This slide consists of details related to Peptic ulcers and what can be the possible drugs to be used with their overview. I hope this will be helpful for all readers.
This slide is based upon prokinetic agents with detailed descriptions of their dosage to be taken with their respective usage in conditions and effects to be careful. I hope you will get the best of your knowledge from the respective material.
This document discusses prokinetics, which are drugs that enhance gastrointestinal motility. It describes the normal control pathways of GI motility, including hormonal and neural pathways. It then discusses various phases of GI motility including the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The document outlines several prokinetic drug categories and examples, including muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, dopamine D2 blockers, 5-HT4 agonists, and motilin agonists. It discusses the mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages of various prokinetic drugs. Novel therapies for improving GI motility in critically ill patients are also mentioned.
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
The document discusses various causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of emesis and nausea. It covers the following topics:
- Emetics that induce vomiting and their mechanisms of action.
- Various classes of anti-emetics including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, benzodiazepines and their mechanisms and uses.
- Prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide and domperidone that enhance gastrointestinal motility.
- Specific conditions like motion sickness, nausea during pregnancy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative nausea and specific
This document discusses anti-emetics, or drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by explaining that nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes, and describes the mechanisms of vomiting control in the brain and peripheral areas. It then categorizes and describes different classes of anti-emetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and others. Specific anti-emetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride are also outlined with their mechanisms of action and uses.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It discusses drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD, including H2 blockers like ranitidine, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, and anti-H. pylori regimens. It also covers antacids, antiemetics, prokinetic drugs, and 5-HT3 antagonists used to treat nausea and vomiting. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes are presented.
This slide is based upon prokinetic agents with detailed descriptions of their dosage to be taken with their respective usage in conditions and effects to be careful. I hope you will get the best of your knowledge from the respective material.
This document discusses prokinetics, which are drugs that enhance gastrointestinal motility. It describes the normal control pathways of GI motility, including hormonal and neural pathways. It then discusses various phases of GI motility including the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The document outlines several prokinetic drug categories and examples, including muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, dopamine D2 blockers, 5-HT4 agonists, and motilin agonists. It discusses the mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages of various prokinetic drugs. Novel therapies for improving GI motility in critically ill patients are also mentioned.
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
The document discusses various causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of emesis and nausea. It covers the following topics:
- Emetics that induce vomiting and their mechanisms of action.
- Various classes of anti-emetics including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, benzodiazepines and their mechanisms and uses.
- Prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide and domperidone that enhance gastrointestinal motility.
- Specific conditions like motion sickness, nausea during pregnancy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative nausea and specific
This document discusses anti-emetics, or drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by explaining that nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes, and describes the mechanisms of vomiting control in the brain and peripheral areas. It then categorizes and describes different classes of anti-emetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and others. Specific anti-emetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride are also outlined with their mechanisms of action and uses.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It discusses drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD, including H2 blockers like ranitidine, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, and anti-H. pylori regimens. It also covers antacids, antiemetics, prokinetic drugs, and 5-HT3 antagonists used to treat nausea and vomiting. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes are presented.
H2-receptor antagonists like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine are rapidly absorbed from the intestine and undergo hepatic metabolism, reducing their bioavailability. They exhibit competitive inhibition at the H2 receptor on parietal cells, suppressing both basal and meal-stimulated acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner. H2 antagonists are effective for conditions like GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and stress-related bleeding by increasing gastric pH and inhibiting acid secretion. However, they can cause adverse effects like diarrhea, headaches, and drug interactions by inhibiting hepatic cytochrome P450 pathways.
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
1. The document discusses drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system, focusing on drugs used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
2. It describes the physiology of gastric acid secretion and the phases of stimulated secretion. Drugs that reduce acid secretion include H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents. Cytoprotective drugs like prostaglandins and sucralfate are also discussed.
3. Causes of peptic ulcers include an imbalance between damaging factors like acid and pepsin and defensive factors like mucus and bicarbonate. Drugs covered for treating ulcers aim to reduce acid, neutralize acid, promote m
This document discusses drugs that stimulate gastrointestinal motility. It describes the enteric nervous system and various drug classes that work as prokinetic agents, including cholinomimetics, dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide and domperidone, and macrolide antibiotics. These drugs increase motility in different regions of the GI tract and are used to treat conditions like GERD, gastroparesis, constipation, and postoperative ileus. The document also reviews the mechanisms of action and adverse effects of specific prokinetic medications.
