access Citation Advantage Service http://sparceurope.org/oaca/ Total number of studies so far 70 Studies that found a citation advantage 46 Studies that found no citation advantage 17 Studies that were inconclusive, found non- significant data or measured other things than citation advantage for articles 7
  • 68.
    Place of Publication:Open Access Terras, M. (2011) “What happens when you tweet an Open Access Paper” Melissa Terras’ Blog. Available at http://melissaterras.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/what-happens- when-you-tweet-open-access.html
  • 69.
    Place of Publication:Open Access Terras, M. (2011) “What happens when you tweet an Open Access Paper” Melissa Terras’ Blog. Available at http://melissaterras.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/what-happens- when-you-tweet-open-access.html By October 2012, the OA version had seen nearly 3 times more downloads than the version sitting behind a subscription paywall.
  • 70.
  • 71.
    Over to you •(very briefly) For any of the journals you have previously looked at (eg to se their JIF), use Sherpa Romeo (or Sherpa FACT if your research is funded) to identify your open access options (if you can interpret Sherpa!) Checking OA options Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/
  • 72.
    Other suggestions… • DrMichael Taylor, Dept. Earth Sciences (Bristol) - Discusses strengths and weaknesses of his already published article titles. - http://tinyurl.com/k6dhcac - http://tinyurl.com/k7o9msc - avoid vague words / weak puns - NEGATIVE “it’s 12 characters too long to tweet” - POSITIVE “ the title strongly implies the conclusion” - POSITIVE “ Short, appealing and (hopefully) funny.”
  • 73.
  • 74.
    Learning Outcomes forthe session • Understanding the original purpose and intended uses of bibliometric research indicators • Understanding of how some key indicators (JIF, H-index) are calculated • Ability to make a judgement as to the appropriateness and limitations of such indicators • Ability to use online datasets to view and calculate key bibliometric measures • Awareness of some factors which can increase the visibility and discoverability of your own publications.
  • 75.
    Image Credits [Slide 5]Via Flickr Creative Commons, by demonsub. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/66397367@N05/6993902269 [Slide 13] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by Kirsty Andrews. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/47745961@N08/5169765739 [Slide 23, 35, 50, 71] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by © Stuti Sakhalkar. Original at http://www.flickr.com/photos/theblackcanvas/2945878325/ [Slide 40] Via Flickr Creative Commons, by Alan Cleaver. Original available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/11121568@N06/4122176776/ [Slide 22] ‘Vitae®, © 2010 Careers Research and Advisory Centre (CRAC) Limited‘ Available at www.vitae.ac.uk/rdf
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Durham University Library:Supporting your research Contact Details Academic Liaison Librarian (Researcher Support) james.bisset@durham.ac.uk Phone: +44 (191) 334 2961