Drive Reduction Theory

Drive Reduction Theory
1. The drive–reduction theory assumes that humans possess bodily necessities, such as food.
Additionally, when without the necessities, the drive to receive those necessities occurs, such as
hunger. The drive makes humans try to lessen the need. To lessen the reoccurring food example, one
would have to eat. The arousal theory states that once aroused, humans enliven or stiffen.
Additionally, without the motivation built upon necessities, curiosity then causes humans and animals
to explore and investigate. If humans have fulfilled their physiological and biological requirements to
survive, they hunt for arousal elsewhere. Furthermore, the hierarchy theory refers to Abraham
Maslow's pyramid of human needs. The pyramid breaks up into six sections, ... Show more content on
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The Zajonc theory of emotion states that reactions base off of the automatic track of the two–track
mind. Additionally, the LeDoux theory of emotion bases off of the same belief as Zajonc. It states that
emotions can take a shortcut to the amygdala by completely ignoring the cortex. This causes the quick
emotional reaction before the human mind can even target the cause. Furthermore, the amygdala
allows feelings to alter and manipulate the way humans think about the emotions they feel. Finally,
the Lazarus theory of emotion also stated unconscious processing of events caused emotion, but
assessment of the situation consciously allowed humans to understand what they react to, even if they
do not have a cognitive awareness of it (Myers, DeWall
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Social Cognitive Model
Across America there are teenage girls making pregnancy pacts with some of their fellow classmates.
The Social Cognitive and Social Network theory are two of the many models which help
professionals find the underlying reasons why teen girls would choose to become mothers at such a
young age. The Social Cognitive theory explains behavior of an individual as being complex (Edberg,
2015). It has different layers which include the individual's characteristics and environmental factors.
The Social Network theory is different because it is all based on the interactions a person has within
the different social groups they are a part of (Edberg, 2015). The Social Cognitive and Social Network
theories are similar in comparison, but have different components ... Show more content on
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It describes behavior as being a result from all of the relationships a person can have (Edberg, 2015).
It includes the relationships from every social group the individual is a member of. The level of
importance in each relationship within the network is based off the centrality versus marginality,
reciprocity, complexity, diversity, subgroups or cliques, and the communication patterns within the
group. In a network the centrality versus marginality is the level of interaction an individual has with
each person in a given group. The reciprocity explains whether the relationship is one sided or both
individuals interact equally. The complexity of the relationships includes the amount of one way, two
way, or more complicated relationships within the group. The diversity of people within the network
is important because it helps distinguish is members are male, female, or if the members of the group
are family. The subgroups, cliques, and linkages show the relationship between the members and
includes whether they are members of another group. Finally the communication in the network is the
flow of information from one member to the next and includes whether or not the one member is
more credible than the next. The Social Network theory is a complex "sociogram" explaining the
different relationships people can have and the impact they have on behavioral changes (Edberg,

The Theory Of Emotion By James Lange Theory And Cognitive...
Every human experience different emotions in one single day. Emotion is a complex
psychophysiological experience of an individual as a result of his interactions with the environment.
Emotion involves feeling, thinking, activation of the nervous system, physiological changes, and
behavioral changes. Different theories exist regarding how and why people experience emotion.
These include the James–Lange theory, Schacter and Singer's two–factor theory and Cognitive
Appraisal.
The first theory, James–Lange theory, proposes the idea that the people experience emotion because
they perceive their bodies' physiological responses to external events. James–Lange theory of emotion
proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of an ... Show more content on
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People tend to label the emotion depend on what they find in the environment.
The cognition appraisal by Richard Lazarus explains that people's experience of emotion depends on
the way they appraise or evaluate the events around them. it 's important to understand that a person is
consciously choosing an event. In that case, that individual would have expectations drawn from past
experience and the appraisal would rely on those expectations. This is similar to a preliminary
analysis. It provides a quick response to the situation and secondary physiological responses like
smiling. Later, after thinking and applying problem solving, the reaction can be reassessed. The
response has three pathways: physiological, emotional and rational and they play into each other, but
are not dependent on each other.
Psychologists have taken a turn at figuring out how our emotions are connected to motivations.
Motivation is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal–oriented behaviors. It is what causes
us to take action. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or
cognitive in nature. The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our
understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come under the heading
motivation. There are various motivational theories. Listed below are three popular ones.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs presents different motivations at different levels. He

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory Of Fear
Fear. What is it? Fear is a powerful force that happens in a variety of different scenarios. Whether an
individual has a phobia, sees the sight of an oncoming car, or is watching a horror film it can be
frightening for someone. This paper explores the different types of emotions or reactions a person will
experience when put in a threatening situation. According to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
"while a heartbeat of sixty beats per minute is normal, an increase of up to seventy to eighty beats per
minute was observed in subjects who exhibited an increased fear of terror(Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, 2014). The three theories tested throughout this experiment were the James–Lange Theory,
Cannon–Bard Theory, and the Schacter–Singer Two–Factor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion explains that people react to a stimulus (sensation) and
experience arousal and emotion at the same time (Bard, 2009). An example of the Cannon–Bard
theory is seeing an oncoming car which is the sensation, right after the individual will experience
arousal and emotion at the same time, by their heart starting to pound and experiencing the emotion of
fear. The Schachter–Singer Two–Factor Theory of Emotion discusses cognitive labeling, also known
as the mental aspect. Emotion occurs when we apply a 'label' to general physical arousal; people
interpret their feelings. This theory also explain how one person will analyze a situation from
themselves and from the outside world; emotion is caused by the physical action and the stimulus that
is provoking that emotion. When people confuse their arousal for a completely different arousal as
well with an emotion, this shows evidence that Schacter–Singer has came up with the Two–Factor
theory (Critchley, 2002). An example of the Two–Factor theory working correctly is a person crying:
factor one, physiological arousal due to just being dumped by their significant other; factor two is
applied by the perception of the

The Effects Of Interpersonal Competence On Interpersonal...
Introduction
Interpersonal competence is an aspect of communication that is rarely given attention despite being a
crucial facet of human interaction. In fact, Beebe et al. argue that it is comparable to breathing for
being do critical to human growth (2). According to Beebe et al., this aspect of communication is
necessary to maintain relationships and to improve affairs between lovers (6–7). To enhance our
competence in interpersonal communication, we need to learn and master ways of verbally relating
with others. One aspect that is greatly abused interpersonal communication is the inclusion of
emotions when relaying and receiving information especially when anger is used (West and Turner
238). This review seeks to analyze emotion in communication and formulate a theoretical framework
of its role in communication and suggest an action plan for the same.
The Role of Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
It is surprising that people rarely consider the intensity of inclusion of emotions when interacting with
others. In communication, it gets even worse because we end up using the aspect of emotion to
interpret what is being passed (Beebe et al. 82). One theory that explain best how emotions play a role
communication is the James–Lange Theory of Emotion (Beebe et al. 42). This model was developed
by William James and Carl Lange and shows how emotion can be used to impact negatively on the
communication process. According to Beebe et al., the James–Lange Theory of Emotion is

