This presentation encompasses the introduction, general principles, resistance, etc. of antibiotics.

1. Unit II:
Chemotherapy -
General Principles
Unit II:
Chemotherapy -
General Principles
by Anirban Kumar Bora
by Anirban Kumar Bora

2. Introduction
Introduction
Chemotherapy is the treatment of
infectious diseases or malignancy with
drugs which destroy microorganisms or
cancer cells preferentially with minimal
damage to host tissues. The infection may
be due to bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa or
helminths.
Antibiotics refer to the substances which
are produced by organisms which are
known to selectively retard the growth or
kill other microorganisms.
Chemotherapy is the treatment of
infectious diseases or malignancy with
drugs which destroy microorganisms or
cancer cells preferentially with minimal
damage to host tissues. The infection may
be due to bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa or
helminths.
Antibiotics refer to the substances which
are produced by organisms which are
known to selectively retard the growth or
kill other microorganisms.

3. Bacteriostatic &
Bactericidal Agents
Bacteriostatic &
Bactericidal Agents
Bacteriostatic agents inhibit the
growth and multiplication of
microorganisms.
Bacteriostatic drugs include
chloramphenicol, tetracyclines,
sulfonamides and erythromycin.
Bactericidal agents kill or destroy
microorganisms.
Bactericidal drugs include beta-
lactams (penicillins and
cephalosporins), aminoglycosides
etc.
Bacteriostatic agents inhibit the
growth and multiplication of
microorganisms.
Bacteriostatic drugs include
chloramphenicol, tetracyclines,
sulfonamides and erythromycin.
Bactericidal agents kill or destroy
microorganisms.
Bactericidal drugs include beta-
lactams (penicillins and
cephalosporins), aminoglycosides
etc.

4. Chemotherapy Drugs
Classification
Chemotherapy Drugs
Classification
Narrow- spectrum antibiotics are
agents acting only on a single or a
limited group of microorganisms.
Example: Isoniazid is active only
against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Broad (or Extended)- spectrum
antibiotics are agents that are
modified to be effective against
gram- positive and also against gram-
negative bacteria.
Example: Ampicillin.
Narrow- spectrum antibiotics are
agents acting only on a single or a
limited group of microorganisms.
Example: Isoniazid is active only
against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Broad (or Extended)- spectrum
antibiotics are agents that are
modified to be effective against
gram- positive and also against gram-
negative bacteria.
Example: Ampicillin.
A. Based on Spectra
A. Based on Spectra

5. Interferes with:
(1) cell wall synthesis
e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins.
(2) plasma membrane integrity
e.g. polymyxins, amphotericin B.
(3) nucleic acid synthesis
e.g. flucytosine, rifampin.
(4) ribosomal function
e.g. Aminoglycosides, tetracycline,
chloramphenicol.
(5) folate synthesis
e.g. sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
Interferes with:
(1) cell wall synthesis
e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins.
(2) plasma membrane integrity
e.g. polymyxins, amphotericin B.
(3) nucleic acid synthesis
e.g. flucytosine, rifampin.
(4) ribosomal function
e.g. Aminoglycosides, tetracycline,
chloramphenicol.
(5) folate synthesis
e.g. sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
Chemotherapy Drugs
Classification
Chemotherapy Drugs
Classification
B. Based on Mechanism
of Action
B. Based on Mechanism
of Action

6. Factors leading to Increase in
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Factors leading to Increase in
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
1. Overuse, misuse and irrational use by
doctors
2. Noncompliance to prescribed
regimen, self- medication and use of
leftover antibiotics by patients
3. Use of antibiotics in animal
husbandry, aquaculture and
agriculture
4. Poor infection control in healthcare
settings
5. Poor hygiene and sanitation
6. Absence of new antibiotics
1. Overuse, misuse and irrational use by
doctors
2. Noncompliance to prescribed
regimen, self- medication and use of
leftover antibiotics by patients
3. Use of antibiotics in animal
husbandry, aquaculture and
agriculture
4. Poor infection control in healthcare
settings
5. Poor hygiene and sanitation
6. Absence of new antibiotics

7. Superinfection
Superinfection
The risk associated with using broad-spectrum
antimicrobials is that they will also target a broad
spectrum of the normal microbiota, increasing the risk
of a superinfection, a secondary infection in a patient
having a preexisting infection. A superinfection
develops when the antibacterial intended for the
preexisting infection kills the protective microbiota,
allowing another pathogen resistant to the antibacterial
to proliferate and cause a secondary infection.
Common examples include yeast infections
(candidiasis) and pseudomembranous colitis caused by
Clostridium difficile, which can be fatal.
The risk associated with using broad-spectrum
antimicrobials is that they will also target a broad
spectrum of the normal microbiota, increasing the risk
of a superinfection, a secondary infection in a patient
having a preexisting infection. A superinfection
develops when the antibacterial intended for the
preexisting infection kills the protective microbiota,
allowing another pathogen resistant to the antibacterial
to proliferate and cause a secondary infection.
Common examples include yeast infections
(candidiasis) and pseudomembranous colitis caused by
Clostridium difficile, which can be fatal.

8. Side Effects of
Chemotherapy
Side Effects of
Chemotherapy
Despite its efficacy, chemotherapy
often leads to adverse effects such as:
Nausea (chemotherapy induced)
Hair loss
Allergy
Genetic abnormalities
Risk of pregnancy
Hepatic dysfunction
Renal dysfunction
Fatigue
Despite its efficacy, chemotherapy
often leads to adverse effects such as:
Nausea (chemotherapy induced)
Hair loss
Allergy
Genetic abnormalities
Risk of pregnancy
Hepatic dysfunction
Renal dysfunction
Fatigue

9. Emerging Trends in
Chemotherapy
Emerging Trends in
Chemotherapy
Recent advancements in
chemotherapy include the use of
nanotechnology, personalized
medicine, and combination
therapies.
These trends are reshaping the
landscape of cancer treatment.
Recent advancements in
chemotherapy include the use of
nanotechnology, personalized
medicine, and combination
therapies.
These trends are reshaping the
landscape of cancer treatment.

10. Future Directions in
Chemotherapy
Future Directions in
Chemotherapy
The future of chemotherapy is
marked by advancements in:
1. Precision targeting
2. Immunomodulation
3. Personalized treatment regimens
4. Providing palliative care in the
latter stages of disease
The future of chemotherapy is
marked by advancements in:
1. Precision targeting
2. Immunomodulation
3. Personalized treatment regimens
4. Providing palliative care in the
latter stages of disease

11. As we conclude, it is evident that chemotherapy
continues to evolve, offering new hope in the
fight against cancer. The future holds great
promise for further innovations and
advancements in this critical area of cancer
treatment.
As we conclude, it is evident that chemotherapy
continues to evolve, offering new hope in the
fight against cancer. The future holds great
promise for further innovations and
advancements in this critical area of cancer
treatment.
Conclusion
Conclusion

12. anirbankumarbora@gmail.com
+91 6291157758
anirbankumarbora@gmail.com
+91 6291157758
Thanks!
Thanks!
Do you have any
questions?
Do you have any
questions?