The document describes data structures and their implementation using C and C++. It includes: 1) An introduction to data structures and their use in organizing data efficiently. 2) Requirements for using data structures in C and C++ including hardware requirements like RAM and software requirements like Turbo C++. 3) Examples of programs to implement basic data structures like linked lists, stacks, queues and sorting algorithms like insertion sort, bubble sort, quick sort and merge sort.

1. DATA STRUCTURE USING C & C++
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
LECT. ABHISHEK KUMAR MUSTKEEM
ADD.NO.:14S121
BRANCH: 5 CS.
DIGAMBER JAIN POLYTECHNIC BARAUT BAGHPAT

2. Admission no.:14S121
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INTRODUCTION OF DATA STRUCTURE:
Data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used
efficiently. Data structures can implement one or more particular abstract data types (ADT),
which specify the operations that can be performed on a data structure and the computational
complexity of those operations. In comparison, a data structure is a concrete implementation
of the specification provided by an ADT.
REQUIREMENT OF DSU C&C++ (TURBO C):
Hardware Requirement:
 IBM-Intel Pentium 4 or above.
 Minimum of 512 MB RAM.
 One 1 GB Free Hard Disk.
 Keyboard and Mouse.
 A CD-ROM drive or USB port.
Software Requirement:
 Operating system- Window 95 or higher.
 Turbo C & C++ or Dev-Cpp.

3. Admission no.:14S121
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Setup of Turbo C++:
Step 1:
Download Turbo C from “https://turboc.codeplex.com.”
Step 2:
Click setup.exe file.
Step 3:
Click next.

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Step 4:
Accept license agreement and click next.
Step 5:
Click install.

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Step 6:
Click finish.
Program 1: WAP in C to print “Hello World”.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();
}
Output:

6. Admission No.: 14S121
Program 2: Write a Program to Implement Linked List.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
struct node
{
intnum;
struct node *ptr;
};
typedefstruct node NODE;
NODE *head, *first, *temp = 0;
int count = 0;
int choice = 1;
first = 0;
while (choice)
{
head = (NODE *)malloc(sizeof(NODE));
printf("Enter the data itemn");
scanf("%d", &head->num);
if (first != 0)
{
temp->ptr = head;
temp = head;
}
else
first = temp = head;
}
fflush(stdin);
printf("Do you want to continue(Type 0 or 1)?n");
scanf("%d", &choice);
}
temp->ptr = 0;
/* reset temp to the beginning */
temp = first;
printf("n status of the linked list isn");
while (temp != 0)

7. Admission No.: 14S121
{
printf("%d=>", temp->num);
count++;
temp = temp ->ptr;
}
printf("NULLn");
printf("No. of nodes in the list = %dn", count);
getch();
}
Output:

8. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 3: Write a program to Implement stack operations Push & Pop.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int stack[5];
void push();
int pop();
void traverse();
int is_empty();
int top_element();
int top = 0;
int main()
{
int element, choice;
for (;;)
{
printf("Stack Operations.n");
printf("1. Insert into stack (Push operation).n");
printf("2. Delete from stack (Pop operation).n");
printf("3. Print top element of stack.n");
printf("4. Check if stack is empty.n");
printf("5. Traverse stack.n");
printf("6. Exit.n");
printf("Enter your choice.n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
if (top == 5)
printf("Error: Overflownn");
else {
printf("Enter the value to insert.n");
scanf("%d", &element);
push(element);
}
break;
case 2:
if (top == 0)
printf("Error: Underflow.nn");
else {
element = pop();
printf("Element removed from stack is %d.n", element);

9. Admission No.: 14S121
}
break;
case 3:
if (!is_empty()) {
element = top_element();
printf("Element at the top of stack is %dnn", element);
}
else
printf("Stack is empty.nn");
break;
case 4:
if (is_empty())
printf("Stack is empty.nn");
else
printf("Stack is not empty.nn");
break;
case 5:
traverse();
break;
case 6:
exit(0);
}
}
}
void push(int value) {
stack[top] = value;
top++;
}
int pop() {
top--;
return stack[top];
}
void traverse() {
int d;
if (top == 0) {
printf("Stack is empty.nn");
return;
}
printf("There are %d elements in stack.n", top);
for (d = top - 1; d >= 0; d--)
printf("%dn", stack[d]);
printf("n");
}

10. Admission No.: 14S121
intis_empty() {
if (top == 0)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
inttop_element() {
return stack[top-1];
getch();
}
Output:

11. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 4: Write a Program to Implement Queue Operations Insertion &
Deletion.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define QUEUESIZE 10
int queue[QUEUESIZE], f=0, r=-1;
// Check if queue is full
intqueuefull() {
if(r == QUEUESIZE - 1) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
// Check if the queue is empty
intqueueempty() {
if(f > r) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
// Show queue content
intqueueshow() {
inti;
if(queueempty()) {

12. Admission No.: 14S121
printf(" n The queue is emptyn");
} else {
printf("Start->");
for(i=f; i<=r; i++) {
printf("%d ", queue[i]);
}
printf("<-End");
}
return 0;
}
// Perform an insert operation.
intqueueinsert(intoneelement) {
if(queuefull()) {
printf("nn Overflow!!!!nn");
} else {
++r;
queue[r] = oneelement;
}
return 0;
}
// Perform a delete operation
intqueuedelete() {
intelem;
if(queueempty()) {
printf(" n The queue is emptyn");
return(-1);
} else {

13. Admission No.: 14S121
elem=queue[f];
f=f+1;
return(elem);
}
}
int main() {
int option, element;
charch;
do {
printf("n Press 1-Insert, 2-Delete, 3-Show, 4-Exitn");
printf("n Your selection? ");
scanf("%d",&option);
switch(option) {
case 1:
printf("nnContent to be Inserted?");
scanf("%d",&element);
queueinsert(element);
break;
case 2:
element=queuedelete();
if( element != -1 ) {
printf("nnDeleted element (with content %d) n",element);
}
break;
case 3:
printf("nnStatus of the queuenn");
queueshow();

