Fast neutron beam therapy utilizes high energy neutrons to effectively treat large, radioresistant tumors. Neutrons deposit energy through elastic and inelastic scattering interactions in tissue. Compared to photons, neutrons have a higher linear energy transfer and are less affected by oxygen content in tumors and cell cycle stage. This allows neutrons to more effectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. The relative biological effectiveness of neutrons compared to photons increases with decreasing dose and increasing linear energy transfer. Fast neutron beams are produced using particle accelerators to bombard beryllium targets with protons or deuterons. Neutron beam therapy shows promise for improving outcomes for certain hard to treat cancer types but also requires sophisticated delivery systems due to the increased damage risk
This chapter discusses the anatomy and histology of the anus. There are several ways to define the boundaries of the anal canal, including anatomically from the dentate line to the anal verge, pathologically as the area between the upper and lower borders of the anal sphincter complex, and surgically as the area between the pelvic floor and anoderm. The anal canal has both squamous and columnar epithelial cells and is innervated by sacral nerves S2-S4. Understanding the anatomy of the anus is important for appropriately staging and treating anal cancer.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Early Cervical Cancer - EvidencesDr. Malhar Patel
Radiation therapy is one of the main line of management of carcinoma cervix.
This presentation is regarding evidences of adjuvant radiation therapy (post operative) in case of early carcinoma cervix.
Non-maximum suppression using fewer than two comparison per pixelsTuan Q. Pham
Tuan Pham presented a paper on improving non-maximum suppression algorithms to require fewer than two comparisons per pixel. He described existing algorithms like spiral scanning and block partitioning. His improvements included selective spiral scanning that tests fewer pixels and quarter-block partitioning that guarantees candidates are local maxima. Evaluation showed his algorithms outperformed existing methods, requiring up to 60% fewer comparisons. He also demonstrated an application in video denoising by detecting highlight points across frames for noise reduction.
This document summarizes the treatment of a 66-year-old male with prostate cancer using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It describes the patient's history, imaging findings, tumor board recommendations for neoadjuvant hormone therapy followed by SBRT, treatment planning according to the PRIME protocol, daily image-guided radiation therapy, and follow-up with reduced urinary symptoms. The planning and delivery of SBRT aimed to deliver a precise high dose to the prostate while respecting organ at risk constraints for the rectum, bladder, bowels and femurs.
Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder CancerBJUI
This document summarizes bladder-sparing trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It discusses the evolution of bladder-sparing approaches including maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Long-term outcomes from studies at Massachusetts General Hospital show 5-year overall survival of 52% and disease-specific survival of 64% with 29% of patients requiring cystectomy. Factors associated with improved outcomes include lower clinical stage, complete TURBT, and complete response to induction therapy.
1) Radiation therapy has a questionable role in treating primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but is commonly used to palliatively treat brain and other metastatic lesions.
2) Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) enables high doses of radiation to tumors while sparing normal tissues and has shown promise for treating primary or metastatic RCC, with local control rates of 90-98% in studies.
3) While some studies found adjuvant radiation after surgery reduced local recurrence in advanced RCC, prospective randomized trials found no survival benefit and increased toxicity, so radiation is not routinely recommended after surgery.
Fast neutron beam therapy utilizes high energy neutrons to effectively treat large, radioresistant tumors. Neutrons deposit energy through elastic and inelastic scattering interactions in tissue. Compared to photons, neutrons have a higher linear energy transfer and are less affected by oxygen content in tumors and cell cycle stage. This allows neutrons to more effectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. The relative biological effectiveness of neutrons compared to photons increases with decreasing dose and increasing linear energy transfer. Fast neutron beams are produced using particle accelerators to bombard beryllium targets with protons or deuterons. Neutron beam therapy shows promise for improving outcomes for certain hard to treat cancer types but also requires sophisticated delivery systems due to the increased damage risk
This chapter discusses the anatomy and histology of the anus. There are several ways to define the boundaries of the anal canal, including anatomically from the dentate line to the anal verge, pathologically as the area between the upper and lower borders of the anal sphincter complex, and surgically as the area between the pelvic floor and anoderm. The anal canal has both squamous and columnar epithelial cells and is innervated by sacral nerves S2-S4. Understanding the anatomy of the anus is important for appropriately staging and treating anal cancer.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Early Cervical Cancer - EvidencesDr. Malhar Patel
Radiation therapy is one of the main line of management of carcinoma cervix.
This presentation is regarding evidences of adjuvant radiation therapy (post operative) in case of early carcinoma cervix.
Non-maximum suppression using fewer than two comparison per pixelsTuan Q. Pham
Tuan Pham presented a paper on improving non-maximum suppression algorithms to require fewer than two comparisons per pixel. He described existing algorithms like spiral scanning and block partitioning. His improvements included selective spiral scanning that tests fewer pixels and quarter-block partitioning that guarantees candidates are local maxima. Evaluation showed his algorithms outperformed existing methods, requiring up to 60% fewer comparisons. He also demonstrated an application in video denoising by detecting highlight points across frames for noise reduction.
This document summarizes the treatment of a 66-year-old male with prostate cancer using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It describes the patient's history, imaging findings, tumor board recommendations for neoadjuvant hormone therapy followed by SBRT, treatment planning according to the PRIME protocol, daily image-guided radiation therapy, and follow-up with reduced urinary symptoms. The planning and delivery of SBRT aimed to deliver a precise high dose to the prostate while respecting organ at risk constraints for the rectum, bladder, bowels and femurs.
Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder CancerBJUI
This document summarizes bladder-sparing trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It discusses the evolution of bladder-sparing approaches including maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Long-term outcomes from studies at Massachusetts General Hospital show 5-year overall survival of 52% and disease-specific survival of 64% with 29% of patients requiring cystectomy. Factors associated with improved outcomes include lower clinical stage, complete TURBT, and complete response to induction therapy.
1) Radiation therapy has a questionable role in treating primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but is commonly used to palliatively treat brain and other metastatic lesions.
2) Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) enables high doses of radiation to tumors while sparing normal tissues and has shown promise for treating primary or metastatic RCC, with local control rates of 90-98% in studies.
3) While some studies found adjuvant radiation after surgery reduced local recurrence in advanced RCC, prospective randomized trials found no survival benefit and increased toxicity, so radiation is not routinely recommended after surgery.
This is a brief overview of the evolving field of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Cancer vaccines are active immunotherapies. As seen in the accompanying figure, the distinction from passive immunotherapies is based on different mechanisms of action. Passive immunotherapies and adoptive T-cell transfer, for example, are made/modified outside of the body.
Once inside the body they can compensate for missing or deficient functions. Active immunotherapies, on the other hand, stimulate effector functions in vivo. What this means, is that the patient’s immune system can respond to the challenge and be stimulated to mediate effector cells that defend the body in an immune response. Examples of active immunotherapies include peptide, dendritic cell, and allogeneic whole-cell vaccines.
Recent advancements in metastatic colorectal cancer treatmentKindai University
In this presentation, the presenter tries to provide an overview of the current established treatment strategies, based on their clinical outcomes as well as their mechanisms, limitations that remain to be overcome, and their future applicability for the treatment of human Colorectal Cancer.
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1) Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technique that uses computer software to conform the radiation dose to the shape of the tumor, reducing dose to surrounding normal tissues and decreasing toxicity.
2) Numerous studies have shown IMRT provides better sparing of the small bowel, bladder, and rectum compared to conventional radiation for gynecologic cancers.
3) IMRT may allow dose escalation to high risk sites or involved nodes while maintaining normal tissue doses. Some studies have also investigated using IMRT as an alternative to brachytherapy boosts.
4) Clinical studies suggest IMRT results in low rates of acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity compared to conventional radiation for
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) provides a single targeted dose of radiation during breast cancer surgery, saving time for patients and reducing side effects compared to external beam radiation over several weeks. A team approach using SBRT is an effective alternative treatment for early stage breast cancer.
The document describes the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0. It provides definitions and grading scales for severity for various adverse events affecting multiple organ systems. The CTCAE is a descriptive terminology that can be used for adverse event reporting in clinical trials and research studies. It includes adverse event terms organized by System Organ Class with grades 1 through 5 to indicate severity of the adverse event.