Milt Theoretical Group
After reading this chapter, I would characterize my current thinking to fall under the milt–theoretical
group. I think that I fall under the milt–theoretical group because I don't believe that there is only one
theory/perspective that fits everyone in this world. There is no one else in the world that thinks or acts
like you, so why would there only be one theory that fits everyone? The factors that influence my
theoretical preferences is that each theory on its own has good and bad points but when you take
certain things from all of the theories and put them together it fits more than just one group of people.
When some of these studies were done I believe that a lot of different people were not accounted for
so how can one say that one theory

The Revival of the Strain Theory Essay
Researchers are constantly looking for explanations for criminal patterns and crime rates among
juveniles. They have presented many theories to serve as such explanations with strain theory being
one of them; however, like many other theories, strain theory was pushed aside decades ago. It was
not until recently that this theory was given new life by criminologist, Robert Agnew. Robert Agnew
introduced this new development as the general strain theory. GST was the first supposition that was
not tied to social class or cultural variables as it was in previous implications of Émile Durkheim's
anomie theory. Instead, Agnew's theory refocused on societal norms that affect juveniles. Jang and
Johnson (2003) noted GST as being "one of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While previous studies of strain theory failed to accurately measure all aspects of monetary goal
setbacks, Agnew's study did confirm that juveniles desire to gain large quantities of money as a means
to succeed in life. His findings also show that individuals tend to resort to crime in hopes of achieving
the desired status and respect within society. The final goal induced by this type of strain, autonomy,
is said to mostly affect adolescents and the lower class because of their position in society (Agnew,
2001). The goals mentioned previously become strain when the individual is faced with certain
obstacles and setbacks in their life. Agnew agrees with the core idea of classic strain theory. However,
after further examination of his very own life and that of those around him, he found that "the
perceived inability to achieve success through monetary means or middle class status was not a major
stressor conducive to crime," (Agnew, 2001, p.141). In fact, Agnew stated that the major strains
conducive to crime are a bit more immediate in nature. To support this claim, psychological literature
on aggression and stress suggest that strain involves more than the "pursuit of happiness" (Agnew,
1992). The loss of positively valued stimuli seems to be a larger contributor to juvenile negligence
and delinquency. The loss of a

My Individualism In My Individualism, By Souseki Natsume
"I was considering always in my room of the lodging house and besides, felt that it is vain to try.
Because reading a lot of books doesn't indulge my appetite actually, then, I gave it up. At the same
time, gradually I couldn't catch the meaning even myself that what I read the books so much for."
Souseki Natsume wrote this in his essay 'My individualism', which retrospect the prehistory of
shaping 'A theory of literature' and it was the description when he was studying abroad in England in
loneliness. He said more that "This time I just realized that there is no way to help myself without
building up radically the idea all alone that what a literature is", "If even western people said that this
is a great poetry, has excellent rhythm with due regard, I never should accept it without true
sympathies of mine actually, because it must be just their opinion about, though it might be a
reference for me a bit. As long as I am an independent Japanese, never slaves serving for English,
thus, I need to have such wisdom as a Japanese citizen, not only that, I shouldn't change my opinion
from the point of view that the world respects honesty in common." Souseki is a Japanese novelist,
best known for his novels 'Kokoro', 'Botchan', 'I am a Cat' and his unfinished work 'Light and
Darkness.' He was a scholar of British literature and composer haiku, ... Show more content on
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Not only that, Souseki's argument seems to be not only a kind of a theory of literature, but also there
appear the sprouts of humanics newly, in particular, he got over already some part of idealism in
nineteen centuries in the end, besides, in a good manner, there seems to be experientialism, includes
materialism as

Restructuring Emotion Theory : Contributions Of William James
Restructuring Emotion Theory: Contributions of William James to Emotional Psychology The
complexities of human emotion and psychology are an age–old discussion, dating as far back as the
musings of Plato in 400 BC. Much of psychology pivoted around philosophical concepts until the
mid–1800s, when the field was advanced by the works of Darwin, Wundt, and Pavlov. It was during
this era that the writings of an American psychologist by the name of William James became
prominent, catalyzing the transition from structuralism to the model of psychological functionalism,
and sparking the fields of pragmatism and radical empiricism. Amid a flurry of works promoting
these topics–functionalism in particular–one piece is sometimes forgotten, despite ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these, is that there exists separate, distinct centers in the brain which function solely to
produce emotions. The latter, and the one he develops, is that "[emotions] correspond to processes
occurring in the motor and sensory centres," (James, 1884). Following this assumption that the
regions governing emotions are synonymous with those responsible for sensory–motor functions,
James made his first claim: "that the emotional brain–processes no only resemble the ordinary
sensorial brain–processes, but in very truth are nothing but such processes variously combined,"
(James, 1884). In short, emotions are the products of different combinations of sensory information.
This proposition is deceivingly simple at first, and can be summarized fairly quickly. James theorizes
that the common idea that stimuli beget the arousal of an emotion, which in turn causes physiological
responses, is in fact incorrect. Instead, James asserts that stimuli elicit physiological changes in the
human body, which in turn and in combination, are perceived as an "emotion." Concisely put,
emotions are the perception of physiological changes in response to a stimuli. James limits his
definition of an emotion to include only "those that have a distinct bodily expression," such as
contortions of the face in anger, or production of tears when sad (James, 1884). These bodily
expressions are not limited to conscious physiological changes, but also include those controlled by

Emotion Attribution Theory According To Schachter And Singer
Emotion Attribution Theory
According to Schachter and Singer (1962), emotion attribution theory is based on two factors of
emotions: physiological arousal and cognitive label. The two–factor theory of emotion focuses on the
interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In their view, 'being
away from home' and physical arousal may be interpreted as 'homesickness'. The physical arousal is
the physical feeling for homesickness such as difficulty sleeping, loss of concentration, no appetite
and others. This theory then is extended by Pennebaker (1982) and be summarized. Firstly is about
the individuals are limited in their information processing skills and select information. Next
perspective by Pennebaker about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1997), acculturation is referred to the process of cultural and psychological change that results
following meeting between cultures. There are four types of acculturation which is assimilation,
integration, separation and marginalization. Firstly, assimilation is the process of adapting the
dominant culture over their original cultural. Next, integration is adopting the host or dominant
culture while maintaining the origin culture. Then, separation is the process of rejecting a dominant
culture in order to preserving their original culture. Lastly, marginalization is rejecting both the
culture of origin and the dominant host culture. Homesickness university students is in the
"separation" group because they are holding their original culture with is home is more comfortable
than the dominant culture (new environment).
1. Rainer Reisenzein (1983). The Schachter Theory of Emotion: Two Decades Later. Psychological
Bulletin 1983, Vol. 94, No. 2, 239–264. Retrieved from http://www.phil.uni–
greifswald.de/fileadmin/mediapool/psychologie/lehrstuhl_allg2/Reisenzein1983_Schachter_Theory.pdf
2. Festinger, L & Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). "Cognitive consequences of forces compliance," Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology 58 (2):203–210.
3. Laura A. King (2008). The Science of Psychology. (International ed.) Published by McGraw–Hill,
New York. Page 450.
4. Berry, John W. (1997). "Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation". Applied Psychology 46 (1).
Retrieved from