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers topics like gastrointestinal anatomy and transit time, the stomach, salivary secretion and drugs that affect it, gastrointestinal diseases like GERD, peptic ulcers, and treatments for these conditions including antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and combinations. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting and anti-emetics that prevent vomiting, classifying them based on their sites of action in the body.
Veterinary Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tractDr Sahithya c.p
This document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect salivary secretion like gentian and nux vomica. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting like ipecacuanha and apomorphine, as well as anti-emetics that prevent vomiting. Finally, it discusses drugs that affect appetite by stimulating or suppressing centers in the hypothalamus, including benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine, and glucocorticoids as appetite stimulants.
This document discusses drugs that act on the digestive system, specifically those used to treat conditions related to acid production and motility in the gastrointestinal tract. It covers antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors which are used to reduce acid in conditions like GERD and peptic ulcers. It also discusses laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea respectively. Finally, it outlines the pathways of vomiting and the sites of action of various antiemetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and serotonin blockers.
The document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers antiulcer drugs like proton pump inhibitors that reduce acid production. It also discusses antiemetics that treat nausea and vomiting, antidiarrheal drugs that reduce gastrointestinal motility, and laxatives. The document provides details on the mechanisms, examples, and uses of these different drug classes for treating gastrointestinal conditions.
1) The document discusses medications used to treat gastrointestinal disorders by suppressing acid secretion or affecting gastrointestinal motility. It covers proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, and other drugs used for conditions like GERD, ulcers, constipation, and diarrhea.
2) Specific drugs are highlighted for treating acid reflux including PPIs like omeprazole, H2 blockers like ranitidine, and antacids. Treatment for H. pylori infection and complications of long-term acid suppression are also reviewed.
3) Laxatives for constipation are categorized and specific examples given for each type. Opioid derivatives and adsorbents are outlined
Vomiting can occur due to various causes like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, pregnancy, motion sickness, increased intracranial pressure, and more. It involves three phases - nausea, retching, and vomiting mediated by chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. Various drugs act on receptors like histamine H1, muscarinic, dopamine D2, 5-HT3 receptors to treat conditions causing nausea and vomiting. Phenothiazines, 5-HT3 antagonists, metoclopramide, cannabinoids, and corticosteroids are commonly used antiemetics for conditions like chemotherapy side effects, vertigo, and morning sickness.
This document discusses the pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins by outlining conditions where gastrointestinal intervention may be necessary, such as motility disorders, absorption disorders, and peptic lesions. It then focuses on the regulation of nausea and vomiting, including the vomiting center in the brain and various mediators like dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. It describes different classes of antiemetics that act on these mediators, including serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, histamine H1 receptor antagonists, and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. Finally, it discusses prokinetics, treatments for peptic ulcer like proton pump inhibitors, and Helicobacter pylori infection.
The document discusses various drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It reviews drugs that affect GI secretions like histamine H2 receptor blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It then focuses on H2 blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, the mucosal protectant sucralfate, and the prostaglandin analog misoprostol, describing their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, precautions, side effects, and drug interactions. The document also briefly mentions the therapeutic indications of laxatives.
The document discusses antiemetics and antidiarrheal agents. It describes the causes and treatment of vomiting and diarrhea. For vomiting, it outlines eight categories of antiemetic drugs that work through various mechanisms to suppress nausea and vomiting, such as by blocking dopamine or serotonin receptors. Common antiemetic drugs mentioned include metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and cannabinoids. For diarrhea, it describes nonspecific antidiarrheal agents that decrease intestinal motility and their appropriate uses and cautions. It outlines four categories of antidiarrheal drugs, including opiates, opiate-related agents like loperamide, adsorbents, and antidiarrheal
This document discusses various drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect GI secretions like antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It also discusses laxatives, which are used to increase bowel movements, and are classified based on their mechanisms of action. Common side effects and nursing considerations are provided for each drug class.
The document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes the pathways and receptors involved in vomiting and their stimulation or blockade. It covers various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists and adjuvant antiemetics. Specific drugs discussed include metoclopramide, domperidone, ondansetron and corticosteroids. The document provides details on the mechanisms, indications, interactions and side effects of different antiemetic drugs.