Management of carcinoma nasopharynx presents many challenges:
1) Detection is difficult due to its deep, silent location and treatment is challenging due to proximity to critical structures.
2) Radiotherapy alone was historically used but results in 5-year OS of only 35-50%.
3) The current standard of care is chemoradiotherapy which provides excellent tumor control and improves outcomes over radiotherapy alone, with 5-year OS of 70-80% for early stages and 50% for advanced stages.
This document provides an overview of the approach to prostate SBRT planning. It discusses the evidence supporting SBRT, patient selection, immobilization techniques, imaging protocols, target delineation guidelines, dose selection, planning constraints, quality assurance procedures, and peri-treatment management. The key advantages of SBRT for prostate cancer are the short treatment time of 5 fractions, high biological effective dose achieved, and comparable oncologic outcomes to other EBRT techniques with side effects that are earlier but also resolve sooner. Careful planning and quality assurance throughout the process are emphasized.
The document proposes a "HALCYON model" for achieving a future state of "calm technology" through pervasive computing. It envisions a peaceful technological world where people are constantly surrounded by information but it does not interfere or demand attention. This would be achieved through hidden, adaptable, and connected devices that collaborate to provide information to users whenever needed, without disrupting their activities. Realizing this vision faces challenges regarding privacy, continuous operation, and balancing open data access with security.
Understanding the Screening Options from the new USPSTF Colorectal Cancer Scr...Ryan Kerr
The Colorectal Cancer Task Force is a subcommittee within the Colorado Cancer Coalition.
Our goal is to improve colorectal cancer outcomes in the state of Colorado.
This presentation gives a high-level overview of each of the colorectal cancer screening options mentioned in the new United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening guidelines (released June 2016).
Chemotherapy can be used to treat hormone-resistant prostate cancer (HRPC) to help palliate symptoms and provide a survival benefit. Docetaxel plus prednisone was established as the standard first-line treatment based on results from the TAX 327 trial showing a median overall survival of around 18 months. Several prognostic factors can help predict survival outcomes on chemotherapy. For patients who progress after first-line docetaxel treatment, metronomic cyclophosphamide with prednisone shows promise as a well-tolerated second-line option based on early clinical trials. Ongoing research continues to evaluate new agents for first- and second-line HRPC.
Sénèque. L'esclavage dans l'Antiquité gréco-latine.Gabriel Gay-Para
Commentaire de Sénèque : esclavage et stoïcisme
Version : Les esclaves sont des êtres humains (Lettres à Luculius, XLVII, §1-§4)
Traduction littéraire du texte
The document provides information on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), including:
1) The anatomy of the nasopharynx and lymphatic drainage patterns that make this a common site of spread for NPC.
2) The clinical presentation of NPC, which most commonly involves asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy, but can also cause symptoms from cranial nerve palsies or local invasion.
3) Staging systems for NPC, including the Fletcher, Ho, IUAC, and AJCC systems, which classify tumors based on local extent (T stage) and nodal involvement (N stage).
4) Prognostic factors in NPC, where nodal status and extent of local invasion are the most important predictors
The document summarizes radiation techniques used in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It discusses 2D planning techniques including field borders and portals. It also discusses 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), noting that IMRT allows a high dose to the tumor while limiting dose to surrounding tissues. The document reviews studies showing improved local control and reduced toxicity with 3D and IMRT techniques compared to 2D planning. It also discusses dose escalation techniques including brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery boosts as well as altered fractionation schedules.
This is a brief overview of the evolving field of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Cancer vaccines are active immunotherapies. As seen in the accompanying figure, the distinction from passive immunotherapies is based on different mechanisms of action. Passive immunotherapies and adoptive T-cell transfer, for example, are made/modified outside of the body.
Once inside the body they can compensate for missing or deficient functions. Active immunotherapies, on the other hand, stimulate effector functions in vivo. What this means, is that the patient’s immune system can respond to the challenge and be stimulated to mediate effector cells that defend the body in an immune response. Examples of active immunotherapies include peptide, dendritic cell, and allogeneic whole-cell vaccines.
