Drosophila Melanogaster Or Fruit Fly

Drosophila Melanogaster Or Fruit Fly
Q1:
Drosophila melanogaster or fruit fly in general terms, was one of the earliest organisms that were
used for genetics analysis by scientists. The reasons behind the use of this species are due to its
small size, short generation time and the ability of females to lay a lot of eggs. Since Drosophila
melanogaster has been studied in 1900, this have brought a large contribution to genetic studies and
particularly used as model organisms in the Human Genome Project. In recent years, the whole
genome of Drosophila melanogaster was sequenced and this bring innovations for scientists for
deeper genetic analysis1. This helps another experiment which was conducted following the
aforementioned study. The scientists studied the human disease–associated gene sequences in
Drosophila melanogaster. They performed a systematic blast analysis of about 1000 human gene of
diseases and associated mutant alleles against the complete genome sequence of Drosophila
melanogaster. This analysis significantly helps promote interaction between individuals and
Drosophila melanogaster research scientists and accelerate the understanding of the pathogenesis of
human genetic diseases2. The previous example shows that Drosophila melanogaster is helpful in
investigating on human genetic diseases, so an experiment was done by Drosophila melanogaster
serves as a model of the well–known Parkinson's disease3. By identifying the mutant gene, the
model recapitulates the necessary features of human disorder and
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Drosophila Melanogaster Dumpy
Introduction The study of Drosophila melanogaster and its relationship in genetics towards humans
have launched us farther in scientific advancements than ever before. D. melanogaster is the perfect
disease model for humans as their genome has been completely sequenced. They have about a 70%
disease genetic relation when compared with humans (Gistelinck, 2012). This, with the addition that
we are able to barrage them with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs, proves vital
to disease prevention and cure research. This means that we are able to genetically engineer a
human's disease related genes into a D. melanogaster gene sequence and test every hazardous
chemical or drugs on the D. melanogaster. In doing so requires the knowledge ... Show more content
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The dumpy gene consists of seventy eight different coding exons (Carmon, 2010). In this large
protein, contains the ZP – domain which has two other proteins, Piopio and Papilotte. The Dumpy,
Piopio, and Papilotte proteins have functions that affect the wing development and tubulogenesis.
Tubulogenesis, without the presence of its primary proteins, would not branch properly and produce
hollow junctions (Denholm, 2003). The particular functions are important in the altering of
phenotypic characteristics of the mutant dpyolv and dpyo2. The dpyolv and dpyo2 mutation is found
in exon 11 or in the corresponding intron (Carmon, 2010). These mutations are caused by missense
mutations in exon 11 that result in multiple phenotypes of D. melanogaster. These phenotypes are in
conjunction with loss of function alleles that cause certain appendages to be unusable. The wings on
dpyo2 may be due to a combination the dumpy gene along with another gene that affects the length
and size of the wings. These two genes interacting would cause the shorten wings with the oblique
wing shape, unique to the dumpy gene. As for the dpyolv, the phenotype is expressed by exons
tagged by nonsense mutations. The vortices on the thorax near muscle insertions are more prominent
because the mutation directly affects a specific region in D. melanogaster. And the

Fruit Fly Lab Report
Introduction
Gregory Mendel is the father of genetics, he was able to recognize to principles of inheritance: the
law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Fruit fly is a small type of fly; it is in
most cases found near rotten or unripe fruits, this fly as been used extensively in genetics. Genetic
recombination and sex linkage led to the use of drosophila in genetics also its relatively small size,
sort generation time and easiness in culturing it.
Life cycle
It shows complete metamorphism. The larval stage is comprised of three instars.
Life cycle ; first day –female lay eggs, second day the eggs hatch, on third day the first instar,fourth
day–the second instars, fifth day–third and final instar, seventh day larvae begin roaming ... Show
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For a female to acquire the trait, both parents must both parents must have the disorder, however,
they can be carriers. White eye for drosophila is located in the X chromosome.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in regard to the data from this experiment the white eye mutation is sex–linked
because it is only located on the X chromosome.
Di–hybrid crosses
Material and methods
Two sepia virgin drosophila females and five, dumpy drosophila are put in a vial containing agar.
Nap was used to anesthetize the flies. After a week f1 had laid eggs and f1 pupas were visible.
Parents were removed from vial. A week later the drosophila f1 had developed and were analyzed
and counted.
We set up a vial agar; it had two drosophila f1female and five drosophila f1 males. After one week
pupas were visible and the parental were removed. A week after this the developed f2 drosophilas
were counted after being analyzed.
We set up a second vial with agar that had two drosophila dumpy sepia females and five drosophila
wild type.
Result
F2 cross punnet

A Study On Drosophila Melanogaster
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster was used for this study for their fast reproduction cycles, fast
regenerations, large amounts of offspring for each generation and their capability of living in a small
limited space. The dominant or recessive genotype could be determining by the used of Mendelian
genetic ratios for wild–type to mutant's genes. The mutation that this study focuses on is the defects
of the phenotypes in the common fruit fly, example; wing shape, wing sizes, body color and what
the main focus of this experiment is dark eye pigment of the flies. These mutations were followed
for three generations, collectable data for wild–type and mutants was obtained for each of the
Drosophila melanogaster generations. The flies were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gender isn't a key factor when it comes to determining a autosomal inheritance, Only sex–linked
chromosomes like X or Y have an effect on the ratios for male and females having mutant alleles.
This phenomenon is cause by the specific genome that each gender has, males have the XY
chromosomes for sex and females have XX sex chromosomes. The reason for using Drosophila
melanogaster flies is for their great genetics and fast reproduction that allows us to see in a short
period of time the Mendelian genetic ratios from one generation to the other. Among this reason
many others are in great importance as well, the common fruit fly has the same type of sex
chromosomes as of humans, as mention previously in the text male flies have the same XY sex
genes as male humans and same for female flies and female humans having XX sex genes. The fast
regeneration, short life span and large number of offspring makes this specific organism a prime
species to examine and study for better understanding of the Mendelian genetic ratios. Research was
done on Drosophila melanogaster for the genetic analysis of sex chromosomes, meiotic mutations
and their effect on recombination, disjunctions and their dominance (Baker and Carpenter, 1972).
The mutation that is specific

Drosophila Melanogaster Essay
The studies in Drosophila melanogaster have helped scientists to have better understand about
genetic and scientifically discover the variety of human diseases from mutations. After observing
under 50X magnification, the differences between the female and male unknown mutants 651 are
that the shape of male's pseudopupils are larger than female's and the volume of bristles and hairs on
male's notum are greater than female. In addition, the larva of wild type is a little larger in length
and width than the larva of unknown mutant while the color of mutant's larva is a bit whiter than
wild type's. Most of the distinguish differences of phenotype between wild type and unknown
mutant are found on the thoracic notum, which includes the arrangement, ... Show more content on
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On the mutants' prescutal suture and scutoscutellar suture, the volume of the microchaetae and
trichomes is less than the amount that the wild type has. Moreover, the length of the lower humeral
bristles, anterior notopleural bristles, and the posterior notopleural bristles are shorter and the shape
of all the bristles is also curlier than wild type. Therefore, the nickname of the unknown mutant is
"bare" due to the lack of bristles on the notum compared to the wild type. Basing on the arrangement
and shape of bristles, the first possible mutant that could give the similar phenotype to the unknown
mutant is Stubble [Sb] (3–58.2). The length of the bristles on the Sb gene mutants is one–half
shorter and appears stouter than wild types. The second possible mutant that has similar phenotype
to unknown mutant could be forked [f] (1–56.7). The thoracic bristles of f gene mutant are
shortened, flattened,

Drosophila Melanogaster Essay
Drosophila melanogaster
Jake Denton
Racha
September 30th, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................3
Introduction......................................................3
Methods/Specific Aims.........................................3
Expected Results and Discus......................................5
Conclusion.................................................................7
Bibliography........................................................................8
ABSTRACT Scientists all across the world have used model organisms to study genetics. These
organisms are selected based off of easily noted physical characteristics, their small sizes and
relatively short generation time, and also being readily available to use and tractable. That is why
Drosophila melanogaster is a great model organisms because it fits all these characteristics. I
propose further research on sex–linked eye color mutations in D. melanogaster because studying
sex–linked traits will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
melanogaster flies were not yet adults, but in their pupa stage, so the first day of the experiment we
made two culture vials by first placing about 1.5 cm of flakes along with about four grains of yeast
into each vial. Then, with a glass pipette, a solution of water and 1% propionic acid is added to the
flakes and yeast to hydrate them. This will cause the flakes and yeast to turn blue, and the solution is
added until it is a consistent bright blue color where no isolated flakes are visible (it is helpful to
mash up the flakes and yeast). Once the necessary color is established, the vials need to sit for about
eight to ten hours. If whenever, at any time during the experiment, the media cracks or has a faded
color, the fly solution is to be added once more to rehydrate the media. After the media is made, a
net is folded lengthwise first and then placed into the vial in a shape of a "U" so that flies will be
able to pupate. Finally, the vials were labeled with a vial number according to the cross setup, the
date made, our group number, and the initials of the

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Report
Abstract Genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster and many other species is dependent upon
recombination events during Meiosis I. In previous experiments, age of females, behavioral stress,
and fluctuations in temperature has had an effect on the frequency of recombination. The purpose of
this experiment was to observe the effects of changing incubation temperature on recombination
frequency by conducting crosses in different thermal conditions of 25°C, the control, and 30°C, the
experimental. Three distinct genes on the second chromosome were observed: black body, brown
eyes, and vestigial wings. The hypothesis of this experiment was that the rate of crossing over would
be increased with elevated temperature. Additionally, gene pairings located near the centromere of
chromosome would be most vulnerable to temperature change, specifically b–vg. Results from this
experiment indicated that there was an overall increase in recombination frequencies at 30°C.
However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S., Boyd, J. B., Carpenter, A. T. C., Green, M. M., Nguyen, T. D., Ripoll, P., Smith, P. D. 1976.
Genetic controls of meiotic recombination and somatic metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.
Proceeding National Academy of Science 73(11): 4140–4144.
Bownes, M., Roberts, S. 1981. Analysis of vestigialw (vgw): a mutation causing homoeosis of
haltere to wing and posterior wing duplications in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Embryology
and Experimental Morphology 65: 49–76.
Flagg, R. O. 2005. Carolina Drosophila Manual. Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington,
NC.
Grell, R. F. 1966. The meiotic origin of temperature–induced crossovers in Drosophila melanogaster
females. Genetics 54: 411–421.
Otto, S. P., Barton, N. H. 1997. The evolution of recombination: removing the limits to natural
selection. Genetics Society of America 147: 879–906.
Parsons, P. A. 1988. Evolutionary rates: effects of stress upon recombination. Biological Journal of
the Linnean Society 35:

Scientist use Drosophila melanogaster because they reproduce very rapidly and have shorter
generations. These characteristic of being able to go through many generations in a short amount of
time combined with its resemblance in behavior and development to a human made it a good
candidateto use this organism to study genetics.
The white (w) mutation was discovered by T.H. Morgan in his lab when he noticed a white eyed
male among his long running stock of bright red D. melanogaster. Morgan was first able to isolate
w1 allele randomly because it was a spontaneous mutation.
Phenotypic Characteristic of mutation in the gene
The white mutation causes a change in the pigmentation of the ommatida, the repeating units that
make up the compound eye ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
white also affects the transmembrane spanning helix 5 of the white protein. When the pigment levels
were measured it was determined that flies had 29% red pigments and 64% brown pigments. The
result of the difference between red and brown pigments meant that wcf decreases the amount of
protein the guanine transporter can take, but has less of an affect in tryptophan transported. On the
other hand wcrr affect amino acids that are normally very conserved within the ABC transporter
superfamily. Its eye color is due to having pigment levels of 11% of red pigments and 19% of brown
pigments. It affects motifs inside the nucleotide binding domain and based on the difference in red
and brown pigments, reduce the function of both guanine and tryptophan transporters. So for these
two alleles, even though their function is disturbed it's known that the white/brown and white/scarlet
complexes are both made in the membrane because the eyes still show some

The Fruit Fly By Drosophila Melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster, often referred to as the fruit fly, is an interesting and dynamic insect that
provides humanity with important information in the study of genetics. The biological community is
extremely devoted to acquiring more information about the genetic process in order to improve the
health and existence of humans. The fruit fly may seem like an insignificant specimen; however, it
has a surprising number of parallels to the human genome. Humans have 46 chromosomes in which
23 are gametes involved in the reproduction process. Although, the fruit fly has only 4 chromosomes
they behave very similarly to humans. This insight has led to new research and development that is
continuously explored by scientists all over the globe. The fruit fly has an optimal life cycle which
makes it convenient and efficient when studying its genetic information. A fruit fly incurs a life
cycle that last approximately one and a half to two weeks. Its life cycle manifests in four phases
respectively: egg, larva, pupal, and adult stage. Due to the short amount of time it takes a fruit fly to
be reproduced and developed, a plethora of information can be learned in a very short period of time
(Lewis 1998). Other benefits of using fruit flies are due to: low cost, production in large numbers,
and easy production (Lewis 1998). In laboratory, a dihybrid cross was performed in order to
determine the traits exhibited by the F2 generation. Fruit flies have a few physical

Pros And Cons Of The Fruit Fly
Rationale:
Nowadays, the use of animals in vivo, such as Drosophila melanogaster, brings a lot of benefits to
understanding human neurodegenerative diseases and to the discovery of new drugs.
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a practical and powerful model organism that has been
used in biomedical research for over a century due to its large variety of available genetic tools, high
reproductive capacity, short generation time, reduced conservation costs, a shared 75% disease–
related genes with humans and its easiness to be worked with at an ethical and legal level.
The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster are documented as being more sensitive than adults, the
traditional model.
Neuro Test will take advantage of the larvae's high sensibility to create an automated technic to
access motor, sensitive and cognitive function effortlessly at a large scale and low costs.
This technic has potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry, directly guiding clinical
research and the development of new treatments, and in the environmental toxicology studies ...
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Speed tests will be made with yeast paste bait (1:1 of brewer's yeast in distilled water) placed right
in the center of the arena. In the learning and memory tests, we will use a set of accessories disks
alternating between black and transparent areas. The standard behavior of the larvae will be used to
test sensitive function (spatial perception). Centrophobia it's documented as a standard behavior for
Drosophila melanogaster larvae, meaning that when encountered on the center of an arena the larvae
have the tendency of rushing to the periphery. But, when larvae are exposed to certain drugs a
change in this standard behavior/normal orientation is easy to detect. Videos will be obtained with a
smartphone positioned slightly above the arena, in a perpendicularly fixed