Clive Bell And The Formalist Theory Essay
Clive Bell and the Formalist Theory
"Art is a recurring form of human practice. Some have argued that all human societies have shown
evidence of artistic activities." (Carroll 5)
Man has long created art, this much is certain. However, man has never ultimately defined art. There
are so many things which qualify as art and as many qualities to each piece that trying to find answers
only seems result in more questions. The formalist theory of art, as present by Clive Bell, makes an
attempt at defining art and answering many of these questions. Below is a discussion of the formalist
theory; its definition, its strengths, and its weaknesses as evidenced by the work of Clive Bell.
Clive Bell theorizes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is based on the Common Denominator Argument, which is put forth by Noel Carroll. This is one
of the same arguments that Bell puts forward, Carroll simply elucidates the matter.
...the "Common Denominator Argument". This argument begins with the unexceptionable
presupposition that if anything is to count as a necessary condition of art status, then it must be a
property had by every artwork. (Carroll 111).
Carroll believes that some things are art, some things are not art, and their must be a factor common
to all art which differentiates it from not art because the two things are clearly distinct.
Formalism is in some ways an advantageous theory of art. It has advantages over both
representationalism and expressionism. Representationalism is the theory of art that in order for
something to qualify as art, it must be representative of its content. Thus, a drawing of a tree is
representative of a tree because it obviously resembles a tree. The matter goes beyond that though;
works of art may even be representative via metaphor, common qualities with subject, or fiat. If a
work of art is classified as art via metaphor, its content is a metaphor for the actual object. Thus, in
"Peter and the Wolf" each of the instruments is a metaphor for the subjects they represent. An oboe is
not a duck, but both can make a quacking

HCA 340 week 4 Essay
Debbie's Dilemma
By: Alisha Wallace
02/17/2014
HCA340: Managing in Health & Human Services (BTE1404B)
Instructor: Lilia Chavarria
Debbie chose to return to school with the hopes of a pay raise which is her motivation. According to
Herzberg's two factor theory there may have been have of been many reasons for Debbie's motivation.
"Wages, Hours, Working conditions, Relationships with supervisors, Relationships with peers" Baack,
D. E. & Fischer, A. (2013) can all be reasons in why Debbie had returned to school. These particular
factors are all a motivation to push forward and succeed so ultimately "Achievements, Recognition,
Actual work or job, Responsibility, Chance for advancement or growth" ... Show more content on
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The only reason that the LPN's received a pay increase is because; the physicians in the organizations
did not want to have to deal with the repercussions if they had denied the LPN's.
With Vroom's theory Debbie ultimately Debbie thought as f because she attended school and obtained
her Masters with her performance there would be a reward in the future. Although the organization
did indeed offer Debbie a higher paying job that comes with many more duties it was not the pay she
in entitled to. A RN with masters should be receiving double what a LPN with no further education
should be receiving. In this dilemma the LPN's did not look at it like this and they just wanted to
receive a pay raise because Debbie did. With Vroom's theory a person who puts in effort and is able to
increase their performance is entitled to some type of reward. For all of her studying and the time and
effort that Debbie invested in school a well qualifying job would be one whose pay would match the
amount of responsibilities that she is responsible for.
If I were the one who was advising the 3 physicians I would explain to them that although the LPNs
have been with the company a number of years the amount of money they are asking for is absurd.
Debbie has gone to school and receive one of the highest qualifications a person could ask for. Debbie
deserves her pay raise if not maybe more than what they are offering. There a millions of LPN's out
there and if these two individuals are

Taste Of One Book
The first books now called scrolls were created as chronicles to document events which occurred in
history. As time passed by the ideology of books has changed from chronicles to stories or significal
events that occurred in history this has then altered until the books had a literary purpose of provoking
reader's emotions. Taste of one is the crucial factor of creating a certain perception of the book, but
this is often biased because a taste isn't allowed to be created. The discussion of a book depends on
various factors such as the author of the book, the sequel of the book or a literary critics review of the
book. Book discussion plays a major role in creating a general consensus throughout an audience,
however concepts vary because each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, taste is misleading because it is affected by a large amounts of factors with the two crucial being
the author of the book and also the review written a literary critic. Both of these can be rid of, but
unfortunately both of these factors alter the readers view of the book even before he begins to read the
book he is being forced the idea of what he can expect from the book, but this is not good because the
taste sensor of the reader is redirected into and indecisive and emotionless direction because he may
view the correct theory behind the story, however his brain does not comply with the reasoning and
perceptions of

How And Why Are Music And Emotion Linked?
PSYC380 Term 2 Essay
2nd February 2015
How and why are Music and Emotion Linked?
School of Psychology, Plymouth University
When discussing the link between music and emotion, we first need to attempt to define the concept
of emotion. Emotion is rudimentarily defined as a "complex state of feeling that results in physical
and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour" (Myers, 2004). Furthermore,
emotion is usually accompanied with physiological changes – but research and opinion tends to be
divided on whether physiological change or emotion precedes the other. Within this, psychologists
attempt to analyse whether emotions arise from judging a situation or if they are merely physical
reactions to an environment. The significance of this is the key to solving the connections within
music and emotion. There are many different theories of emotion and how it is interrelated with
physiological change. In the 19th Century, the James–Lange theory suggested that bodily responses
are the key to emotion. Their theory was that a changed situation leads to a physiological response.
There is some modern day evidence that backs up this theory as emotion has been profoundly linked
to brain activity. This theory explains the role of the limbic system and neurochemicals being heavily
associated with emotion, for example increased serotonin levels have been found to create and
maintain a 'happy' feeling. In 1962, Singer and Schachter added that the above pathway can be

The Importance Of Socioemotional Development
In addition to all of the physical and cognitive development that occurs during the first two years of
life, socioemotional development plays a crucial role and the development of infants. Because infants
are emotional beings, it's important to understand the importance of socioemotional interactions.
These interactions dictate communication styles with others, and it is the basis for how infants learn
to interact with their own emotions. Socioemotional development of infants is influenced by various
factors such as emotions, temperament, personality, and attachment.
Infants utilize emotion to communicate with others and to establish behavioral organization. When
examining infant's emotions, there are two classifications of emotions to consider: primary emotions
and self–conscious emotions. Primary emotions refer to basic, instinctual emotions such as surprise,
joy, sadness, and anger. Meanwhile, self–conscious emotions refer to emotions that develop once an
infant has a sense of self; emotions such as jealousy, guilt, and pride are all considered self–conscious
emotions (Santrock, 2017, pg. 173). Each emotion can be used to communicate a need or feeling with
others. For instance, babies use a variety of different types of cries to communicate their needs: there
is the basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry. Each sound slightly different to communicate a different
meaning (Santrock, 2017, pg. 174).
Through the expression of emotion, one's temperament can be determined;