Recent advancements in metastatic colorectal cancer treatmentKindai University
In this presentation, the presenter tries to provide an overview of the current established treatment strategies, based on their clinical outcomes as well as their mechanisms, limitations that remain to be overcome, and their future applicability for the treatment of human Colorectal Cancer.
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1) Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technique that uses computer software to conform the radiation dose to the shape of the tumor, reducing dose to surrounding normal tissues and decreasing toxicity.
2) Numerous studies have shown IMRT provides better sparing of the small bowel, bladder, and rectum compared to conventional radiation for gynecologic cancers.
3) IMRT may allow dose escalation to high risk sites or involved nodes while maintaining normal tissue doses. Some studies have also investigated using IMRT as an alternative to brachytherapy boosts.
4) Clinical studies suggest IMRT results in low rates of acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity compared to conventional radiation for
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) provides a single targeted dose of radiation during breast cancer surgery, saving time for patients and reducing side effects compared to external beam radiation over several weeks. A team approach using SBRT is an effective alternative treatment for early stage breast cancer.
The document describes the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0. It provides definitions and grading scales for severity for various adverse events affecting multiple organ systems. The CTCAE is a descriptive terminology that can be used for adverse event reporting in clinical trials and research studies. It includes adverse event terms organized by System Organ Class with grades 1 through 5 to indicate severity of the adverse event.
Management of carcinoma nasopharynx presents many challenges:
1) Detection is difficult due to its deep, silent location and treatment is challenging due to proximity to critical structures.
2) Radiotherapy alone was historically used but results in 5-year OS of only 35-50%.
3) The current standard of care is chemoradiotherapy which provides excellent tumor control and improves outcomes over radiotherapy alone, with 5-year OS of 70-80% for early stages and 50% for advanced stages.
This document provides an overview of the approach to prostate SBRT planning. It discusses the evidence supporting SBRT, patient selection, immobilization techniques, imaging protocols, target delineation guidelines, dose selection, planning constraints, quality assurance procedures, and peri-treatment management. The key advantages of SBRT for prostate cancer are the short treatment time of 5 fractions, high biological effective dose achieved, and comparable oncologic outcomes to other EBRT techniques with side effects that are earlier but also resolve sooner. Careful planning and quality assurance throughout the process are emphasized.
The document proposes a "HALCYON model" for achieving a future state of "calm technology" through pervasive computing. It envisions a peaceful technological world where people are constantly surrounded by information but it does not interfere or demand attention. This would be achieved through hidden, adaptable, and connected devices that collaborate to provide information to users whenever needed, without disrupting their activities. Realizing this vision faces challenges regarding privacy, continuous operation, and balancing open data access with security.
Understanding the Screening Options from the new USPSTF Colorectal Cancer Scr...Ryan Kerr
The Colorectal Cancer Task Force is a subcommittee within the Colorado Cancer Coalition.
Our goal is to improve colorectal cancer outcomes in the state of Colorado.
This presentation gives a high-level overview of each of the colorectal cancer screening options mentioned in the new United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening guidelines (released June 2016).
Chemotherapy can be used to treat hormone-resistant prostate cancer (HRPC) to help palliate symptoms and provide a survival benefit. Docetaxel plus prednisone was established as the standard first-line treatment based on results from the TAX 327 trial showing a median overall survival of around 18 months. Several prognostic factors can help predict survival outcomes on chemotherapy. For patients who progress after first-line docetaxel treatment, metronomic cyclophosphamide with prednisone shows promise as a well-tolerated second-line option based on early clinical trials. Ongoing research continues to evaluate new agents for first- and second-line HRPC.
Sénèque. L'esclavage dans l'Antiquité gréco-latine.Gabriel Gay-Para
Commentaire de Sénèque : esclavage et stoïcisme
Version : Les esclaves sont des êtres humains (Lettres à Luculius, XLVII, §1-§4)
Traduction littéraire du texte
The document provides information on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), including:
1) The anatomy of the nasopharynx and lymphatic drainage patterns that make this a common site of spread for NPC.
2) The clinical presentation of NPC, which most commonly involves asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy, but can also cause symptoms from cranial nerve palsies or local invasion.