Drosophila Melanogaster Cross Lab Report
The Drosophila melanogaster Cross
David Tyer
I. INTRODUCTION
The Drosophila melanogaster is one of genetics most studied organisms. This is due to the
Drosophila melanogaster being an excellent model organism. The Drosophila melanogaster has a
short lifespan and is genetically similar to humans (Adams 2000). This experiment had three major
goals. The first goal of this experiment was to determine which eye colors, body colors and wing
type are dominant or recessive. The second goal was to determine if the gene for eye colors, body
colors and wing type are on an autosomal or a sex chromosome. The third goal was to determine if
eye colors, body colors and wing type are physically linked or independently assorting (Morris and
Cahoon). First ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this particular case are degree of freedom was 4 making for a P value of 0.05 and a critical value
of 7.815. For F1 X F1 (1) the males (O–E)2 /E value was 647.7 and the females (O–E)2 /E value
was 6510.4 when compared to the critical value of 7.815 both male and female must be rejected as
possible 9:3:3:1 independent assortment. As for F1 X F1 (2) the males (O–E)2 /E value was 104.9 in
the female (O–E)2 /E value was 95.1 both male and female must be rejected as possible 9:3:3:1
independent assortment. This experiment was plagued by low survival rates. Meaning data could
very easily be skewed from this factor. In fact the F1 X F1 (2) Cross values are relatively close to
the critical value in that with better data it is possible the F1 X F1 (2) Cross is indeed 9:3:3:1
independent

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Report Essay
Introduction
In most kitchens the small flies that are found are Drosophila Melanogaster also called fruit fly.
They are often brought in by ripened tomatoes, grapes and other perishable items from the garden.
Drosophila melanogaster is a little two winged insect about 3mm long two winged insect that
belongs to the Diptera, the order of the flies. The drosophila egg is about half a millimeter long.
Fertilization takes about one day the embryo to develop and hatch into a worm–like larva. The larva
eats and grows continuously, after two days as a third in star larva; it moults one more time to form
an immobile pupa. Over the next four days, the body is completely remodeled to give the adult
winged form, which then hatches from the pupal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some larva containing vials had hatched into flies. Counting of the flies began at this point. As flies
started to grow, at different rates for each vial, with in the first seven days after all larva had hatched
the flies were counted. The procedure was done according to theDrosophila manual (45–2620)
Results
F1 Predictions
For our first generation (F1) of flies we chose to cross apterous (+) females and white–eye (w)
males. We predicted that the mutation would be sex linked recessive. So if the female was the sex
with the mutation then all females would be wild type heterozygous. Heterozygous is a term used
when the two genes for a trait are opposite. The males would all be white eye since they only have
one X chromosome. If the males were the sex that had the mutation then all the flies would be wild
type but the females would be heterozygous.
F1 Outcomes
From the cross white eye males with wild females, our results were we got both phenotypes in the
males as well as the females to be wild type.
F2 Predictions
Based upon observation of the F1 generation, we hypothesize that the inheritance of the white–eye
(W) mutation is sex–linked and recessive wild type.
For the F2 generation the phenotype that was obtained is as followed. See Figure1.
|Normal wings |Normal wings |No wings white |No wings |
|Red eyes |White

Drosophila Melanogaster Research Paper
Upon analyzing the mutant Drosophila melanogaster and comparing it to its wild type counterpart, it
was determined that the allele of the mutant gene phenotypically alters eye color. There are no other
physical differences concerning bristles, wing shape, body color, wing venation, nor eye shape. Wild
type male and female D. melanogaster have vibrant orange eyes with the addition of a black,
pseudo–pupil in the center (Figure 1. C and D). Their eye color appears to darken with age. Male
and female wild type eye color does not vary significantly. Mutant male and female D. melanogaster
have a significantly darker eye color than the wild type flies. The color resembles a reddish shade
that resembles wine or oxidized blood (Figure 1. A and B). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first possible gene is ras1 or raspberry gene. This gene is located on the X chromosome and at
9E1–9E2 on the cytogenetic map. The location on the recombination map is unknown. The ras1
gene is a possible choice due to the dark red and orange color combination that it expresses. (Nash
et al. 1994) Another gene is the Pur1 or the purplish ruby gene. This gene is located at 3–39.5 on the
recombination map. The Pur1 gene could be responsible for the mutant's eye coloration due to the
red and brown pigments that are present. (Aparisi and Najera 1990) The pr1 or purple gene is
another possible explanation for the mutant's eye color. This gene is located at 38B3–38B3 on the
cytogenetic map. It's location on the recombination map is 2–54.5. The purple gene has a high
probability of being responsible for the mutant's eye color due to the light reddish color combined
with a touch of orange and the similar texture that it possesses. (Kim et al. 1996) Another possible
gene is ry1 or rosy. This gene is located on the 3R chromosome. Its location on the recombination
map is 3–52.0. The rosy gene can be located at 87D9–87D9 on the cytogenetic map. Rosy gene is
another possibility because it possess a red shade with more orange and brown pigments that could
compensate for the lighting when viewing the mutant specimen through the stereoscope. (Zhou and
Riddiford

Drosophila Lab Report
The F2 Drosophila produced from crossing the wild–type offspring of the parental cross wild–type
males and no–winged females. The F2 generation consisted of 38 wild–type females and 35 wild–
type males, totaling 73 Drosophila. There were also 16 no–winged females and 11 no–winged
males, totaling 27 Drosophila. Therefore, the total number of Drosophila counted was 100. The
phenotypic ratio was 3:1, wild–type: mutant. If the mutation were autosomal recessive the F2
generation's hypothesized phenotypic ratio would be 3:1, wild–type: mutant. If the mutation were
autosomal dominant the F2 generation's hypothesized phenotypic ratio would be 1:3, wild–type:
mutant. The expected ratio for the F2 generation was 3:1, wild–type: mutant. When chi–square ...
Both of these outcomes made sense because they indicated an autosomal recessive mode of
inheritance due to the wild–type phenotype being present in abundance. This was due to the wild–
type allele being the dominant allele and therefore masking the recessive no–wings allele when
present together. However, if the mutation had been autosomal dominant a phenotypic ratio of 1:3,
wild–type: mutant, would have been observed. If the mutation had been X–linked dominant a
phenotypic ratio of 1:3, wild–type: mutant, would have been observed. If the wild–type had been X–
linked dominant a phenotypic ratio of 2:2, wild–type: mutant, would have been

Drosophila Melanogaster
For more than a century Drosophila Melanogaster has been one of the most intensely studied
organisms in biology. Thanks to being sexually dimorphic, having short generation periods, a high
fecundity, and only four pairs of chromosomes, Drosophila Melanogaster are exceptional model
organisms (Roach et al, 2008). Drosophila Melanogaster broke into the forefront of biological
research in the early 20th century, when Dr. Thomas Morgan, using Drosophila, founded
contemporary genetics with major discoveries concerning sex–linked inheritance and phylogenetic
impact of gene mutation (Metcalfe et al, 2013). Today Drosophila Melanogaster is a staple in
classrooms and laboratories alike; serving as not only as an observable means of studying classic
Mendelian genetics, but also a model organism for cutting edge medical and scientific research. ...
With a basic understanding of Mendelian genetics and application of genetic tools, characteristics of
these mutations were assessed. The studied mutations were to the vestigial gene and eye pigment
gene with phenotypes expressed as ectopic wings and white eyes respectively. Through cross
breeding of the parent generation, and subsequent daughter generations, along with manipulation of
sex and phenotype being crossed, the inheritance pattern, chromosomal loci, and whether the
mutation is sex link can all be discovered. Given the results of F1 crosses, the Vg gene is expressed
following an autosomal inheritance pattern while being recessive to a dominant WT phenotype of
normal wings. The white–eye phenotype is expressed as a sex–linked trait as it is exclusively
expressed in male flies. This hypothesis cannot be confirmed until the F2 generation is crossed and

The Fruit Fly : Drosophila Melanogaster Essay
Introduction:
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has key characteristics that include a short life cycle of about
30 days at 29 °C, the production of large numbers of offspring, and minimal lab maintenance that
make it an excellent model organism to conduct biological experiments [1]. D. melanogaster is a
complex multi–cellular organism that shares closely related behavioral and developmental features,
along with a highly conserved genome, with humans which allows researchers to study parallel
developmental biology patterns while also bypassing the ethical limitations of experimenting on
human patients [2]. One fruit fly behavior of particular interest is taste detection because these
organism's saccharide receptor binding mechanisms exemplify highly similar molecular features to
those of humans, despite thousands of years of convergent evolution [3]. Observing fruit fly
preference for different sugar substances via a behavioral food choice test can provide information
regarding how highly evolved D. melanogaster sugar receptors have become by their extent to
which they can distinguish the biochemical variations of different sugars, but more importantly
reveal vital information regarding how their more complex human homologs operate.
A past behavioral experiment by Dr. Greg Suh of the New York University School of Medicine
revealed that D. melanogaster can actively select for calorie–rich sugars following prolonged
periods of starvation due to the possession of

Drosophila Melanogaster is a fruit fly that is commonly used for genetic studies (reference 2). It is
an excellent organism for genetic studies because it is small, inexpensive and easy to culture. It
occupies little space, and requires simple food (reference 3). Also, it completes its life cycle in about
10–14 days at 25ºC and It produces large numbers of offspring (reference 3).Moreover, it has
abundance of heredity variations, and it has a small number of chromosomes which are easily
located in the large salivary gland cells (reference 3).There are four important stages in a
Drosophila's life cycle consist of the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both Drosophila male and female
have noticeable features that distinguish them apart. The sex of ... Show more content on
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The monohybrid and dihybrid crosses were made to test the data collected to see if it follows
Mendelian law of segregation and Independent assortment (reference 3). Materials and Methods:
Two plastic vials were obtained in this laboratory, one vial was used for the monohybrid cross and
the other one was for the dihybrid cross. The second step was to prepare the culture vials by pouring
one scoop of instant media and one scoop of the sterilized water to each vials. Then both vials were
covered with a sponge plug. The two vials were left for a few minutes for the media to be stable
before adding the flies. While waiting for both vials to be stable a male and a female for both
crosses were selected. To select the flies, the flies had to be immobilized, so a wand was dipped in
Flynap, and then with one finger, the plug was pushed to the side, and then the wand was placed in
the vials. After the wand was in the vials, of flies in it, the vials were laid on their sides, which
allowed the flies to fall asleep and not get stuck in the fly

Introduction Have you ever wondered how specific traits are passed down from generation to
generation? Or if you already know the answer to that question, then how can you determine which
traits are dominant and recessive. Finding both answers can be obtained by studying genetics.
Reading about these topics only gives you a grasp on how traits work. In a laboratory setting, the
answers can be found in an experiment using an unlikely specimen, known as the common fruit fly
and its scientific name, Drosophila Melanogaster. What makes D. Melanogaster perfect for the
experiment is the two week lifespan and their ability to reproduce in high numbers. While using D.
Melanogaster in an experiment like this, reproduction can be manipulated through ... Show more
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Melanogaster species was performed to track gene linkage and inheritance patterns to help us better
understand these concepts. After the experiment is finished we should be able to determine the ratios
and phenotypes of each cross and can determine which traits are dominant and recessive. The
biggest part of this experiment is to determine whether the traits are sex–linked or inherited
independently. We'll say the genes are sex linked because if we used the female wild type virgins we
should be able to see if certain sexes in the progeny are more prone to showing these traits. In the
first cross, a wild type female is crossed with a male that has sepia eyes and an ebony body. In the
second, a wild type female is crossed with a male that has white eyes, a yellow body, and miniature
wings. In the third and final cross a wild type female is crossed with a male showing the traits of
sepia eyes and vestigial wings. Seeing how these crosses have been conducted, a common question
is why the wild types in the cross are females. Females are used due to the flies being able to
reproduce after they hatch from their pupae stages within eight hours. If we use virgin females then
we will be able to more accurately obtain results
(www.mun.ca/biology/dinnes/B2250/DrosophilaGenetics.PDF). Results will be derived from a chi–
square analysis. We'll conduct the experiment with the assumption that

Introduction Genes are unique segments of DNA and in this laboratory experiment, the Actin gene
of Drosophila melanogaster will be extracted and amplified with various laboratory processes
including PCR, ligation, and transformation. Also, the gene that was extracted will be confirmed and
sequenced with the process of cycle sequencing and with the help of NCBI database. The DNA that
is first extracted will be referred to as "genomic DNA" because it was extracted directly from the
fruit fly, but later on, it will be referred to as "plasmid DNA" and this is when it is incorporated in
the plasmid. Drosophila melanogaster or the fruit fly is one of the most commonly used organisms
in genetic experiment. They are commonly used because of their small size, four homologous pair of
chromosomes, easy maintenance, and easily observable traits (Pierce, 2012).
Groups extracted either the 18S or the Actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster. The 18S gene is
located on the flies X chromosome and has a length of 488 base pairs. The Actin gene is located on
chromosome 3 of the fly and it has a length of 4,760 base pairs (Adams, 2000), but we are ... Show
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In this case, our plasmid DNA is isolated from a liquid culture of the E.coli that was transformed.
This is done by reacting the liquid culture with five buffers. The buffers are P1, P2, N3, PE, and an
elution buffer. P1 is used to re–suspend the pellet and degrade RNA, P2 is used to lyse cell
membrane, PE is used to wash the sample, the elution buffer is used to release DNA from the spin
column, and N3 is used to precipitate proteins and genomic DNA. The main components of P1 are
Tris, EDTA, and RNase. The main components of P2 are NaOH and SDS. The main component of
PE is ethanol and the main component of N3 is acetic acid. The main component elution buffer is
water. The possible contaminations of mini–prep are proteins and salts (Garey et al.,