1) The document discusses various drugs acting on the GI system including emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antacids, and others.
2) It focuses on emetics and antiemetics, describing the mechanisms of vomiting and the phases of vomiting. Various types of emesis are discussed.
3) Several classes of antiemetics are described including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, and prokinetic drugs. Individual drugs from each class are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Drugs acting on the gastro-intestinal tractElton Nyengo
The document summarizes drugs used to treat conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how drugs are categorized based on their effects in the GIT, such as antacids, laxatives, and antidiarrheals. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the stomach, specifically focusing on the gastric glands and cells involved in acid production. Furthermore, it discusses the different classes of acid-controlling drugs - antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors - and their mechanisms of action in reducing gastric acid secretion. Common uses and side effects of these drugs are also summarized.
The document discusses the physiology of vomiting and various emetics and antiemetics. It explains that vomiting is mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata which receives inputs from various areas. It then describes various emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that directly stimulate the vomiting center. The rest of the document focuses on different classes of antiemetics like 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines and their mechanisms and uses in conditions like motion sickness, postoperative nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting and morning sickness.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcers. It begins by classifying the main drugs used: 1) those that inhibit gastric acid secretion like H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors, 2) antacids that neutralize acid, 3) ulcer protectives like sucralfate, and 4) anti-H. pylori drugs for eradication. It then goes into detail about the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of the major drug classes. H2 blockers competitively block H2 receptors to suppress acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors irreversibly inactivate the H+/K+ ATPase pump for prolonged acid inhibition. Antacids chemically neutralize acid. Sucralfate
This document discusses drugs that affect gastrointestinal functions, focusing on treatments for peptic ulcers and antiemetic drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers form and are treated using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobials against Helicobacter pylori, and mucosal protective drugs. It also outlines the pathways involved in vomiting and discusses major classes of antiemetic drugs that act on 5-HT3, NK1, D2, H1, and M receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes.
H2-receptor antagonists like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine are rapidly absorbed from the intestine and undergo hepatic metabolism, reducing their bioavailability. They exhibit competitive inhibition at the H2 receptor on parietal cells, suppressing both basal and meal-stimulated acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner. H2 antagonists are effective for conditions like GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and stress-related bleeding by increasing gastric pH and inhibiting acid secretion. However, they can cause adverse effects like diarrhea, headaches, and drug interactions by inhibiting hepatic cytochrome P450 pathways.
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
1. The document discusses drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system, focusing on drugs used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
2. It describes the physiology of gastric acid secretion and the phases of stimulated secretion. Drugs that reduce acid secretion include H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents. Cytoprotective drugs like prostaglandins and sucralfate are also discussed.
3. Causes of peptic ulcers include an imbalance between damaging factors like acid and pepsin and defensive factors like mucus and bicarbonate. Drugs covered for treating ulcers aim to reduce acid, neutralize acid, promote m
This document discusses drugs that stimulate gastrointestinal motility. It describes the enteric nervous system and various drug classes that work as prokinetic agents, including cholinomimetics, dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide and domperidone, and macrolide antibiotics. These drugs increase motility in different regions of the GI tract and are used to treat conditions like GERD, gastroparesis, constipation, and postoperative ileus. The document also reviews the mechanisms of action and adverse effects of specific prokinetic medications.
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers topics like gastrointestinal anatomy and transit time, the stomach, salivary secretion and drugs that affect it, gastrointestinal diseases like GERD, peptic ulcers, and treatments for these conditions including antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and combinations. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting and anti-emetics that prevent vomiting, classifying them based on their sites of action in the body.
Veterinary Pharmacology of drugs acting on gastrointestinal tractDr Sahithya c.p
This document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect salivary secretion like gentian and nux vomica. It also discusses emetics that induce vomiting like ipecacuanha and apomorphine, as well as anti-emetics that prevent vomiting. Finally, it discusses drugs that affect appetite by stimulating or suppressing centers in the hypothalamus, including benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine, and glucocorticoids as appetite stimulants.
This document discusses drugs that act on the digestive system, specifically those used to treat conditions related to acid production and motility in the gastrointestinal tract. It covers antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors which are used to reduce acid in conditions like GERD and peptic ulcers. It also discusses laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea respectively. Finally, it outlines the pathways of vomiting and the sites of action of various antiemetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and serotonin blockers.