3) Staging systems for NPC, including the Fletcher, Ho, IUAC, and AJCC systems, which classify tumors based on local extent (T stage) and nodal involvement (N stage).
4) Prognostic factors in NPC, where nodal status and extent of local invasion are the most important predictors
The document summarizes radiation techniques used in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It discusses 2D planning techniques including field borders and portals. It also discusses 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), noting that IMRT allows a high dose to the tumor while limiting dose to surrounding tissues. The document reviews studies showing improved local control and reduced toxicity with 3D and IMRT techniques compared to 2D planning. It also discusses dose escalation techniques including brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery boosts as well as altered fractionation schedules.
Türk jinekoloji ve Obstetri Derneği Antalya şubesi ilk bilimsel toplantısını, 22 Ocak 2015 tarihinde Porto Bello Hotel'de yaptı. Toplantıya, çoğunluğunu Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Uzmanları'nın oluşturduğu yaklaşık 100 Uzman hekim katıldı. Bende konuşmacı olarak davetli olduğum bu toplantıda "Meme Kanseri ve Fertilite Prezervasyonu" başlıklı bir konuşma yaptım.
Oligometastatik Akciğer Kanserinde Pulmoner Rezeksiyon, Uzun Süreli Sağkalım ...Burak Geyik
Pulmonary Resection is Associated with Long-Term Survival and Should Remain a Therapeutic Option in Oligometastatic Lung Cancer
Oligometastatik Akciğer Kanserinde Pulmoner Rezeksiyon, Uzun Süreli Sağkalım ile İlişkilidir ve Terapötik Bir Seçenektir.
1. OLGULAR EġLĠĞĠNDE MEME DCIS‟DA
RADYOTERAPĠ
Dr. Meltem Nalça Andrieu
Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi
Radyasyon Onkolojisi AD
2. 1. OLGU
• 56 yaĢında, erkek hasta
• Sağ memede ĢiĢlik
• Sağ basit mastektomi
• ~1.5 cm. çaplı
• Intermediate grade DCIS (kribriform tip)
• DCIS derin cerrahi sınıra 0.25 cm, anterior cerrahi sınıra 0.5 cm
den yakın
• ER %90(+), PR%70(+) ve cerb-B2(+)
3. ERKEK HASTA ??
• Erkeklerde DCIS tüm meme tümörlerinin %0.5-0.7‟si
erkek meme kanserlerinin %5‟i
• Memede kitle ± meme baĢı akıntısı ± jinekomasti
• Çok nadir kanıta dayalı tedavi standartı yok
• Cutuli ve ark. (EJC 1997) 31 hastada 25 MRM, 6 lumpektomi + RT
4 LN (3‟ü lump.) , bir tanesi met. ile ex
• Önerilen tedavi Mastektomi (meme baĢı ile birlikte)
Aksiller diseksiyon ve adjuvan RT önerilmiyor
• Komedo tip, grad, boyut 2.5 cm, eĢz. invazyon varsa AD
(tercihen mastektomi öncesi SLNB)
• Prognoz iyi
4. MASTEKTOMĠ SONRASI RT
• DCIS için postmastektomi RT konusunda randomize çalıĢma yok
• Sadece mastektomi ile sonuçlar çok iyi (LN %1-11), sağkalım %100
• Cerrahi tekniği önemli
• Komedo tip, grad ve genç yaĢ için mastektomi sonrası LN riskini
detaylı inceleyen çalıĢma yok
• En sık LN cerrahi sınır (+) veya yakın olgularda, ancak %10
5.
6.
7. Rashtian A, Iganej S, Liu I, et al. Close or Positive margins after
mastectomy for DCIS: pattern of relapse and potential indications
for radiotherapy. IJROBP 2008;72:1016–1020.