Brief Background This experiment is designed to help us better understand modes of inheritance
with the use of Drosophila melanogaster. With the use of Drosophila we are able to clearly observe
the fundamental principles of Mendelian genetics. In this experiment, we are able to observe the
inheritance of certain phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. The Law of random segregation is
defined as the distribution of genes to gametes during meiosis. Drosophila melanogaster is the
model organism we used. It's a great model organism due to its rapid life cycle, visible phenotypes
and size. Hypothesis Due to genetic modes of inheritance, I hypothesize that we will have our
Drosophila will display the mutant characteristics of vestigial wings, or ... Show more content on
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It's a great model organism due to its rapid life cycle, visible phenotypes and size (Jennings, 2011).
The life cycle of D. melanogaster is so rapid that we can witness F2 generation within 2 to 3 weeks
of their incubation. The Life cycle starts with Day 0 when the female lays the eggs. The eggs will
hatch a day later. After the eggs hatch, the D. melanogaster will reach their first instar, on their third
day they will reach their second instar, and on their fifth day they will reach their third instar. Once
they've finished their third instar, they form into a pupa. Finally, from days eleven to twelve,
depending on the temperature the adults will arise from the pupa. Overview & Rationale An
overview of this experiment, could be that we will be sedating fruit flies and collecting them into
vials to mate. Once they have reproduced, we will examine their offspring to confirm the
appropriate mutations are showing up in their phenotypes. The rationale we are using is that we are
starting with the parent generation which have one of the mutations we wish to see the offspring.
Once we have set aside an appropriate habitat, we are able to confine four mating pairs of D.
melanogaster to clean vials so that we can clearly observe what mutations show in

Drosophila Melanogaster Experiment
An experiment was conducted to test the effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on the
mutations of later generations of Drosophila melanogaster. The model organism, Drosophila
melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly is used widely in many fields of developmental
studies because of its traits of fast reproduction rate, Hox genes, and low maintenance. In addition,
the type of Hox genes tested in the Drosophila melanogaster, or the gene most susceptible to
alteration from the increased CO2 emissions, are the Hom–C ANTp genes. The subset of genes is
relatable to the Hox–AA6 genes in humans. It was hypothesized that an increase in the CO2
concentrations will cause the future generations of fruit flies to exhibit signs of genetic

Fly Anesthetic Lab Report
Method
To start, a fly anesthetic was used named "FlyNap" to anesthetize the drosophila melanogaster. A fur
wire was then dipped into the FlyNap and then placed into the vial with the vial on its side being
careful not to uncork the foam plug. After about a minute the drosophila melanogaster become
unconscious. The unconscious drosophila melanogaster are then swept onto a plate with a small
paintbrush. Once they are on a plate they are then to be scored with a compound microscope. For the
experiment five females and five males were required to be placed in vial with at the bottom of this
vial were some parts dry fly food, mixed water, and granules of yeast. While keeping the vial
sideways sliding a small portion of plastic netting and then

Drosophila Melanogaster Case Study
A new mutation in pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster has been observed called chocolatebar
(chbr). This mutation primarily affected the scutum and scutellum of Drosophila melanogaster,
causing striations throughout the scutum leading to solid dark pigmentation on the scutellum. The
darker pigmentation was primarily focused on the mesothoracic region of the mutated flies, but the
wings, head, and abdomen appeared to be darker than the wild–type, (Figure 1) which is responsible
for the identification of this mutation as chocolatebar. This mutation affected both male and females,
but the expressivity of the phenotype varied slightly between the sexes, as females had more
prominent black features, especially on the scutellum, than the males ... Show more content on
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The most likely candidate gene for this mutation is ebony, localized to recombination map location
3–70.1, because the pigmentation in both pupae and the adult stage resemble the chbr mutation– the
pupae are lighter than wild–type, yet the adults have dark pigmentation on the thorax (Brehme
1941). Also consistent with the phenotypes of the culture with the chbr mutation, the black gene,
localized to recombination map location 2–48.5, as there are alleles that describe similar
pigmentation on the body and along the wing veins, which when mutated, could result in the chbr
phenotype (Wittkopp et al. 2003). The majority of the body is affected by this darker pigmentation
in the chbr mutants, but using the dusky gene could result in darker wings, which is a portion of the
mutation phenotype observed (Waddington 1940). The mutation of this gene, localized to
recombination map location 1–36.2, could possibly result in a phenotype similar to chbr, but is
unlikely to affect the mesothoracic portion to the extent portrayed in the chbr mutant culture. Using
the cramped gene could result in a mutation similar to chbr because alleles of this gene have
presented with slightly darker body color, though other morphological mutations are also observed
(Shannon et al. 1972). This gene is also localized to the X chromosome at recombination map
location 1–1.48. The yellow gene, although generally responsible for loss of pigment, when
mutated, could give rise to the chbr mutation, localized to 1–0.0. There are some alleles of the
yellow gene responsible for darker pigmentation of various parts of Drosophila (Nash 1976). A cross
between wild–type and chbr flies could narrow the gene

The Common Fruit Fly Drosophila Melanogaster
Name: Hussain Naeem PS ID #: 1401609 BIOL 3311 Fall 2014
Lab Section: 15833 Date: 9/28/15 TA Instructor Name: Esra Unsal
Writing Assignment 3: "Eyes in flies: An overview of the cinnabar gene and its relation to
Huntington 's disease"
Introduction
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is often regarded as the model organism for genetic
testing due to many factors such as its short reproductive cycle, its similarities to humans, or the
ease of tracking mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila melanogaster is used to
model diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes, and Huntington's Disease. By studying the changes in how
the proteins interact, the origin of such disease can be found providing a deeper understanding of
how to cure these fatal ailments.
Since Drosophila melanogaster is 70% similar to the human genome mutation in humans can easily
be replicated in the flies. Due to their short lifespan, the Drosophila melanogaster allow for the
progression of the mutations to occur rapidly and allow tracing of the mutation into subsequent
generations. Drosophila melanogaster generally has a phenotypic change associated with mutated
genes that control the coding of certain proteins.
A mutation in the cinnabar gene, which causes the ocelli to become colorless and the eyes to become
a bright red color, was originally discovered by Roy Clausen, a professor at the University of
California in 1918. The cinnabar gene is a protein coder gene which controls how the

Drosophila Melanogaster: A Genetic Analysis
With Drosophila melanogaster being an excellent paradigm for research in gene expression and
exploration, many genetic tools have been created in order to utilize the fruit fly's valuable
characteristics in both spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Numerous tools used to
study D. Melanogaster derive from the UAS–GAL4 gene expression system, and the system has
proven to be quite simple in terms of spatial control of gene expression. When using the UAS–
GAL4 system for temporal control, however, things get a little more complicated, and thus a
modified version of this system was created. This gene expression system is known as the
GeneSwitch GAL4 system, in which an adapted GAL4 protein is fused to a progesterone steroid,
and GAL4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Melanogaster. Although leakiness was proven within this system, it has practical uses for the
temporal control of gene expression. If we were to utilize this system in our research with Dr.
Beckingham, it would be advisable to test controls for the system in the type of driver we want to
use and the genes we want to knockdown in order to account for the system's leakiness. An
important application of the GeneSwitch system is the possibility of it being a great mechanism for
studying the effects of overexpression of multiple genes while other genes are being knocked down
at the same time. In Beckingham's lab, with further research in Drosophila, we may come across
points at which we would like to control the time at which certain genes are expressed or depleted
rather than the area at which they are. We also may want to have the means to knock down or
express multiple genes, and the GeneSwitch Gal4 system would be a practical way to accomplish
these goals in further