The document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers antiulcer drugs like proton pump inhibitors that reduce acid production. It also discusses antiemetics that treat nausea and vomiting, antidiarrheal drugs that reduce gastrointestinal motility, and laxatives. The document provides details on the mechanisms, examples, and uses of these different drug classes for treating gastrointestinal conditions.
1) The document discusses medications used to treat gastrointestinal disorders by suppressing acid secretion or affecting gastrointestinal motility. It covers proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, and other drugs used for conditions like GERD, ulcers, constipation, and diarrhea.
2) Specific drugs are highlighted for treating acid reflux including PPIs like omeprazole, H2 blockers like ranitidine, and antacids. Treatment for H. pylori infection and complications of long-term acid suppression are also reviewed.
3) Laxatives for constipation are categorized and specific examples given for each type. Opioid derivatives and adsorbents are outlined
Vomiting can occur due to various causes like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, pregnancy, motion sickness, increased intracranial pressure, and more. It involves three phases - nausea, retching, and vomiting mediated by chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. Various drugs act on receptors like histamine H1, muscarinic, dopamine D2, 5-HT3 receptors to treat conditions causing nausea and vomiting. Phenothiazines, 5-HT3 antagonists, metoclopramide, cannabinoids, and corticosteroids are commonly used antiemetics for conditions like chemotherapy side effects, vertigo, and morning sickness.
This document discusses the pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins by outlining conditions where gastrointestinal intervention may be necessary, such as motility disorders, absorption disorders, and peptic lesions. It then focuses on the regulation of nausea and vomiting, including the vomiting center in the brain and various mediators like dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. It describes different classes of antiemetics that act on these mediators, including serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, histamine H1 receptor antagonists, and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. Finally, it discusses prokinetics, treatments for peptic ulcer like proton pump inhibitors, and Helicobacter pylori infection.
The document discusses various drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It reviews drugs that affect GI secretions like histamine H2 receptor blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It then focuses on H2 blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, the mucosal protectant sucralfate, and the prostaglandin analog misoprostol, describing their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, precautions, side effects, and drug interactions. The document also briefly mentions the therapeutic indications of laxatives.
The document discusses antiemetics and antidiarrheal agents. It describes the causes and treatment of vomiting and diarrhea. For vomiting, it outlines eight categories of antiemetic drugs that work through various mechanisms to suppress nausea and vomiting, such as by blocking dopamine or serotonin receptors. Common antiemetic drugs mentioned include metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and cannabinoids. For diarrhea, it describes nonspecific antidiarrheal agents that decrease intestinal motility and their appropriate uses and cautions. It outlines four categories of antidiarrheal drugs, including opiates, opiate-related agents like loperamide, adsorbents, and antidiarrheal
This document discusses various drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect GI secretions like antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It also discusses laxatives, which are used to increase bowel movements, and are classified based on their mechanisms of action. Common side effects and nursing considerations are provided for each drug class.
The document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes the pathways and receptors involved in vomiting and their stimulation or blockade. It covers various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists and adjuvant antiemetics. Specific drugs discussed include metoclopramide, domperidone, ondansetron and corticosteroids. The document provides details on the mechanisms, indications, interactions and side effects of different antiemetic drugs.
1) The document discusses various drugs acting on the GI system including emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antacids, and others.
2) It focuses on emetics and antiemetics, describing the mechanisms of vomiting and the phases of vomiting. Various types of emesis are discussed.
3) Several classes of antiemetics are described including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, and prokinetic drugs. Individual drugs from each class are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Drugs acting on the gastro-intestinal tractElton Nyengo
The document summarizes drugs used to treat conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how drugs are categorized based on their effects in the GIT, such as antacids, laxatives, and antidiarrheals. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the stomach, specifically focusing on the gastric glands and cells involved in acid production. Furthermore, it discusses the different classes of acid-controlling drugs - antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors - and their mechanisms of action in reducing gastric acid secretion. Common uses and side effects of these drugs are also summarized.
