2. Scientometrics
Informetrics: Sub discipline of information sciences and is defined as the application of
mathematical methods to the content of information science (Source:
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245286.pdf)
3. Scientometrics
Bibliometrics: studies quantitative aspects of recorded information, a study or
measurement of format aspects of texts, documents, books and information. Often used in
the field of library and information science (Source: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245286.pdf)
4. Scientometrics
Cybermetrics/Webometrics: the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction
and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on
Bibliometrics and Informetrics approaches. (Source: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245286.pdf)
5. Scientometrics
Scientometrics: Analyses the quantitative aspects of the production, dissemination and
use of scientific information with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the
mechanisms of scientific research as a social activity. (Source: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245286.pdf)
6. Scientometrics
• Field of study which concerns itself with
measuring and analysing scholarly literature.
• Science of measure the quality of science
• Sub-field of bibliometrics.
• Major research issues include the measurement
of the impact of research papers and academic
journals, the understanding of scientific
citations, and the use of such measurements in
policy and management contexts.
7. Scientometrics
• It is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla
Price and Eugene Garfield.
• The latter created the Science Citation Index (SCI)
and founded the Institute for Scientific Information
which is heavily used for scientometric analysis.
10. Scientometrics Tools
CiteSpace is a freely available Java application for visualizing and analyzing trends and
patterns in scientific literature. It is designed as a tool for progressive knowledge domain
visualization (http://cluster.cis.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/)
11. Scientometrics Tools
HistCite: Software package used for bibliometric analysis and
information visualization.
• It was developed by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the
Institute for Scientific Information.
• https://support.clarivate.com/ScientificandAcademicResearch
/s/article/HistCite-System-requirements?language=en_US
• Typical questions that can be answered by HistCite analysis
Typical questions that can be answered by HistCite analysis
are:
• How much literature has been published in this field?
• When and in what countries has it been published?
• What journals cover the literature of the field? Which are
the most important?
• Who are the key authors in this field?
• What institutions do these authors represent?
• Which articles are the most important?
12. Scientometrics
Altmetrics: Alternative methods of measuring the resources through social networking sites.
It is the new method of analyzing and measuring the social web resources. .(Source:
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245286.pdf)
13. The Research Business
• People (Researchers,
Supervisors,
Reviewers, Support
people)
• Information
(Books, Literature,
Experts, Lectures)
• Facility
(Buildings, Utilities,
Equipment,
Experimental setup,
Software , Support)
Research
Input Output
• Knowledge
• Publications
• Books
• Patents
• Technology Transfer
• New Equipment/
Product/Function
• Royally
• Respect
• Recognition
Software , Support)
Research
• Recognition
• An Evaluation is required.
• Policy makers, Organizations, Funding agencies, etc. are interested.
• Who can evaluate: Reputed International organizations
14. Research Performance Evaluation
• Quantitative
– No of publications
– No of patents files
– No of Technology Transfers
• Qualitative
– Peer Reviewed articles
– Scientometrics Scores
17. Citation in Research
• Citation is the connection between two research papers
• A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished
source that you consulted and obtained information from
while writing your research paper.
• A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web
page, or other published item. Citations should supply detail
page, or other published item. Citations should supply detail
to identify the item uniquely. (Source: Wikipedia)
• A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain
material in your work came from another source. (Source:
Plagiarism.org)
• Cited Paper / Cited References / Citing Articles
28. h-index in Research
• Number of articles published indicates the quantity of
publications
• Number of citations received the quality of publications and
also the researcher.
• The h-Index is an indicator of both: A metric for evaluating
the cumulative impact of an author's scholarly output and
the cumulative impact of an author's scholarly output and
performance
• Measures quantity with quality by comparing publications to
citations.
• The h-index is calculated by counting the number of
publications for which an author has been cited by other
authors at least that same number of times.
29. h-index in Research
• h-index 5 means, there are For instance, an h-index of 5
means that the researcher has published at least 5 papers
that have each been cited at least 5 times.
• If the researcher 6th most cited publication is cited only 5
times, the h-index would remain at 5. If the researcher’s
6th most cited publication was cited 6 or more times, the
6th most cited publication was cited 6 or more times, the
h-index would rise to 6.