Hasta sayısı
Mastektomi 574
cs ‹ 10 mm 84 (RT yapılan 4 hasta çıkarılmıĢ)
cs ≤ 2 mm 31
cs = 2- 10 mm 49
grad 47
komedonekroz 45
multifokal 30
‹ 60 yaĢ 51
SONUÇ Medyan izlem 61 ay, LN %7.5 (6 hasta)
cs ≤ 2 mm 5 hasta
cs = 2- 10 mm 1 hasta
grad ve/veya komedonekroz 5 hasta
‹ 60 yaĢ 6 hasta
8. MASTEKTOMĠ SONRASI RT
• Yakın veya (+) cerrahi sınırda Reeksizyon yapılmalı
• Yakın veya (+) cerrahi sınır + grad ve/veya komedonekroz +
‹ 60 yaĢ + büyük tümör Adj. RT‟den yarar sağlayabilir
9. 1. OLGU
• 56 yaĢında, erkek hasta
• Sağ memede ĢiĢlik
• Sağ basit mastektomi
• ~1.5 cm. çaplı
• Intermediate grade DCIS (kribriform tip)
• DCIS derin cerrahi sınıra 0.25 cm, anterior cerrahi sınıra 0.5 cm
den yakın
• ER %90(+), PR%70(+) ve cerb-B2(+)
10. KADIN HASTA + MKC OLSAYDI ??
• Mastektomi vs MKC + RT karĢılaĢtıran randomize çalıĢma yok
• Eski çalıĢmalarla karĢılaĢtırılınca sonuçlar benzer (LN %1-12)
• MKC vs MKC + RT karĢılaĢtıran 4 randomize çalıĢma var :
Hasta gruplarının tümünde RT ile lokal nükste anlamlı var,
sağkalım da anlamlı fark yok
11.
12. Meta-analysis examining adjuvant radiotherapy in DCIS
for patients with breast cancer:
ipsilateral DCIS breast cancer recurrence.
Viani, Radiation Oncology 2007
13. Meta-analysis examining adjuvant radiotherapy in DCIS
for patients with breast cancer:
ipsilateral invasive breast cancer recurrence
Viani, Radiation Oncology 2007
17. EBCTCG Overview
• RT prognostik faktörlerle değiĢmeden tüm hastalarda anlamlı
derecede yararlı
• 50 yaĢ üzerindeki hastalarda daha etkili
• Gençlerdeki etki azlığının grad ile ilgisi yok
• Cerrahi sınır (-), küçük ve gradlı 291 hastalık seçilmiĢ düĢük risk
grubunda bile RT ile 10 yıllık kazanç %18
18. ANCAK, bu randomize çalışmalarda
• Tümör boyutu, cerrahi sınır durumu ve genel olarak patolojik
değerlendirmeler ile ilgili sorunlar var
• Hastaların çoğu tamoksifen almamıĢ
• Prognostik faktörler ile stratifikasyon yapılmamıĢ ve göreceli
etkilerini sorgulamakta yetersiz
• risk grubunda randomizasyon yapılmamıĢ
• Sonradan değerlendirilen düĢük risk grubunun kriterleri belirgin
ve güncel değil
19. YAġ ETKĠSĠ
Holmberg, JCO 2008
Çok merkezli randomize çalıĢma, 1067 hasta (Ġsveç)
Ortalama 8 yıllık izlem
postop. izlem (533) vs postop. RT (534)
LN 141 64
10 yıda risk azalması %16
Subgrup analizi 50 yaĢ altında RT etkisi daha az ve bu etki diğer prognostik
faktörlerden bağımsız.
Genç yaĢ LN için risk faktörü, RT‟ye yanıtsızlık nedeni ile risk
GeliĢmiĢ ülkelerde yaĢam süresi 70+16 yıl.
Ġleri yaĢta RT daha etkili RT‟yi elimine etmek mantıklı değil
21. Düşük risk grubunda
subgrup analizi
tümör boyutu ‹ 10
mm, unifokal, tam eksizyon
sadece izlem ile 4 yılda
%10‟un üzeride LN
RT‟nin koruyucu etkisi var
Holmberg, JCO 2008
24. RTOG 9804
DüĢük ve orta risk grubunda
izlem vs Tmx vs Tmx+RT
Risk faktörleri için ayrı ayrı tabakalandırma var:
<50 yaĢ vs ≥50 yaĢ,
cs (-) vs 3-9 mm vs ≥10 mm,
tm ≤1 cm vs >1cm vs ≤2.5 cm,
grad vs orta grad , Tmx (+) vs (-)
Yetersiz hasta sayısı nedeniyle erken kapatıldı
25.