The document discusses the physiology of vomiting and various emetics and antiemetics. It explains that vomiting is mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata which receives inputs from various areas. It then describes various emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that directly stimulate the vomiting center. The rest of the document focuses on different classes of antiemetics like 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines and their mechanisms and uses in conditions like motion sickness, postoperative nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting and morning sickness.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcers. It begins by classifying the main drugs used: 1) those that inhibit gastric acid secretion like H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors, 2) antacids that neutralize acid, 3) ulcer protectives like sucralfate, and 4) anti-H. pylori drugs for eradication. It then goes into detail about the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of the major drug classes. H2 blockers competitively block H2 receptors to suppress acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors irreversibly inactivate the H+/K+ ATPase pump for prolonged acid inhibition. Antacids chemically neutralize acid. Sucralfate
This document discusses drugs that affect gastrointestinal functions, focusing on treatments for peptic ulcers and antiemetic drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers form and are treated using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobials against Helicobacter pylori, and mucosal protective drugs. It also outlines the pathways involved in vomiting and discusses major classes of antiemetic drugs that act on 5-HT3, NK1, D2, H1, and M receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes.
The document discusses drugs that affect the gastrointestinal system. It covers drugs that affect GI secretions like histamine receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, mucosal protectants and prostaglandin analogs. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and nursing considerations for various classes of drugs including H2 receptor blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors and the mucosal protectant sucralfate.
This document discusses drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract, including those used to treat peptic ulcer disease, antiemetics, and laxatives. It outlines various drug classes used for peptic ulcers like H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics for H. pylori. It also describes antiemetic drugs that work on different receptor types to treat nausea and vomiting. Finally, it covers different classes of laxatives like bulk forming, stool softeners, lubricants, osmotic, and stimulant laxatives.
The document discusses drugs used to treat peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diarrhea, and constipation. It describes the causes of peptic ulcers including H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing gastric acid with H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, and protecting the gastric mucosa. Various classes of drugs are covered that act on these mechanisms including antimicrobials, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, and antacids.
The document discusses acid-controlling agents and their classification. It describes how the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and other substances. There are two main types of glands in the stomach - oxyntic and pyloric glands. The oxyntic glands contain parietal cells which produce hydrochloric acid. Acid-controlling agents are classified into five categories - antacids, anti-secretory agents, mucosal protective agents, ulcer healing agents, and anti-Helicobacter pylori agents. Common anti-secretory agents discussed are H2 receptor antagonists like ranitidine and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole. Sucralfate and bismuth are mentioned
Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of esophagus, stomach and/or the upper portion of small intestine. Peptic ulcer occur mainly due to imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach.
This document discusses drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It describes several classifications of drugs: gastric acid secretion inhibitors like H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors; gastric acid neutralizers or antacids; and ulcer protectives like sucralfate. Specific drugs are discussed within each class, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. The document also covers factors involved in gastric acid secretion and how different drugs work to inhibit this process to treat ulcers.
This document summarizes anti-ulcer drugs. It discusses the causes of ulcers including H. pylori infections and NSAID use. The main types of ulcers are described along with signs and symptoms. Treatment includes eradicating H. pylori, decreasing acid secretion through proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blockers, and protecting the stomach lining with drugs like misoprostol or sucralfate. Proton pump inhibitors are now the most potent way to decrease acid production and promote ulcer healing.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation. It describes classes of drugs like H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, cytoprotective agents, antiemetics, antimotility agents, and laxatives. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects for treating various GI conditions.
NurseReview.Org - Antacids And Controllers Updates (pharmacology for advanced...jben501
The document summarizes various drugs used to treat acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. It describes the mechanisms and effects of antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, sucralfate, and misoprostol. Antacids neutralize stomach acid but do not prevent its production, while H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors suppress acid secretion through different mechanisms. Sucralfate forms a protective barrier over ulcers and erosions, and misoprostol protects the gastric mucosa.
PPIs have a short plasma half-life of around 1-2 hours, but they irreversibly inhibit the proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase enzyme) located in the parietal cells of the stomach. While the plasma concentration of the PPI falls quickly, the inhibition of acid production lasts much longer, up to 24 hours, because it takes time for new proton pumps to be synthesized to replace those that have been inhibited. This prolonged acid inhibition despite the short plasma half-life is why PPIs can be administered once daily to effectively reduce acid production over 24 hours.
The document summarizes various acid-controlling agents including antacids, H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, sucralfate, and misoprostol. It describes their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, side effects, drug interactions, and nursing implications. The stomach normally secretes acid and enzymes to digest food, but excessive acid can cause issues. Antacids neutralize stomach acid, H2 blockers reduce acid production, and proton pump inhibitors completely block acid secretion.
1) Peptic ulcer occurs in the stomach and duodenum where gastric acid and pepsin are present.
2) Factors like H. pylori infection, psychosomatic issues, and vascular or humoral imbalances can contribute to ulcer formation.
3) Treatment includes H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and anti-H. pylori drugs to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence.
This document provides information on drugs used to treat ulcers. It begins by defining ulcers and their main causes as infection by H. pylori or use of NSAIDs. Drugs are classified as antimicrobial agents, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, antacids, and mucosal protective agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of various drugs from these classes are described in detail, including combinations used to eradicate H. pylori infections. Key drugs discussed are clarithromycin, omeprazole, misoprostol, aluminum hydroxide, and sucralfate.
Peptic ulcers develop in the stomach and upper small intestine and cause pain. Common symptoms include pain, though some people experience blood in vomit or stool. Diagnosis involves tests for H. pylori bacteria and endoscopy to view the ulcers. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics to treat H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, antacids, and ulcer protective medications.
Similar to Drugs Acting on the GI Tract Peptic Ulcer (20)
Pharmacology for Physiotherapy Book By Padmaja Udaykumar Second Edition.Khalid Ghaznavi
Pharmacology for Physiotherapy Book
By Padmaja Udaykumar Second Edition.
This consists of a complete book version. I hope this will be helpful for you.
Falls and Preventive Measure of Fall in ElderlyKhalid Ghaznavi
The document discusses balance and falls in elderly patients. It notes that falls are a major cause of mortality, morbidity, fractures, and loss of independence in elderly individuals. The causes of falls are often multi-factorial, involving both intrinsic patient factors like aging, poor balance, and chronic conditions as well as extrinsic environmental hazards. A thorough evaluation of elderly fall risk involves assessing the patient's medical history, performing physical exams of systems like vision and sensation that affect balance, and testing the patient's balance, gait, and fall response strategies.
This document discusses different types of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). AFOs are used to control ankle motion and provide stability. There are conventional metal AFOs, molded plastic AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs, solid ankle AFOs, spiral AFOs, hinged AFOs, and patellar tendon weight bearing orthoses. The document provides details on the characteristics and purposes of each type of AFO.
The document discusses evaluation (checkout) procedures for lower limb orthoses. Checkout involves initial, final, static, and dynamic evaluations. Initial checkout is done before training to ensure proper fitting and make adjustments, while final checkout occurs after training to assess effectiveness. Static evaluation observes fit and alignment in sitting and standing. Dynamic evaluation assesses gait. The goal of checkout is to ensure proper fit, comfort, stability, and patient satisfaction with the orthosis.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Acid-Peptic Disease
A group of disorders involving erosion or ulceration of mucosal lining of GIT;
includes
GERD (Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease)
Gastric and Duodenal ulcers
Dyspepsia
Stress related gastritis
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
4. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Esophageal irritation and inflammation due to reflux of stomach acid
Also known as heart-burn
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
5. Peptic Ulcers
“Peptic ulcers results from imbalance between
◼ acid – pepsin secretion and
◼ mucosal defense”
Common in present days
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
6. Peptic ulcer contd
Peptic ulcer are the sores that develop in
◼ the lining of stomach ,
◼ lower esophagus ,
◼ small intestine
They are usually formed as a result of…
inflammation caused by H APYLORIC
AS WELL as erosion from stomach acid.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
7. Peptic ulcer symptoms
Pain in the stomach, chest and upper abdomen
Severity after eating
Nausea or vomiting.
Passing excessive of gas
Burping or Acid reflux.
Heart-burn, (which is a burning sensation in the chest)
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
8. PHYSIOLOGY OF PAREITAL WALL
The factors that prevent the mucosa are :
Its ability to secrete
◼ Mucous
◼ Bicarbonate
◼ Prostagladilins
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
9. Physiology of HCl production
Gastric Acid Secretion is controlled by
3 pathways;
1. Vagus
2. Gastrin
3. Local release of histamine
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
11. Three Pathways
1. Histamine acts through H2 receptors on parietal cells
2. Acetylcholine acts through M1 receptors
3. Gastrin through G receptors on parietal cells
These activates H+ K+ ATPase on the parietal cells
resulting in secretions of H+ into gastrin lumen….
This combines with Cl drawn from plasma and
HCL is secreted.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
12. Classification of drugs used in
Peptic Ulcer
1. Drugs that neutralize gastric acid (Antacids)
2. Drugs that inhibit gastric acid secretion
3. Ulcer protectives
4. Anti- H. pylori drugs
17. Antacids
Weak bases that neutralize acid
Given orally they neutralize gastric acid
and raise pH of gastric contents
Pepsin activity is also reduced above pH4
The antacids differ mainly in their
absorption and stool consistency
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
18. Systemic Antacids
Sodium Bicarbonate:
Potent neutralizing capacity and acts instantly
Also used to alkalinize urine in poisoning and to treat metabolic acidosis
DEMERITS:
Systemic alkalosis
Rebound hyperacidity
Abdominal Distension
Discomfort and belching – CO2
Sodium overload Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
19. Non-Systemic Antacids
Insoluble and poorly absorbed basic compounds
React in stomach with HCl to form corresponding chloride salt and
water
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
20. Aluminium Antacids/Hydroxide
Slow acting
Food further slows its neutralizing capacity
Forms protective coating over ulcers
Causes gastric emptying
Aluminium ions relax smooth muscles mainly intestinal muscles ,also results
in constipation
It also binds phosphate and prevents its absorption resulting in
hypophosphatemia on prolonged use
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
21. Magnesium Hydroxide
Aqueous suspension is called
Milk of magnesia
Action is quick and prolonged
Rebound acidity is mild
Magnesium salts are osmotic purgatives
The dose used as antacids may cause mild diarrhea
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
22. Non systemic antacids
Duration of action :
30 min when taken in empty stomach and
2 hrs when taken after a meal
Adverse effects:
Aluminium antacids
✓ Constipation
✓ Also hypophosphatemia and osteomalcia
Mg2+ antacids
Osmotic diarrhoea
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
25. Neutralizing side effects
Magnesium salts cause diarrhea
Aluminum salts are constipating
Combination neutralizes each others side effects
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
26. Drug interactions
By raising gastric pH & forming insoluble complexes
◼ ↓ absorption of many drugs
Antacids form complexes with
◼ Tetracycline’s,
◼ iron salts,
◼ H2 Blockers,
◼ diazepam,
◼ phenytoin,
◼ isoniazid,
◼ ethambutol
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
27. Instructions
Gels are more effective than tablets
To avoid drug interactions,
antacids should be taken
◼2 hours before or
◼2 hours after other drugs
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
31. Mechanism of action
Competitively block H2 receptors on parietal cell &
inhibit gastric acid production
Suppress secretion of acid in all phases
but mainly nocturnal acid secretion
Also reduce acid secretion stimulated by Ach, gastrin, food, etc.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
32. Pharmacokinetics
Absorption is not interfered by food
Can cross placental barrier and reaches milk
Poor CNS penetration
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
33. H2 antagonists - Uses
Promote the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers
NSAID induced ulcers
Stress ulcer and gastritis
GERD
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
37. MECHANISM OF ACTION
PPIs are lipophilic weak bases that diffuse into parietal cell
canaliculi
There they undergo conversion to compounds that ir-reversibly
in-activate the parietal cell H+/K+ATPase ,
The transporter that is mainly responsible for producing HCL
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
38. Actions of PPIs
Pro-drugs with an acid resistant enteric coating to protect them from
premature degradation by gastric acid.
The coating is removed in the alkaline duodenum
Prodrug, a weak base, is absorbed and transported to the parietal cell
canaliculus.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
39. Omeprazole
Omeprazole in itself is not the active inhibitor of the H+ / K+ - ATPase.
It needs transformation in acid media to an intermediate compound, a sulphenamide, that
effectively inhibits the H+ / K+ ATPase
The sulphenamide interacts covalently with the sulphydryl groups of cysteine residues in the
extracellular domain of the H+ / K+ - ATPase, thereby inhibiting its activity.
Oral formulation of these drugs are enteric coated to prevent acid inactivation in the stomach
After absorption in the intestine, they are rapidly metabolized in liver
Half life 1-2 hrs.
Duration of action approximately 24 hrs.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
40. Pharmacokinetics PPI
Available as enteric coated tablets
They should be given 30 minutes to 1 hour before food intake
Half life is very short and only 1-2 Hrs
Still the action persists for 24 Hrs to 48 hrs after a single dose
Action lasts for 3-4days even after stoppage of the drug
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
41. Adverse Effects
Nausea, headache , Muscle & joint pain, dizziness, rashes
Omeprazole is well tolerated
Prolonged acid suppression may allow bacterial overgrowth in
the smooth muscles
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
42. Long term administration may result in :
Vitamin B12 deficiency due to its reduced absorption/oral bioavailability
Atrophic changes in the stomach have been noticed
Increase gastrin level..
Also reduces oral bioavailability of many drugs that require acidic medium for
their absorption
Like digoxin ketoconazole
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
43. PPI – cont.
Therapeutic uses:
1. Peptic Ulcer – 20-40 mg daily
2. Severe Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (not responding to h2 blockers)
Ulcers heal fast and pain is relieved
It is given for 4-8 weeks
3. Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
(a condition in which a gastrin-secreting tumor or hyperplasia of the islet cells in the pancreas causes
overproduction of gastric acid, resulting in recurrent peptic ulcers. )
4.Prevention of recurrence of NSAID associated gastric ulcers in patients who continue NSAID use.
5. Reducing the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence associated with H. pylori infections
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
44. Drug interactions
Omeprazole inhibits the metabolism of
◼ warfarin,
◼ phenytoin,
◼ diazepam, and
◼ cyclosporine.
However, drug interactions are not a problem with the other PPIs.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
46. Proton Pump Inhibitors
Lansoprazole :
✓ Partly reversible
✓ More potent
✓ Slightly more against H pylori
✓ Higher BA
Rapid onset
Pantoprazole: More acid stable, I.V
Rabeprazole: Claimed to most rapid
Esomeprazole: Better intra-gastric pH , higher healing rates.
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
47. Muscarinic antagonists
Block the M1 class receptors
Reduce acid production
Abolish gastrointestinal spasm
Pirenzepine and Telenzepine
Reduce meal stimulated HCl secretion by reversible blockade of muscarinic (M1)
receptors present in stomach
Unpopular as a first choice
Because of high incidence of anticholinergic side effects :
✓ Dry mouth
✓ Blurred vision
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
48. Prostaglandin analogues (Misoprostol)
Misoprostol
Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Enhance local production of mucus or bicarbonate
Exerts protective effect
Special value in preventing NSAIDs gastric ulceration
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
49. Therapeutic use Of Misoprostol
Prevention of NSAID-induced mucosal injury
(rarely used because it needs frequent administration – 4 times
daily)
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
51. Sucralfate – Ulcer Protective
Aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose
MOA:
In acidic environment ( pH <4) it polymerizes by cross linking molecules to
form sticky viscous gel that adheres to base of ulcer
It remains there for over 6 hours
Astringent action and acts as physical barrier
Dietary proteins get deposited on this layer forming another coat
Prevents contact with acid and pepsin
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
52. Sucralfate – contd.
Concurrent antacids avoided, (as it needs acid for activation)
Uses:
Prophylaxis of Stress ulcers
Dose:
1 gm 1 Hr. before 3 major meals and one at bed time for 4-8 weeks
Continued for 6 months to prevent reoccurrence
Unfortunately, sucralfate must be taken 4 times daily
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
54. Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate (CBS)
Mechanism of action
CBS and mucous form glycoprotein bicomplex which coats ulcer
↑ secretion of mucous and bicarbonate, through stimulation of
mucosal PGE production
Detaches H.pylori from surface of mucosa and directly kills them
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
55. Colloidal Bismuth subcitrate
Dose:
120 mg 4 times a day promotes ulcer healing in 4-8 weeks
Adverse effects
Blackening of tongue
Black Stool
Constipation
Headache
Dizziness
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
57. HELICOBACTER. pylori
Gram (-) rod
Associated with gastritis, gastric & duodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma
Transmission route fecal-oral
Higher prevalence in Low SES
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)
58. Triple Therapy
The BEST among all the Triple therapy regimen is:
1. Omeprazole / Lansoprazole - 20 / 30 mg bd
2. Clarithromycin - 250 mg bd
3. Amoxycillin / Metronidazole - 1gm / 400 mg bd
Given for 14 days followed by P.P.I for 4 – 6 weeks
Short regimens for 7 – 10 days not very effective
Dr.Khalid Ghaznavi
(DPT)