• It gives a clear picture of a researcher's impact.
• h-index can be found at:
– Web of Science
– Scopus
– Google Scholar
30. h-index in Research: Issues
• Career stage: If we have not published much over many years of
being a professor, our h-index could be the same as that of a
younger professor who has published a few highly cited articles.
• Which author you are: If our name is on the paper, our H-index will
go up, regardless whether we are first author or 12th. If we are in
collaboration with a well-known researcher, our H-index will go up.
• Research quality: Although the h-index aims to measure the quality
and quantity of our research, it does not say whether our citations
and quantity of our research, it does not say whether our citations
are positive or whether other authors are citing us because they
disagree with our work or prove that our work is wrong.
• Journal quality: The quality of the journal that published our
research is not taken into account.
• Our contribution to science can be multi-fold: It only takes our
publications into account, not whether we are an active member of
the scientific community as mentors for junior scientists, perform
peer reviews, or take part in scientific discussions, etc.
32. Impact Factor
• Journal Impact Factor (JIF) which is used to sort or rank
journals by their relative importance.
• Journals with high IF publish articles that are cited more
often than journals with lower IF.
• Impact factors may be used by:
– Authors to decide where to submit an article for publication.
– Libraries to make collection development decisions
– Libraries to make collection development decisions
– Academic departments to assess academic productivity
– Academic departments to make decisions on promotion and
tenure.
• The most notable source for journal impact factors is the
annual publication called the Journal Citation Reports (JCR)
published by Thomson Scientific.
34. Impact Factor
• Measure of the frequency in which the average article in a
journal is cited in a particular year.
• The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an
academic journal is a scientometric index that reflects the
yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the
last two years in a given journal, as calculated and indexed
by Clarivate's Web of Science.
by Clarivate's Web of Science.
• An Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles
published one or two year ago have been cited one time.
• After using journal statistical data in-house to compile the
Science Citation Index (SCI) for many years, Clarivate
Analytics began to publish Journal Citation Reports (JCR)3
in 1975 as part of the SCI and the Social Sciences Citation
Index (SSCI).
35. Impact Factor
• Calculation of 2010 IF of a journal:
– The calculation is based on a two-year period and
involves dividing the number of times articles were
cited by the number of articles that are citable.
– A = the number of times articles published in 2008 and
2009 were cited by indexed journals during 2010.
– B = the total number of "citable items" published in
2008 and 2009.
2008 and 2009.
– A/B = 2010 impact factor.
• Measure the impact of a journal, not the impact of
individual articles.
• Clarivate Analytics does not depend on the impact factor
alone in assessing the usefulness of a journal, and neither
should anyone else.
39. Impact Factor: Criticism
• Impact factors cannot be used to compare journals
across disciplines. Number of publications in a field is
dependent on the number of researchers in the area.
• Impact factors are sometimes used to evaluate not only
the journals but the papers therein, thereby devaluing
papers in certain subjects.
papers in certain subjects.
• Journals may publish a larger percentage of review
articles which generally are cited more than research
reports.
• Coercive citation is a practice in which an editor forces
an author to add extraneous citations to an article
before the journal will agree to publish it, in order to
inflate the journal's impact factor.
41. Important Terms
• Citations • Article
Match the following
√
• h-index
• Impact Factor
• Author
• Journal
√
√
42. CiteScore
• CiteScore (CS) of a journal is a measure reflecting the
yearly average number of citations to recent articles
published in that journal.
• This journal evaluation metric was launched in
December 2016 by Elsevier as an alternative to the
December 2016 by Elsevier as an alternative to the
generally used JCR impact factors (calculated by
Clarivate).
• CiteScore is based on the citations recorded in the
Scopus database rather than in JCR, and those citations
are collected for articles published in the preceding four
years instead of two or five.
43. CiteScore
Calculation of CiteScore
• 2017 CiteScores were reported first in 2018 when all data was available
completely.
• CiteScores are released in late May, approximately one month earlier than
the JCR impact factors.
• Scopus also provides the projected CiteScores for the next year, which are
updated every month