26.
27.
28. GELECEK ÇALIġMALAR ĠÇĠN ÖNERĠLER
• Tanıda doğruluk ve kesinlik
• DCIS sınıflamasında ve gradlamasında iyileĢtirme
• Tümör biyolojisi ve klinik sonuçlar arası iliĢkiyi anlamak için
moleküler, radyolojik ve patolojik özellikler odaklı çalıĢmalar
• Klinik, patolojik ve moleküler faktörlerin daha iyi risk sınıflaması
için araĢtırılıp onaylanması
• Prognostik modellerin kullanım kolaylığı, prediktif
özelliği, çoğaltılıp genelleĢtirilebilmesi
• Patolojik preperatları hazırlanmasında ve değerlendirilmesinde
standartizasyon
29. Elde edilen çok iyi sonuçlardan ödün vermeden
daha az tedavi girişiminde bulunmak için
doğru risk sınıflaması yöntemleri gereklidir
30. RT TEKNĠĞĠ VE DOZU ??
Tedavi Volümü
• Bütün çalıĢmalarda tüm meme ıĢınlaması (WBRT)
• Periferik lenf nodu ıĢınlaması gereksiz
• Parsiyel meme ıĢınlaması (PBI) standart değil, çalıĢma içerisinde
uygulanabilir (uzun süreli faz III veriler eksik)
• NSABP-B-39, RTOG-0413, SWOG-NSABP-B-39, NCT00103181;
RAPID ; APBI (GEC-ESTRO)
Meme DCIS ve T1-2 kanserde faz III randomize adj WBRT vs PBI
Uzun dönem sonuçları bekleniyor
• ASTRO konsensusu meme DCIS „da APBI için “dikkatli olunması”
• GEC-ESTRO kılavuzu meme DCIS „da APBI “orta risk grubu”
31. RT TEKNĠĞĠ VE DOZU ??
Tedavi Dozu ve Ek Doz
• Konvansiyonel doz 46-50 Gy/23-25 fr
• Akselere hipofraksiyone meme RT (aWBRT) 39-43Gy/13-16 fr
• ASTRO konsensusu aWBRT için yeterli kanıt yok
Ancak uzun dönem kozmetik sonuçların invaziv hastalıktan farklı
olmayacağı beklenebilir
• Ek doz ile ilgili kanıt yok
• RTOG-1005, RTOG-1005, NCT01349322
Erken evre meme kanserinde faz III randomize aWBRT+eĢzamanlı ek
doz vs ardıĢık ek doz çalıĢmasının sonuçları bekleniyor
32. RT TEKNĠĞĠ VE DOZU ??
RT Planlama ve Uygulama Şekli
• Hedef volümde homojen ve yeterli doz sağlamak ve özellikle
kardiovasküler ve pulmoner toksisiteyi azaltmak açısından
2-B RT 3-B RT YART IGRT Proton tedavisi
• YART ile karĢı meme dozu ve entegral doz (Field-in-field hariç)
• Proton tedavisinin uygulanabilirliği
• Her hastaya göre kiĢiselleĢtirilmiĢ tedavi seçimi
33.
34. 2. OLGU
• 38 yaĢında kadın hasta
• Memede sert ağrılı kitle, papilla retrakte, dağınık kalsifikasyonlar
• 2 adet 25x15 mm ve 15x7.5 mm lezyon
• Trucut biopside grad komedo DCIS ve invaziv ca
• Cilt koruyucu mastektomi + AD + rekons.
• Patoloji grad komedo DCIS
meme baĢında DCIS
cs (-), aksilla 0/22
• ER (-), PR (-), Cerb-B2 (-)
35. MASTEKTOMĠ SONRASI RT
• Yakın veya (+) cerrahi sınırda Reeksizyon yapılmalı
• Yakın veya (+) cerrahi sınır + grad ve/veya komedonekroz +
‹ 60 yaĢ + büyük tümör Adj. RT‟den yarar sağlayabilir