The, Hunting For Some Drosophila Melanogaster
"Fly–ing Around with Gregor Mendel" (Thomas) "Hunting for some Drosophila Melanogaster"
Figure 25. Introduction: "All living organism, no matter how primitive or complex, are the result
of the workings of genetics. Living organisms are composed of lifeless molecules. These molecules
conform to all of the physical and chemical laws that describe inanimate matter" (Knowles). As one
of the first organisms used in genetic analysis, Drosophila melanogaster have a wide set of traits that
make it advantageous in the aforementioned field. "Due primarily to the organism's small size, short
life cycle, high reproductive rate, having only four chromosomal pairs, and the ability to be
observed under low magnification" (Ashburner). All organisms use common genetic systems.
Understanding the processes such as transcription and replication in fruit flies helps in
understanding these processes in other eukaryotes, including, but not limited to humans (Pierce).
Mendel proposed three fundamental laws for the pattern of genetic inheritance through his various
experiments with flowering pea plants (Mendel) (see below): Fundamental theory of heredity:
Inheritance involves the passing of discrete units of inheritance, or genes, from parents to offspring
(Campbell et al. 262–264). Principle of segregation: During reproduction, the inherited factors (now
called alleles) that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells by a process called meiosis
and randomly reunite during

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Summary
Documenting independent assortment and genetic linkage
In Drosophila melanogaster
Marina Gayed
BIOL 3251–004
Mr. Matthew Fuller
11 October 2017
Lab Partners
Abdelrahman Sedik
Aida Abdalla
Eriny Saad
According to Gregor Mendel, he came across two different inheritances laws found in genes:
segregation and independent assortment. Mendel's Law of Segregation states that each individual
gene carries two alleles that segregate each allele into a different gamete during the phase of
meiosis. The offspring have two different alleles coming from each parent that passes one allele
down to their offspring. Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states during meiosis the alleles
of the two different genes segregate split from each other and sent to the offspring. Mendel's law
cannot be put into every inheritance pattern because it might not be 100 percent reliable. The
purpose of this lab was to develop the understanding of the inheritance patterns using fruit flies,
Drosophila Melanogaster. We chose Drosophila Melanogaster because of the fact that they are small
and are an easy use in the laboratory. As well, they have qualifying characteristics to be able to use.
They are very easy to distinguish the differences between female and males, have a short life cycle,
inexpensive, and understandable traits to be a perfect example. Also, fruit flies produce a large
amount of offspring, which helps us out when finding out pattern of inheritance (Morris and
Cahoon, p. 5). In

Genetic Crosses In Drosophila melanogaster
Edison Nurcellari, Norma Sutton, Lisa Brown
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see how characteristics such as ( phenotypes) are
transmitted from parents to offsprings by using true breeding stocks. While doing more than two test
crosses from the parent the alleles are re–shuffle so the offsprings get different variations sets of
allele then the parents. This process is known as genetic recombination which occurs during meiosis
were chromosomes break and exchange genetic material. Another cause of offspring to receive
certain allele combination is also due to natural selection for survival and reproduction. Key
findings during the experiment were the alternative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the Red eye color demonstrates that this alleles are dominant. By crossing white eye male brown
body x red eye black body female you can see by looking at the offspring's phenotype that the white
eye is the recessive traits. In order to find the chi Square we used the formula (week 5 lecture
Brooklyn college Institution) .
Although the data above were automatically calculated due to that it was computerized and not
physical experiment. The data above are really not accurate because of its computerized and its
program certain way that nothing interferes with the development of the flies life cycle. From the
data collected above we can see that genes that are found on the sex chromosome do have an affect
on the eye phenotype of males and tends to due the reciprocal from the parent to offspring.
( Bio 1001 week 5 lecture Brooklyn college institution).
Conclusion: Currently majority of scientists using fruit fly organism identify the genes for causing
certain human disease and target its protein and try to find effective chemical compounds and test it
on the fly organism model. According to Mendel the physical characteristics are transmitted from
generation to generation

Research Paper On Drosophila
Drosophila is an ideal model organism that is largely used for the biological research study for over
the centuries. In history, there is much research relevant to Drosophila contribute to the
understanding of human towards different fundamental biological phenomena. The first published
research paper on Drosophila in 1910, "Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila" was written by Dr.
Thomas Hunt Morgan who was known as "father of Drosophila". The theory of inheritance which
was first proposed by Gregor Mendel was proved in the research paper by investigation on mutant
fly lines. The research claimed that the genes are the physical basis of heredity that are present
within the chromosomes. This made a big step forward to the understanding of modern genetics and
it give rise to manipulation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is very important to develop the most suitable culture medium for the cultivation of
Drosophila. The food sources of the Drosophila are mainly ripened fruit and vegetables. Drosophila
more prefers to consume the yeasts that grow on and ferment the fruit. Ripened banana pulp is the
most common food source for Drosophila in laboratory. In recent times, the agar–like culture
medium is developed to culture the flies. There have variety of recipes and formulas to making the
culture medium. The condition of the medium ought to be suitable for the larva to tunnel into to
obtain the food and for the flies to move on top without sticking on it.
To develop a more suitable culture medium for Drosophila melanogaster, the study is carried out.
For more specific, the research on this topic is attributing to two main objectives. Firstly, the aim is
to investigate the effect of different agar media on the hatching and growth of Drosophila
melanogaster. In addition, the hatching and growth of different strain of Drosophila melanogaster is

Fruit Fly Lab Report
Most frequently known as the fruit fly, the Drosophila melanogaster is an insect that belongs to the
Drosophilae family. Drosophila is a highly preferred organism for scientific research and
observations because of its ability to reproduce and develop at accelerated rates, depending on the
condition of its environment. It is expected that the population of flies will evolve because the
environment in the vial will not meet the conditions needed for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A
study done on the Drosophila larvae showed that "crowding" of larvae, in conditions like the vial,
can cause for a drop–in larvae density. Males with lower density rates are more likely to mate than
those with higher larvae density (Amitin and Patrick 2007). Due to ... Show more content on
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About a table spoon of fly food was mixed with an equal amount of water. Water was added and
mixed until the fly food reached a mashed consistency, free of lumps and flakes from its original
state. A vial that was to act as a housing unit for the flies was obtained and filled with an inch of
food. Sides of the vial was then cleaned to avoid flies getting stuck and dying. A precut net was
placed just above the food to allow larvae to climb up before they metamorphosed. Yeast was added
to the vial to provide a source of protein for the flies. Two vials were given, one with wild type (+)
flies and one with ebony(e) flies. The goal was to obtain five females and five males of both ebony
and wild type. To do so a wand was dipped into fly nap and then placed into each vial for about
forty seconds. Immediately after the flies fell asleep the cotton top was removed and the flies were
taken out of the vial for examination. Under the dissecting scope, using the top light only, male and
female flies were distinguished by their psychical characteristics, males had rounded abdomens and
hooks on their front legs. While females had more of an arched abdomen and more sternites. Once
five of both genders, ebony and wild type flies, were found they were put into the vile that was then
placed in its side. At the end of week one there was a total of

Drosophila Melanogaster : A Model Organism Within Genetics...
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fruit fly, used as a model organism in genetics research. We
used this species to test the pattern of inheritance of two traits; eye color and wing type. With
Mendelian Genetics, we assume genes are not linked. Thus, our hypothesis is that the genes are not
linked. We ran two crosses, one with a wild type female and mutant male, and one with a mutant
female and wild type male. We then proceeded to look at the two generations following this original
cross; the F1 generation, or children of original cross, and the F2 generation, created when the flies
from F1 were crossed again (essentially breeding the children amongst each other), using wild type
females with wild type males, and wild type females and mutant males. Looking at our results in a
chi square test, we find that we reject the assumption that the genes are not linked for cross 1, and
accept that they are not linked for cross 2. However, we know that the trait for eye color is X–
linked, and the trait for wing type is autosomal, so they cannot be linked. Thus, something must
have gone wrong in our lab procedure.
Discovering Patterns of Inheritance: Drosophila melanogaster
Mendel shaped the way we currently define genetics and patterns of inheritance, with his study of
pea plants and how traits were passed among them. Defining dominant traits, as the parental trait
that was expressed, and recessive traits as the nondominant traits. This was furthered proved with
Punnett squares,

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Experiment
Extended Experimental Investigation | May 28
2013
|
Drosophila melanogaster lab experiment
Question: How do the dominant or recessive genes in particular traits in a cross between a male and
female Drosophila determine the traits of its offspring?
Aim: to establish whether characteristics produced from the offspring of a drosophila cross are
recessive or dominant traits.
Hypothesis: If certain phenotypes are expressed in the offspring from the cross of certain
Drosophila, then the determination or justification of recessive or dominant phenotypes can be
found.
Theory review and justification of the hypothesis:
Drosophila Melanogaster are simply now generally referred as the common term "fruit fly" or
"vinegar fly". These fruit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Genotypes= X–W X–v, X–W X–v, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
Phenotypes= Wildtype female, Wildtype male 50% 50%
Therefore the chance of the offspring being a heterozygous Wildtype drosophila is 100%. The
chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Vile 3 consisted of one Vestigial (male) and one Wild type (female).vial 4 consisted of one Wild
type (female) and an Ebony (male). If both of these vial's flies are homozygous the offspring for
botch will end up 100% heterozygous wild type as it is the dominant characteristic. This is also
evident through punnet squares:
Vial 3
W – Wildtype v– Vestigial
Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,

Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,
Vail 4
W– Wildtype e– Ebony
Materials:
The materials used in this prac are as follows: * 2.5 grams of powder culture (8ml loose packed) +
5–7 ml of water and 4–6 grains of yeast * Necessary amount of Petri dishes to examine

Autosomal Recessive Traits in Drosophila melanogaster
Introduction
Drosophila has been used in many experiments over the years, and hundreds of mutations have been
studied. Drosophila was used in the chromosome theory of inheritance performed by geneticist
Thomas Hunt Morgan. The chromosome theory of inheritance shows that genes on a chromosome
are inherited together.
The traits in Drosophila melanogaster was observed because they are inexpensive and easy to work
with. Millions can fit in a single room, and their lifespan is twelve days. The goal in this experiment
was to observe Mendel's laws, independent assortment and segregation. This was to be achieved by
looking at the way the mutations spread through generations with dihybrid crosses. ... Show more
There were no apterous/sepia eyed flies even though we had 82 flies. We had several more sepia
eyed/winged than red eye/apterous D. melanogaster even though the expected, statistical numbers
were the same. It could be that the flies without wings could not lift themselves out of the food,
therefore they died. The ones with wings survived because they could get around easier. There were
no sepia eyed/apterous because there was only supposed to be 1/16, but because the food was more
moist than the F1 generation food, they may have gotten stuck. That could also be why there were
less flies than other groups because the food was too

Drosophila Melanogaster: Fruit Flies
Abstract: The main purpose for this conducting this experiment was to further knowledge on
Mendelian Genetics and how traits are inherited from generation to generation. Something that we
attempted to solve was which traits were considered dominant and which were considered to be
recessive. Drosophila melanogaster also known as fruit flies were used in this experiment, Dihybrid
crosses were done to gather information on how characteristics are linked from generation to
generation. Our crosses consisted of female wild type with male sepia eye/ ebony body and female
ebony with male vestigial. It is shown that some inheritance patterns are due to unlinked genes and
linked genes.
Introduction: Our hypothesis was that majority of our F1 and F2 ... Show more content on
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It is important for virgins to be collected before starting the crosses because female flies keep the
same sperm inside them for days at a time. To collect virgin flies someone must remove the adult
flies from the tubes and then come back seven hours later to collect the female flies. However, for
this experiment all of our virgin female flies were collected and sorted into new tubes for us by
Carol Love. Dissecting microscopes are used when determining sex and characteristics of
Drosophila melanogaster.
Setting up Mattings: When setting up our crosses a small scoop of food was placed into each tube
along with a small scoop of water. When setting up the tubes make sure you put the correct amount
of food and water or this could cause the food to be too dry or too wet. Both of these are bad for the
flies because if the food is too dry they will not lay their eggs inside the food. If the food is too wet
then when the flies fly down they could become stuck in the food and die.
Our group set up 7 tubes of female wild type and male sepia eyes/ebony bodies. The group also set
up three tubes of female ebony and male vesitgal. It is important that for every one male you place
in the tubes you place three females in as well. The number of tubes that were created were based
off the number of flies that were given to the group. Table 1 shows the type of fly and how many of
each.
Analysis of F1 and

Drosophila Melanogaster Linkage And Inheritance Essay
Drosophila melanogaster, Linkage & Inheritance
Peggy Chang 999349986
BIOC15 Peter, PRA002
University of Toronto Scarborough
Abstract
This experiment studied Mendel's law of independent assortment through observing three
generations of Drosophila melanogaster. His law was examined by looking at the inheritance
patterns that predicted genetic linkage, mapping distances and interference. Genes are located along
chromosomes and the distances between them vary. During recombination, these genes may become
unlinked. The frequency to which this occurs relies on the recombination frequency, in which a
greater value represents a greater distance between two loci. By looking at inheritance patterns and
recombination frequencies, this experiment showed that white eyes, short wings and forked bristles
are X–linked traits. As well, dumpy wings and brown eyes are autosomal traits. The expected ratio
of a dihybrid cross of 9:3:3:1, was used to determine linkage between two loci. This was then
verified using a chi–square test. Through analysis of our results, linkage existed between white eyes
and short wings, as well as between short wings and forked bristles. Linkage was also found for the
strains that had dumpy wings and brown eyes.
Introduction
Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics, paved the way ... Show more content on
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These strains were moved to stock vials and labelled A, B, C, D respectively. Each strain was
observed using a dissecting microscope that allowed for the mutations to be visible. Strain A was
observed to be wild type in all its traits. Strain B however was found to have white eyes, short wings
and forked bristles. Strain C was observed to have dumpy wings and lastly strain D had brown eyes.
Strains and their corresponding mutations can be seen in Table 1. The genotypic notation given to
wild type traits and mutant traits can be seen in Table

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type...
Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila melanogaster
Abstract
In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as
well as test one of our hypotheses. Our hypotheses are as follows; 1) The wild type flies will have a
greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type
has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as
sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing movement is a vital part of their
mating ritual. 2) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both sexual
and natural selection. With the presence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to
the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better.
Materials and Methods
To set up this experiment, two twenty–five gallon aquariums, 3 petri–dishes, 200 flies, rotten
bananas, and yeast were used. The bananas chosen to be an accelerant for the growth of the yeast
and were frozen so they would be easier to cut. The yeast was used because the drosophila
melanogaster prefer this as a food source. The vestigial and wild type flies were sexed (to determine
their sex), sorted, and counted. An initial population size of 100 total flies was decided so that it
would be easier to determine the phenotypic percentage of the total population. Fly paper was
placed in one of the sets of cages to impose a method of natural selection as well as the sexual
selection which is being solely tested by the other set of cages.
It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial
population of 100 drosophila. Next, the flies were anesthetized flies using Fly Nap. The flies were
counted out to reach desired ratio, sexing the flies making sure there are equal amounts of males and
females to be sure there is ample individuals to allow successful mating. The fly's food was prepared
by taking a frozen rotten banana, cutting it in half, mashing up the banana meat, and mixing yeast
into it. The

Drosophila Melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster – Sex linkage and inheritance of genes through cross breeding
Abstract
This experiment looks at the relationship between genes, generations of a population and if genes
are carried from one generation to another. By studying Drosophila melanogaster, starting with a
parent group we crossed a variety of flies and observe the characteristics of the F1 generation. We
then concluded that sex–linked genes and autosomal genes could indeed be traced through from the
parent generation to the F1 generation.
Introduction
Sex linkage and inherited genes allow us to predict and understand how and why certain animals
and plants inherit features from their parents while some don't. Sex linkage is the condition in which
a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Care was taken to not let the immobilised Drosophila drown in the white media until they were
flying again.
The vial was then labeled accordingly with the type of cross (Male Vg, Female W) and the date. The
date is important as the Drosophila complete a life cycle within approximately 2 weeks from the
mating day. This vial became known as the parent generation or (P).
The vial was then kept in a moderate temperature out of the sun and by the end of the first week the
parent generation had laid eggs, hatched and the next generation were between the larva stage and
the pupa stage. At this point, the parent generations was no longer required and were decanted out
into ethyl alcohol, killed and disposed of. They did not need to be scored (inspected) as we already
knew what they were.
We then kept the vial with the juvenile Drosophila for another 2 weeks in the same conditions as
above and found that the F1 generation had hatched and laid eggs of their own. We then decanted
the F1 generation into alcohol to kill them and kept them aside to score. The vial containing the new
generation F2 of Drosophila was then kept for use in a further experiment.
The F1 generation that we had just decanted was then moved to a dissecting microscope for scoring,
this generation included 20 Drosophila flies that we could then inspect for different traits using the
microscope (traits being the sex of

Identifying unknown phenotypes and determining mechanisms of inheritance of various genes in
mutations of Drosophila melanogaster
Michael Fisher, Tori Hall, Lindsey Theodore
Crosses carried out with Drosophila melanogaster can be used to determine mechanisms that modify
ratios of Mendelian inheritance, such as autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance, genetic
linkage, and epistasis. To identify the eye color phenotypes of two unknowns (U3 and U4), crosses
were carried out between the unknowns and flies with known eye color mutations (sepia, white,
cinnabar, scarlet, brown, and vermillion) and the F1 generations were observed. Thin layer
chromatography was also used to identify the unknowns by showing the pigment composition of
each eye ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crosses were set up, and only cinnabar provided offspring that were not wild type leading to the
belief that the genotype shown was true cinnabar. Thin layer chromatography
Cross Female Count Male Count Eye Color st ♀ x U3 ♂ 36 25 Brick red st ♂ x U3 ♀ 17 20 Brick
red v ♀ x U3 ♂ 3 4 Brick red v ♂ x U3 ♀ 11 7 Brick red cn ♀ x U3 ♂ 16 16 Bright red cn ♂ x U3
♀ 48 23 Bright red bw ♀ x U4 ♂ 28 19 Brick red bw ♂ x U4 ♀ 36 33 Brick red se ♀ x U4 ♂ 0 2
Brown/Black se ♂ x U4 ♀ 15 26 Brown/Black
also showed similarity's in the extracts of U3 and cinnabar both being a coral color and also on the
plates since similar Rf values were recorded. Between observations of the unknown phenotypes, the
crosses run that showed the phenotypes and strong similarities in TLC extracts and Rf values there
was a strong case showing U3 as cinnabar and U4 as sepia.
Identifying unknown genotypes using thin layer chromatography
Thin layer chromatography was used as a better gauge of what the unknown phenotypes for U3 and
U4 were since extracts and Rf values were observes and recorded for all strains and were shown as
distinct in values rather than just being observed as one similar trait of wild type as the crosses had

Drosophila Melanogaster Experiment Essay
Drosophila melanogaster were studied to test whether evolution occurred in the population by
analyzing the genotype and allele frequencies for 7 weeks. If evolution was occurring, then the
aforementioned frequencies would change instead of remaining constant as they would if no
evolution was occurring. The hypothesis of this lab is that evolution will occur due to the violation
of three Hardy–Weinberg principles. This lab was carried out using 20 flies to start, 5 each of male
and females that were homozygous ebony and wild type. New culture vials were made every other
week when the flies were scored. On alternate weeks, the adults were transferred to a fly morgue.
The results showed that the ebony allele frequency increased and the wild type ... Show more
The ebony allele frequency increased and the wild type allele frequency decreased. The
heterozygous genotype frequency remained fairly constant, the homozygous for wild type frequency
decreased, and the homozygous for ebony frequency increased. The low probability of the changes
in allele and genotype frequencies occurring due to chance for week 3 indicates that evolution is
occurring while opposite is true for weeks 5 and 7, where the changes can be attributed to chance,
meaning the null hypothesis is true for those weeks. Thus, it can be said that the hypothesis that
evolution will occur can be rejected because overall it is likely that the changes in frequencies were
due to chance, not evolution. A study at the University of Sheffield regarding competitive mating
success revealed that the fact that male ebony flies are partially blind, which reduces their mating
success as compared to heterozygous males. Furthermore, the heterozygous wild type flies have an
advantage over homozygous wild type flies in that they have a superior courtship song. This study
helps to explain why the genotype frequencies in week 7 in order from greatest to least were as
follows: +e, ee, ++.

Drosophila Melanogaster Or Fruit Fly

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