Major Types Of Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd ) Essay
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by behavioral, emotional, and
cognitive symptoms that include but are not limited to the loss of pleasure or interest in activities
(anhedonia), sleep disturbances, appetite changes, guilt or worthlessness, fatigue, lack of
concentrating and/or indecisiveness including emotion dysregulation (mood swings) and views of the
negative affect. People with MDD have five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or
loss of pleasure, for two weeks. Symptoms must be present nearly every day, most of the day, for at
least two weeks. MDD is one of the most common psychological disorders. Bipolar Disorder (BD) is
a psychiatric mood disorder that is characterized by dramatic and unpredictable mood swings.
Symptoms include severe depression, euphoria, distractibility, irritability, and grandiosity. Usually
patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder can have depression as the initial onset symptom. There are
three types of BD: Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, and Cyclothymia. Bipolar I Disorder
includes at least one lifetime manic episode. During a manic episode, people have remarkable energy,
experience delusions, and hallucinations, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to
negative consequences. Bipolar II Disorder is diagnosed to have at least one lifetime major depressive
episode and one hypomanic episode. A hypomanic episode involves is an extremely happy and high
energy mood only needing

Comparing Original Hypothesis Of Schachter And Singer
When the participants arrived, they were taken to a private room by the experimenter and told that the
aim of the experiment was and asked if they minded having an injection of 'Suproxin' (made up
name).
The result of the study was that the subjects under the Ignorant condition and Misinformed condition
revealed considerably and consistently higher scores on both euphoric and angry conditions as
compared to participants under the Placebo condition and the Informed condition. This proved the
original Hypothesis of Schachter and Singer, that is, cognitive labelling (informed, ignorant or
misinformed) together with general autonomic arousal (euphoric or angry) lead to the emergence of
emotions. (https://explorable.com/schachter–singer–theory–of–emotion)
Compare and contrast ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These theories are very comparable in that they both believe that the first reaction in emotional
response as body arousal e.g sweating, increased heart rate and perspiration. Both theories believe this
is the foundation of the which leads to the next response. In contrast the two–factor theory delves into
more depth with an extra phase which is interpretation of the situation and labelling the environment
for example "My heart is pounding, because I can see the environment I am in is unsafe". This then
subsequently turning into the subjective experience. The James–Lange theory is more basic and
suggest that your reaction is straight from physiological arousal making this theory more basic and
less applicable

Theories Of The Emotional Process Paper
Theories of the Emotional Process
(Gregory Johnson, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive theories state the way the individual views the stimulus, determines which emotional
reaction they will express. Each person decides how to react to a stimulus based off their experience.
"Every individual has beliefs, as well as goals, personal tendencies, and desires in place before the
emotion causing event is encountered. It is in light of these factors that an individual evaluates the
event (Johnson)."
Judgement Theories
These are defined by Robert Solomon, as an emotion is "a basic judgement about ourselves and our
place in the world, the projection of the values and ideals, structures and mythologies, according to
which we live and through which we experience our lives" (1993, 126). ... Show more content on
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"Ira Roseman's cognitive theory (1984), has five appraisal components that can produce 14 discrete
emotions. The appraisal components and the different values each component can take are
motivational state (appetite, aversive), situational state (motive–consistent, motive–inconsistent),
probability (certain, uncertain, unknown), power (strong, weak), and agency (self–caused, other–
caused, circumstance–caused.)"
Non–Cognitive Theories
These "defend the claim that judgments or appraisals are not part of the emotion process." Paul
Ekman created the non–cognitive process theory (1977) he believed that there were two mechanisms
that worked together. The automatic appraisal mechanism evaluates stimuli and then starts the affect
program. Specific stimuli are detected by the automatic appraisal mechanism, these are elicitors. The
affect program is the emotional response to the

Differences Between Utilitarianism And Kantianism
Many classical liberal moral theory occurred based on the modern ideas of liberal. All the theories
provides people different ideas of morality in modern society. This paper will discuss two ethics
theories, utilitarianism and Kantianism. These two theories have opposite ideas in many aspects. As a
result, they offer people different views of moral action. I will compare the major three differences
between utilitarianism and Kantianism in the first part: idea of happiness, good will and result, and
individual right. Even though both theories have their points and flaws, Kantianism would be a better
approach to guide people's moral lives. I will talk about why Kantianism is a better theory compare to
utilitarianism in the second part of the paper.
The first and main difference between Utilitarianism and Kantianism is ... Show more content on
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For utilitarianism, results are all people need to consider. Good results will be moral, and bad results
will be immoral. It is simply and easy. However, Kantianism believes the will of the action instead of
the results will be the ruler. People have to have a logic reason in order to be considered as acting
morality. Result of the action does not matter. Only the people with good motivations for their actions
can be called moral. For example, if a rich guy donates one million dollars to the poor only to save
some taxes while a poor guy donates ten dollars because he wants to help someone, utilitarianism and
Kantianism will evaluate their behavior differently. For utilitarianism, the rich guy is better because
he donate more and brings greater amount of happiness for the people. The result is much better. For
Kantianism, the poor guy is better because he has the will and reasoning of being moral and following
the moral rules. Motivation is what matters for Kantianism while the result is what matters for

Control Center In Inside Out
To coordinate with our current chapter on emotions, our class watched the film Inside Out. The story
was about the emotions, Joy, Sadness, Anger, Fear, and Disgust, controlling a goofy, honest, and
caring 11 year old named Riley. Inside her brain, the emotions used controls to decide the way Riley
feels. The part of the brain the "control center" in Inside Out represented was the Limbic System. I
know this because during in our Body and Mind unit, the part of the brain we most associated with
mood and emotions was this system. It is best defined as a complex system of nerves and networks in
the brain, including areas concerned with instinct and mood. The Limbic System's main control is
emotions and drives feelings, which was the main purpose of the emotions "control center."
In class we discussed the three main theories of emotion: the James Lange, Cannon Bard, and the Two
Factor. The James Lange theory believes people's emotions follow, rather than cause, behavioral
reactions to situations. The Cannon–Bard theory suspects emotions accompany the bodily responses
that are aroused by an external stimulus. Similarly, the Two Factor theory believes an emotion is ...
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Each named emotion expresses Riley's feelings after seeing the world through her eyes on a big
projection screen. When something whens that would give Riley joy, the character, Joy, has the job to
make Riley feel that way. The Two Factor theory explains we feel an emotion by first coming in
contact with the stimulus, become physically aroused by it and cognitively label the feeling we have
is an emotion, and then experience the emotion. This lines up very closely with the process of the
characters choosing how to make Riley feel. They witness the stimulus RIley is in contact with, the
named emotion whose job is producing that emotion comes forward to make themself known, and
finally she feels that

Spinoza Rhetorical Analysis
Christopher Papazahariou
Professor Phil Emerson
PHIL 180E: Philosophy of the Emotions
16 October 2014
Emotionally Fearful The complexity of human emotions has been an unsolvable conundrum that has
plagued the minds of philosophers for hundreds of years. In fact, to this day, philosophers still
feverishly debate the various components of emotions. Whether it is the origins of emotions or the
effect on the human body that emotions have, actual facts and proven theories about emotions are
impossible to one hundred percent be verified. One emotion that is particularly complex and powerful
is the emotion of fear. For example, there are times when an individual is totally paralyzed and unable
to move purely because of the fact that the individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, based on the theories of Descartes and Spinoza it can be argued that the monistic approach
with regards to emotions is the easier one to defend. The fact of the matter is that there are too many
flaws with Descartes dualistic view. A larger majority of his dualism approach revolved around the
use of the pineal gland and its ability to be a bridge to the mind and the body. However, recent science
has shown the real function of the pineal gland in that it is responsible for the "secretion of the
hormone melatonin. regulation of endocrine functions conversion of nervous system signals to
endocrine signals, feeling of sleepiness, influence of sexual development" (Bailey 1). This scientific
research shows that the pineal gland does have an actual purpose as opposed to the belief during the
years of Descartes and that purpose had nothing to do with bridging the gap between the mind and
body. Also in a way Descartes approach to emotions indicates somewhat of a monistic view. He
explains that during the occurrence of emotion the mind and the body almost become one entity, they
work together to deal with the emotion and send signals back and forth to each other which would
essentially support a monistic view. The fact of the matter is that while analyzing the two different
views through the emotion of fear there seems to be a lacking of separation

The Construct Emotional Intelligence
Chapter I
Introduction
The construct emotional intelligence refers to the extent to which individuals deal effectively with
their own as well as of others emotions. There has been a tremendous amount of popular and
academic interest in emotional intelligence, probably because of the idea or of the scientific findings
that emotions are considered to be the important determinant for successful performance in various
domains of life including health, leadership, workplace, academic performance, life satisfaction and
on many other psychosocial factors and well being.
The question of relationship between age and Emotional intelligence has profound implications for
academics and organisations as the literature and workforce gets older. The findings ... Show more
Thus, EI can be consider as a type of social intelligence since it has been defined in a very broader
way the point where EI gets more clearly distinguished from general or social intelligence as it
involves wider aspects of emotions and emotional content.
Gardner (1983) theory of multiple intelligence contains two concepts as interpersonal and
intrapersonal intelligence. "Interpersonal intelligence denotes a person's capacity to understand the
intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently, to work effectively with
others" and, "intrapersonal intelligence involves the capacity to understand oneself, to have an
effective working model of oneself including one's own desires, fears, and capacities and to use such
information effectively in regulating one's own life".
Thus, it seems quite relevant that the existed concepts of different theories, philosophical quotes and
clinical concepts had laid down the foundation and provided a compatible backdrop for considering
emotional intelligence as a viable

Personality Traits And Theories Of Personality
The term personality has been defined several times in different ways throughout the history of
psychology. A definition that captures much of what is meant by personality was described as "more
or less stable, internal factors that make one person's behaviour consistent from one time to another,
and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations" by Child
(1968) (Eysenck, 1994). This definition is very broad and it includes personality traits as well as
intelligence that are considered as aspects of personality. There is a difference between moods or
emotions and personality. According to many psychologists personality is stable and does not change
dramatically over the time, whereas moods and emotions may change over shortish periods, because
those can be collated with external behaviour, on the other hand if personality determined behaviour
then everyone would behave in identical pattern to different situations. That's why there are individual
differences. It is assumed that there are such individual differences that are revealed by different ways
of behaving in different situations. That means that for example introverted people would be shyer in
a social group or in the comparison extraverted people will talk more. This leads us to personality
traits. There are many theories of personality traits such as: they are habitual patterns of behaviour,
thought and emotion (Kassin, 2004), which means that there are different patterns in

To What Extent Do Cognitive and Biological Factors...
To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion?
Example exam approach: In this answer I will discuss the interaction of cognitive and biological
factors with reference to three theories.
Psychologists have long debated the role physiological, cognitive and behavioural factors play in
emotions. Originally believed to be a physiological experience, research now suggests that emotions
are an interaction of both physiological and cognitive factors. Different theories debate the role and
primacy of each.
Schacter (1964) Two – factory theory
Schacter (1964) was the first theorist to bring together the two elements of physiological arousal and
cognition. It is sometimes known as the two–factor theory of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Such results seem to support Lazarus's theory that it is not the events themselves that elicit emotional
stress but rather the individual's interpretation or appraisal of those events. However, as it was a lab
experiment the videos were an artificial test of emotional reaction. It may also be unethical to expose
participants to high levels of discomfort.
Le Doux (1996) Biological factors
Le Doux mapped out the biological circuitry of emotions through work on rats. In his experiments,
rats are exposed to a tone and mild electric shock at the same time. Later, at the sound of the tone by
itself, they freeze, as if frightened. They have been conditioned to fear the noise.
By using tracers, chemicals that stain neurons LeDoux found a direct pathway from the ear to a two–
way station called the sensory thalamus that led directly to the amygdala, an almond–shaped structure
in the forebrain.
So the emotional stimulus is first processed in the sensory thalamus which sends a signal to the
amygdala. This is a short–route. The amygdala triggers a flight or fight physiological reaction. When
this pathway was cut, rats could not be conditioned to fear a sound.
At the same time the sensory thalamus sends the information via the indirect pathway (long route) to
the cortex which results in an appraisal of the stimulus and the outcome of this is sent to the

amygdala. According to LeDoux the advantage of having a direct and indirect route to the amygdala
is

Merging Agnew's General Strain Theory and Hirschi's Social...
The two theories I have decided to merge are Agnew's General Strain Theory and Hirschi's Social
Bond Theory. I picked General Strain Theory because it does a good job at discussing some of the
things that can trigger the release of a person's negative emotions which in turn may lead to deviant
behavior. I also decided to write about Social Bond Theory because it describes some of the factors
that keep people from committing crime. Both of the theories have strengths and weaknesses
individually, but when merged they help fill in each other's gaps. (Agnew, 2011; Hirschi, 2011) +1
(888) 295–7904 The proposal of Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory in explaining criminal
deviance is based on three concepts. The first concept is that people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Agnew, 2011) There are a lot of people who have lost their cell phones due to their own carelessness
or it was stolen. Anyone who has lost their cell phone has experienced the first type of strain. Agnew
plainly describes the strain as a result when individual's "lose something good" (Agnew, 2011. p.
190). The description Agnew gives comes off as being ambiguous and incomplete. Arguably, the
strain of losing something good can be interpreted a certain way by someone and a completely
different way by another person. A perfect example would be a drug dealer losing his cocaine.
According to this theory he is more apt to commit a deviant act to get his cocaine back. Obviously the
problem here is the fact that he was already committing a crime before the strain ever took place. On
the other, a victim of identity theft has their entire savings wiped out. Consequently, due to their
desperate need for money they become a prostitute. In this case the theory seems to hold true. The
scenarios above appear to be completely different in all but two ways. The two ways in which they
are similar are they both lost something important to them. The word good is not defined by what
society approves or disapproves of. What's considered to be good is based on the individual's own
definition. The second similarity is that their loss triggered negative emotions such as anger,
depression, and frustration. In these two similarities the core concept of General

Essay about On Emotion and Value in David Hume and Max...
On Emotion and Value in David Hume and Max Scheler
ABSTRACT: While some philosophers tend to exclude any significance of emotion for the moral life,
others place them in the center of both the moral life and the theory of value judgment. This paper
presents a confrontation of two classic positions of the second type, namely the position of Hume and
Scheler. The ultimate goal of this confrontation is metatheoretical – particularly as it concerns the
analysis of the relations between the idea of emotion and the idea of value in this kind of theory of
value judgment. In conclusion, I point to some important theoretical assumptions which underlie the
positions of both thinkers despite all the other differences between them. In at least ... Show more
Hume on Passion and Value
The relation between passion and value in Hume's philosophy has been repeatedly discussed. (3) In
contrast to some contemporary writers, Hume devoted a lot of effort and space to the theory of
passion before presenting his, based on emotion moral theory, in Book III of the Treatise. (4)
However, as I believe, Hume's philosophy on the whole, contains not one, but two theories of passion.
One of them is a theory of the genesis of passions from pains and pleasures. The second theory, on the
other hand, refers to the group of passions which are after N. Kemp Smith called 'primary' passions;
and I will call it the descriptive theory of passion. The Treatise is dominated almost exclusively by the
theory of genesis but the role of the descriptive theory in Enquiries is more important, and particularly
in those places where Hume argues against hedonism and egoism in his theory of motivation. On the
theory of genesis, passions are produced from pains and pleasures either directly or indirectly which,
as it is well known, leads to Hume's distinction between 'direct' and 'indirect' passions. According to
the descriptive theory, however, the situation is quite different. In their existence, the 'primary'
passions do not depend on pleasures and pains, on the contrary, pains and pleasures are 'produced' by
them. There is an interesting tension between these two theories in Hume's philosophy but this
problem cannot be discussed here.

Man Drinking Fat Rhetorical Analysis
Emotions are used in everyday life, whether it be just a simple smile that makes happiness disperse in
your brain, or a death of a loved one that causes sadness. The basic emotions are joy, interest,
surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. The way we see emotion in
ourselves and others can be very complex because we sometimes assume they feel a certain way just
based on their actions or even facial expressions. When emotion is discussed in psychological terms,
it is not based on one thing, instead it's a mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious
experience. Many theories try to explain how emotion works. Three main theories of emotion are
James–Lange theory, Cannon–Bard Theory, and Schachter–Singer ... Show more content on
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The commercial I was assigned to watch was "Man Drinking Fat. NYC Health Anti–Soda Ad. Are
You Pouring on the Pounds?" Instead of getting a commercial that falsely portrays soda as a "thirst
quencher", this one gives a better image of what soda really is made up of. Most of the time, people
know that soda is unhealthy, but decide to drink it anyways because of commercials showing soda as
satisfying. Although it may be a satisfying taste to the tongue, it's not for the body. Out of all of the
basic emotions, the advertiser is trying to elicit disgust from the viewer. The point the advertiser is
trying to convey is that soda and other sugary beverages are unhealthy and contributes to gaining
weight. In the video, the man opens a can of soda and instead of liquid pouring in the glass, pure fat
comes out and he drinks it. This creates a clear image of what soda is made up of instead of having
the viewer imagine it themselves. To go along with the visuals are actual numbers that explain how
drinking 1 can of soda a day can make you 10 pounds fatter a year. This really makes viewers think
about it and from the disgusting image not want to drink

Emotion and Motivation
AP Psychology Niland
Notes on Motivation and Emotion – Chapter 9 Essential Questions: In what ways are humans
motivated to behave? What methods of motivation are more effective than others? How can one
increase their motivation to behave in various ways? What is the role of hunger in motivating
behavior? How do maladaptive eating patterns affect behavior? What role do emotions play in
behavior? How do cognitions affect emotions? How does stress influence health and behavior? How
can people reduce stress? In what ways can stress be beneficial? How do social factors affect the
influence of stress on health and behavior? Unit Objectives Discuss the similarities of instinct and
drive theories. Discuss the difference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
overjustification effect – decrease in the likelihood that an intrinsically motivated task after having
been extrinsically rewards, will be preformed when the reward is no longer given 4. cognitive
dissonance (Festinger)– a state of mental uneasiness arising from a discrepancy between two or more
of a person's beliefs or between a person's belief and behavior (exPETA and the leather coat) 6.
Humanistic Theory (Maslow) – a. Explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather
than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self–
worth. b. Some needs take priority over others and as those basic needs are satisfied, your desire to
achieve other needs would energize and direct your behavior c. Maslow – 1. people are born
essentially good and can experience the world in healthy ways 2. Hierarchy of Needs:
www.projectbarbq.com/ bbq98/bbq98r10.htm
www.civil.ist.utl.pt/.../miguel/ cibbeijing/Beijing.html
3. self–actualization – the final level of psychological development, in which one strives to realize
one's uniquely human potential – to achieve everything one is capable of achieving
Chapter 9 – Motivation and Emotion Page 3 of 8
AP Psychology Niland
Notes on Motivation and Emotion – Chapter 9 7. Psychological Sources of Motivation – a. Incentives
1. the "pull" of incentives can very motivating 2. incentive value – the strength

Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay
Diverse Nature of Psychology
Jessica Champion
PSY / 490
July 2, 2012
University of Phoenix
Diverse Nature of Psychology
Psychology is a diverse area of study. Within this paper it will discuss the influence of diversity and
it's major concepts within psychology. It will also discuss subtopics within psychology, as well as
how subtopics are identified, and applied to other disciplines within society. As well as, explain how
these subtopics affect my personal theoretical perspective. Lastly, it will discuss how my contribution
of studying psychology will benefit society within my area of profession in which I hope to achieve in
my near future.
Theorists influence of Diversity and Major concepts within Psychology Diversity has a ... Show more
As follows' psychological need has to do with an individual's hunger, thirst and sex needs. Safety
needs of an individual's are based off of one's protection, stability, and security. Next is the love and
belongingness need, this has to do with loneliness, love, and belonging. Another need is esteem, every
individual longs to have respect from others, as well as have self– respect. The last need is self –
actualization which means to fulfill ones potentials.
Herzberg theory of motivation differs a bit from Maslow's. Herzberg's theory was based off of one's
needs in a professional elements. Herzberg was trying to discover a theory that would avoid
employees' dissatisfaction and gains satisfaction within his or her work environment. So he came up
with these six factors. The factors that lead to dissatisfaction are, salary, relationship with peers,
company policy, work conditions, relationship with boss, and supervision. The factors that lead to
satisfaction are growth, advancement, recognition, achievement, responsibility, and work itself
(Herzberg, 1959). These are not separate from one another to gain satisfaction. However, without
dissatisfaction to gain satisfaction there would be none at all. So in order to gain satisfaction ones
psychosocial and

Cognitive, Social And Psychological Determinants Of Emotional
Cognitive, Social and Psychological Determinants of Emotional State
A Study That Test the Two–Factor Theory of Emotion
Lamin Williams
Riverwood International High School
Introduction
The name of this article is called, "Cognitive, Social and Psychological Determinants of Emotional
State." In 1962, Schachter and Singer put their two–factor theory of emotion to the test. Schachter and
Singer believed that physical arousal played a huge role in emotions. They came up with one of the
earliest cognitive theories of emotion. In the experiment, they provide three main hypotheses, which
were derived from the aim of the study. The first one asks, if a person experiences a state of arousal
for which they have no immediate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was an experiment with many manipulated variables.There were two independent variables are
the information given to the subjects about the injection they were given and the situation they had to
experience. The Dependent variable is the emotional arousals of the participant. From the results, the
epinephrine had the desired effect of raising heart rate and subject ratings of tremors and palpitations.
Also, the misinformed people didn 't experience any sympathetic symptoms of headaches or itchiness.
In the euphoria condition, it was clear that the subjects were drawn more to the stooge 's mood and
consequently more euphoric when they had no explanation of their own body's state. Based on
behavior observations they found the same results. In the anger condition, the self–report data was
suspicious because the students didn 't want to express anger to the experimenter about participating
in the test. But based on behavior scores, people who were ignorant were a lot angrier than the
informed and placebo. From the results, it shows that people will assign an emotion to a physiological
change based on the available emotions in the social situation.
Analysis
In this experiment, Schachter and Singer were able to manipulate the amount of control they had. An
example of this is how they were able to assign different participants to the different conditions. They
were able to

The Importance Of Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )
Emotions comprises of feelings involving physiological responses (sadness, happiness, cry) and
cognitions (assessments of the meaning of emotion, learning about ourselves from our emotions).
Relatedly, intelligence is important as it refers to think and reason about information (Maltby, Day, &
Macaskill, 2013). This essay will discuss whether emotional intelligence (EI) is a set of abilities, or a
mix of abilities and traits.
The Four–Branch model by Salovey and Mayer (1997) consists of four capacities (accurately
perceiving emotions; using emotions to facilitate thinking; understanding emotional meanings;
managing emotions). For example, perceiving emotions, the ability to identify emotions in faces
likely to lead to notice faking of emotional expressions. As skills expand in one area, so will skills in
other areas (understanding emotions and being able to regulate them) (Mayer, Roberts, & Barsade,
2008). The model is measured by Mayer–Salovey–Caruso EI test (MSCEIT); combining eight
individual tasks related to those in the four capacities. Two tasks are used to measure each branch of
the model; Emotional perception is measured by asking participants to recognise emotions in faces
and landscapes. Emotional facilitation is assessed by asking participants to distinguish which
emotions supports which thoughts and activities. Emotional understanding is measured through how
emotions composite – 'which two emotions together are closest to contempt: (a) sadness and fear, or
(b)

Analysis Of The Book ' By Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
There are different levels of feeling emotions especially when they are connected to the person 's life.
In the book, titled Flow by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, writes about how life is meaningful and how we
should take the chances to achieving happiness in it. The book introduces what drives us about how
we feel toward certain objectives. Optimal experience is what gradually leads to flow at some point of
time by staying the flow range. People want to achieve flow no matter how long it lasts. Experiencing
flow is a feeling of brief or long lasting happiness, though the happiness can differ into different
types. During flow, nothing else matters. There are many ways to understand flow and how it relates
to everyday life. Learn what some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can be in the company of other people or not but, can make a difference to the quality of
experience we have; "If we learn to make our relations with others more like flow experiences, our
quality of life as a whole is going to be much improved." (pg.164). Culture seems to play a lot in
optimal experience; "One of the major functions of every culture has been to shield its members from
chaos, to reassure them of their importance and ultimate success." (pg.11). If people start to believe
that the progress is going to happen to matter what, then they can quickly lose courage in the first
signs of adversity. It is not hard to observe these symptoms. Religions are seen to be something as
successful for a short while to help cope with the meaning of life. We fear ourselves, we try to cover it
up by with using many objects and ideas, but also with religion. Crimes, diseases, and many bad acts
are increasing in numbers. We all have a future whether it be tomorrow or the next sixty years of an
individual 's life. Though what can we do to improve our future? One answer to that question is to
become independent of social environment to the degree that we no longer use rewards or
punishments. To achieve this a person has to learn to provide the rewards for them self. There are
many points to make throughout this book; that main point would have to be the human experience of
joy and creativity in which the process is called

Extrinsic Motivation: Questions And Analysis
1. Explain the following terms: Extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation; emotional intelligence; soft
skills; task leadership; and relationship leadership.
Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is deemed the behaviour that is driven by rewards, fame, grades, and praise. This
type of motivation comes from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which
originates inside of the individual (Florida International University, 2017).
Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. In
other words, the motivation to engage in behaviour arises from within the individual because it is
intrinsically rewarding (Ryan and Deci, 1999)
Examples of actions that are the result of intrinsic motivation include:
Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable
Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence is defined as the ability manages your own emotions
and the emotions of others. It is said to include three skills: emotional awareness; the ability to
harness emotions and apply them to tasks like thinking and problem solving; and the ability to
manage emotions, which includes the psychology of emotions (Whitbourne Ph.D., 2017).
Soft skills
Soft skills ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is thought as pleasurable or painful depends of the employee's personality, knowledge, skills,
abilities and experience. The theory also defends the position that an employee's performance, effort
and motivation are linked and together they determine the outcome of acquiring a particular need
(Yourcoach.be, n.d.). A key aspect necessary to understanding the scope of this theory is Expectancy.
Higher the expectancy level is of achieving a goal or acquiring a particular need, so will individual's
effort increase which leads to increase performance (Yourcoach.be,

Biological And Trait Perspectives On The Human Personality
Biological and Trait Perspectives and Explanations of Neuroticism Two perspectives on the human
personality will be explained in the following two sections. The first perspective is the biological
perspective of personality. This perspective focuses largely on the internal genetic makeup of an
individual and the effects this has on his or her personality. The biological perspective is strongly
based on other scientific fields in laboratory or clinical conditions such as biology and biochemistry.
The biological perspective involves intricate and often time–consuming scientific experiments to test
for personality traits and correlations. Evolution is sometimes also mentioned within the biological
perspective in sociobiology. The structure and function of the brain (neurobiology) is also central to
the biological theory of personality. The second perspective to be mentioned is the trait perspective of
personality. According to Costa and McCrae, examination of the trait theory of personality is required
for someone to make sense of the human personality (1998). Two ideas are central to the trait
perspective of personality: A person's behaviors, contemplations, and emotions are relatively stable in
varying situations and with time, and each individual personality is different from all other
personalities (Carver & Sheier, 2012). The trait perspective asserts that personalities are made up of
various traits that vary in degrees of strength. These traits are exemplified on a

Employee Motivation And Motivation Theory
Employees are valuable resources for companies and them could be competitive advantages for
modern companies. It is important for modern companies to improve employee satisfaction and
performance so that they can improve their organisational performance and competitiveness
(Armstrong, 2006). As a result, Employee's motivation management is significantly for companies.
Motivation is a cognitive process to guide, initiate, direct and maintain goal–oriented activities. It can
also be defined as the driving forces directing people's actions (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013).
Employees making contribution for firms because they are motivated by something, such as
successful companies can always identify the factors motivating their employees and conduct
responsive practices to motivate employees to improve performance (Podmoroff, 2005).
Diversity motivation theories explained what motivate people at work, such as extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation theory, Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two–factor theory, equity theory,
expectancy theory, goal–setting theory, and inner work life theory, etc (Huczynski and Buchanan,
2013). People try to explain the motivation concept from the different point of views. These
perspectives can be divided into two types. One is content theories, which focus on goals and needs of
human beings, and the other is process theories which focus on the cognitive and decision–making
process in the mind of people. Every theory has made some contribution

Drinking While Driving
PSYN 101: Introduction to Psychology Dr. Jim Towey
Spring 2013 Student: .
Chapter 12: Motivation & Emotion
1. Motivation is BEST defined as _____. p. 422
a) the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal
b) the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a
goal
c) what makes you do what you do
d) the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same
direction toward a goal
2. Emotion is BEST defined as _____.
a) affective feelings
b) a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions
c) affective responses that are the result of external or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior? p. 423
a) The achievement motive b) The drive reduction motive c) The arousal motive d) The need for self–
actualization
18. Zuckerman's test for sensation seeking measures which of the following characteristics? p. 426
a) Dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose," and intolerance for boredom
b) Thrill seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom
c) Adventurousness, physical prowess, creative morality, and charisma
d) Dangerousness, adventurousness, creativity, and thrill seeking
19. According to Zuckerman, which of the following people will have the MOST difficulty in their
career or home relationships?
a) Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller.
b) Jacob is a high sensation seeker working as a test pilot for the Air Force.
c) Mr. Dudley has a low to moderate need for arousal, Mrs. Dudley has a moderate to low need for
arousal.
d) Peony has a moderate need for arousal, and works as a mail carrier.
20. Sensation seeking is related to _____. p. 425

a) the arousal motive b) the achievement motive c) Maslow's hierarchy of needs d) Zuckerman's
dangerousness model
21. Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____.
a) reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency b) increased behavior efficiency; reduced
behavior efficiency
c) increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior

Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Theories
Cognitive Development Learning Theory which is a theory in the Development Across the Life Span.
Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a
person or some ones behavior. Major Proponents, Jean Piaget. Physical and Cognitive development
tie together in ways and it is important to understand both. Cognitive theory tries to understand your
thought process, this theory has been used to explain mental thought processes as they are influenced
by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Both that will eventually bring about the learning of an
individual. This theory has two theories the Social Cognitive Theory and the Cognitive Behavioral
Theory. Many points and sources of this topic will be discussed. We will talk about the Cognitive
Learning Theory itself and the two other theories along with it. Many questions people may ask are:
what is Cognitive Learning Theory, what is Social Cognitive Theory, what is the theory of learning,
and what kind of place do these things have in our lives? Many culture, ethnicity and race can
influence development. In order to ever fully understand development we need to take the complex
issues associated with human diversity into consideration. Researchers have to look in on diversity for
similarities and differences amongst and around the world. Certain environment stimuli are necessary
for normal development. Keywords: theory, cognitive, social, behavior, development When we think
of learning we

Emotions, Emotion, Grief, Sadness, Anger, Outrage,...
Emotions play a fundamental role in our everyday lives. As human beings we can experience many
emotions throughout the day, for example, we may experience sadness when given bad news, but
experience happiness when given good news. Like most psychological phenomena's, emotions are
recognised fairly easily but are difficult to define. How can we define happiness, sadness or fear in a
way that everyone can agree? According to Hockenbury et al (2007) emotions are "complex
psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological
response, and a behavioural or expressive response." In order to understand fully what emotions are,
researchers have tried to identify the different types of emotions. Eckman (1972) proposed that there
are six basic emotions that are experienced universally by human beings: fear, disgust, anger, surprise,
happiness and sadness. Emotions are key to healthy social and cognitive functioning (Holt et al,
2012). Therefore, there has been numerous research carried out in order to explain emotional
development. In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the different theories of how we
experience emotion. I will be focussing on the James–Lange theory (1884), the Cannon–Bard theory
(1915) and the Schacter–Singer theory (1962). James and Lange (1884) proposed that we experience
emotion because we perceive our body's physiological responses to external events. For example,
instead of

Major Pesonality Theories and Coping Strategies Summary
1. Summarize the key elements of the major personality theories (e.g. type and trait theories,
psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, etc.) discussed in the text.
Personality types are distinct pattern of personality characteristics used to assign people to categories
(Gerrig 407). One of the elements of this theory is that if a person belongs to one type they cannot
belong to any other. When the theory was first established it was believed that people could be
grouped into four categories sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholy, and choleric. In the past it was
believed that these were determined by fluids within the bodies such as blood, phlegm, black bile, and
yellow bile. In today's theory ones personality or temperament are ... Show more content on
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The three are all a part of each individual but are different mental processes within that individual.
The id is defined as the storehouse of the fundamental drives, operating irrationally. This portion of
one's personality is where impulse and immediate gratification arise. Freud stated that the id is
governed by the pleasure principle (Gerrig 417). The superego is the storehouse of an individual's
values including moral attitudes learned from society (Gerrig 417). Unlike the id, which is driven by
impulse, the superego is based on the conscious and responsible thought. This aspect of personality is
the moral compass per say. The ego acts like a mediator between the id and the superego. It arbitrates
the conflict between the impulses of one and the demands of the other. This mental process is
governed by the reality principle, and tries to help determine one's consequences for choosing certain
actions.
3. Explain how IQ is computed. List and describe the theories of intelligence.
The intelligence quotient or IQ is an index derived from standardized tests of intelligence (Gerrig
275). IQ is calculated by taking a person's mental age, which is received from the results of the tests
given, and dividing it by chronological age and then multiplying by 100. The theories of intelligence
are psychometric, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Gardner's multiple intelligences and emotional

Drive Reduction Theory

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