14. Admission No.: 14S121
break;
case 4:
printf("nn Ending the program nn");
break;
default:
printf("nnInvalid option, please retry! nn");
break;
}
} while(option != 4);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:

15. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 5: Write a Program to Implement Insertion Sorting.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, array[1000], c, d, t;
printf("Enter number of elementsn");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integersn", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
}
for (c = 1 ; c <= n - 1; c++) {
d = c;
while ( d > 0 && array[d] < array[d-1]) {
t = array[d];
array[d] = array[d-1];
array[d-1] = t;
d--;
}
}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:n");
for (c = 0; c <= n - 1; c++) {
printf("%dn", array[c]);
}
getch();
return 0;
}

16. Admission No.: 14S121
Output:

17. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 6:Write a Program to Implement Bubble Sorting.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], n, c, d, swap;
printf("Enter number of elementsn");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integersn", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
for (c = 0 ; c < ( n - 1 ); c++)
{
for (d = 0 ; d < n - c - 1; d++)
{
if (array[d] > array[d+1]) /* For decreasing order use < */
{
swap = array[d];
array[d] = array[d+1];
array[d+1] = swap;
}
}
}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%dn", array[c]);
getch();
return 0;
}

18. Admission No.: 14S121
Output:

19. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 7: Write a Program to Implement Quick Sorting.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
//quick Sort function to Sort Integer array list
void quicksort(int array[], intfirstIndex, intlastIndex)
{
//declaaring index variables
intpivotIndex, temp, index1, index2;
if(firstIndex<lastIndex)
{
//assigninh first element index as pivot element
pivotIndex = firstIndex;
index1 = firstIndex;
index2 = lastIndex;
//Sorting in Ascending order with quick sort
while(index1 < index2)
{
while(array[index1] <= array[pivotIndex] && index1 <lastIndex)
{
index1++;
}
while(array[index2]>array[pivotIndex])
{
index2--;
}
if(index1<index2)
{
//Swapping opertation

20. Admission No.: 14S121
temp = array[index1];
array[index1] = array[index2];
array[index2] = temp;
}
}
//At the end of first iteration, swap pivot element with index2 element
temp = array[pivotIndex];
array[pivotIndex] = array[index2];
array[index2] = temp;
//Recursive call for quick sort, with partiontioning
quicksort(array, firstIndex, index2-1);
quicksort(array, index2+1, lastIndex);
}
}
int main()
{
//Declaring variables
int array[100],n,i;
//Number of elements in array form user input
printf("Enter the number of element you want to Sort : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
//code to ask to enter elements from user equal to n
printf("Enter Elements in the list : ");
for(i = 0; i< n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&array[i]);
}
//calling quickSort function defined above
quicksort(array,0,n-1);

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//print sorted array
printf("Sorted elements: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(" %d",array[i]);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:

22. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 8: Write a Program to Implement Merge Sorting.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX 50
voidmergeSort(intarr[],intlow,intmid,int high);
void partition(intarr[],intlow,int high);
int main()
{
int merge[MAX],i,n;
printf("Enter the total number of elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements which to be sort: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&merge[i]);
}
partition(merge,0,n-1);
printf("After merge sorting elements are: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("%d ",merge[i]);
}
return 0;
}
void partition(intarr[],intlow,int high){
int mid;
if(low<high){
mid=(low+high)/2;
partition(arr,low,mid);
partition(arr,mid+1,high);
mergeSort(arr,low,mid,high);

23. Admission No.: 14S121
}
}
voidmergeSort(intarr[],intlow,intmid,int high){
inti,m,k,l,temp[MAX];
l=low;
i=low;
m=mid+1;
while((l<=mid)&&(m<=high)){
if(arr[l]<=arr[m]){
temp[i]=arr[l];
l++;
}
else{
temp[i]=arr[m];
m++;
}
i++;
}
if(l>mid){
for(k=m;k<=high;k++){
temp[i]=arr[k];
i++;
}
}
else{
for(k=l;k<=mid;k++){
temp[i]=arr[k];

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i++;
}
}
for(k=low;k<=high;k++){
arr[k]=temp[k];
}
}
Output:

25. Admission No.: 14S121
Practical 9:Write a Program to Implement Heap Sorting.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void manage(int *, int);
voidheapsort(int *, int, int);
int main()
{
intarr[20];
inti,j,size,tmp,k;
printf("nt------- Heap sorting method -------nn");
printf("Enter the number of elements to sort : ");
scanf("%d",&size);
for(i=1; i<=size; i++)
{
printf("Enter %d element : ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
manage(arr,i);
}
j=size;
for(i=1; i<=j; i++)
{
tmp=arr[1];
arr[1]=arr[size];
arr[size]=tmp;
size--;
heapsort(arr,1,size);
}
printf("nt------- Heap sorted elements -------nn");
size=j;
for(i=1; i<=size; i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
getch();
return 0;
}
void manage(int *arr, inti)
{
inttmp;
tmp=arr[i];
while((i>1)&&(arr[i/2]<tmp))
{
arr[i]=arr[i/2];

26. Admission No.: 14S121
i=i/2;
}
arr[i]=tmp;
}
voidheapsort(int *arr, inti, int size)
{
inttmp,j;
tmp=arr[i];
j=i*2;
while(j<=size)
{
if((j<size)&&(arr[j]<arr[j+1]))
j++;
if(arr[j]<arr[j/2])
break;
arr[j/2]=arr[j];
j=j*2;
}
arr[j/2]=tmp;
}
Output: