1. The document discusses the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mental health status, specifically depression, anxiety, and stress.
2. Previous research has found mixed results on the association between BMI and mental health, with some studies finding a link between higher BMI and worse mental health outcomes, while others found no relationship.
3. The present study aims to examine the relationship between BMI and mental health status among students at the International Islamic University Malaysia to address limited previous research on this topic within the Malaysian context.
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
A Study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aero...iosrjce
Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic
individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. In 2000, India (31.7 million) topped the world with the highest
number of people with diabetes mellitus followed by China (20.8 million) with the United States (17.7 million)
in second and third place respectively. The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to double globally from 171
million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 with a maximum increase in India..In addition to this, the complications
associated with diabetes is also in the higher rate .
4
The Management of diabetes is most critical part, Lifestyle modifications like dietary modifications, physical
activity like aerobic exercise, some major drugs of diabetes management, insulin therapy, foot care of diabetes
and annual screening. Most of the patients are economically poor. So the researcher found that aerobic exercise
is economical and have lot of health benefits on diabetic patients.
Aim: The aim of study is to check the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aerobic exercise and
practice to maintain blood glucose level among diabetes.
Methodology: The research approach adopted for the present study is an Quantitative research approach and
the design adopted was quasi experimental design. The setting for the study was Crescent Hospital,
Alathur .Palakkad, Kerala. The sample size of the present study was 50, simple random sampling technique was
used to select samples.
Finding: The pre test and post mean value of blood glucose among experimental and control group was
173.2,149.96 &153.16 ,148.92 .The pre test and post mean score of knowledge on practice among
experimental and control group was 11.4,15.08 and 11.04,11.68 .In experimental group the obtained ‘t’value
for the blood glucose was 2.347 and obtained ‘t’value knowledge on practice was 8.742 .The demographic
variables had no association with the post blood glucose value . Conclusion: The present study result shows
the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aerobic exercise in reduction of blood glucose level
among diabetes.
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
A Study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aero...iosrjce
Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic
individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. In 2000, India (31.7 million) topped the world with the highest
number of people with diabetes mellitus followed by China (20.8 million) with the United States (17.7 million)
in second and third place respectively. The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to double globally from 171
million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 with a maximum increase in India..In addition to this, the complications
associated with diabetes is also in the higher rate .
4
The Management of diabetes is most critical part, Lifestyle modifications like dietary modifications, physical
activity like aerobic exercise, some major drugs of diabetes management, insulin therapy, foot care of diabetes
and annual screening. Most of the patients are economically poor. So the researcher found that aerobic exercise
is economical and have lot of health benefits on diabetic patients.
Aim: The aim of study is to check the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aerobic exercise and
practice to maintain blood glucose level among diabetes.
Methodology: The research approach adopted for the present study is an Quantitative research approach and
the design adopted was quasi experimental design. The setting for the study was Crescent Hospital,
Alathur .Palakkad, Kerala. The sample size of the present study was 50, simple random sampling technique was
used to select samples.
Finding: The pre test and post mean value of blood glucose among experimental and control group was
173.2,149.96 &153.16 ,148.92 .The pre test and post mean score of knowledge on practice among
experimental and control group was 11.4,15.08 and 11.04,11.68 .In experimental group the obtained ‘t’value
for the blood glucose was 2.347 and obtained ‘t’value knowledge on practice was 8.742 .The demographic
variables had no association with the post blood glucose value . Conclusion: The present study result shows
the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding aerobic exercise in reduction of blood glucose level
among diabetes.
Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Effects of Substance Abuse...Abilittin James Benitto
Substance abuse has become a major problem in any growing society, the pattern of consumption of medical and non-medical use of drugs by preadolescents, adolescents and young adults, is both complex and changing. It’s mainly due to adventurous and risk-taking behaviours, acceptable to peers, curiosity to acquaint oneself with the ecstatic experiences or due to an inner urge to avoid frustrations and boredom. Substance abuse during secondary schools, colleges and universities is a serious problem in society. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents by evaluating the effectiveness of video assisted teaching module and to find out the association between the pre test level of knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health among adolescence with selected demographic variables. A quasi-experimental pre and post test design without control group with experimental approach was undertaken for this study. 70 adolescence students were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire, it was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows highly significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores and no significant association between the pre test scores when compared
to the demographic variables of adolescence. The researcher concluded that video assisted teaching program was effective in providing the knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents.
Relationship of body mass index, fat and visceral fat among adolescentsSports Journal
In the present study the researcher studied out the correlation of Body mass index, Fat and visceral fat
among adolescents. Data was statically analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Multi
Correlation Coefficient was used (PPMCC). It was find out that body mass index was significantly
correlated with fat and visceral fat and on the other hand fat was also significantly correlated with
visceral fat among adolescents.
Unraveling the mystery behind typical obesity patterns in Asians. Why Asians burn fat sparingly
Why Asian BMI cut-offs are lower than that of western counterparts
This presentation explores the physical inactivity level of Asian females aged 45-54 in England and recommends interventions that can potentially increase PA in the present target population
A Comparative Study Establishing the Importance of Physiotherapeutic Principl...IOSR Journals
This research proposal for PhD studies in Physiotherapy aims towards healthy, happy and independent
geriatric life style. In the past few years the interest in body composition, nutritional status and physical
independence in elderly people has markedly increased because of the increasing number of elderly people in
the general population and its implication for geriatric health care 1-2
. Advancing age results in body
composition changes such as decrease in fat free mass 3-4
, and increase in fat mass 4-6
. Also, the amount of
minerals in the fat free mass changes 7
; as does the ratio of total body water in form of intercellular to
intracellular water 8-12. Geriatric ageing is usually characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,
termed as sarcopenia13. Both physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional intake are the main contributing
factors to sarcopenia and reduction in fat free mass 14-15. These changes have been associated with dramatic
functional decline, physical frailty, falls in elderly and a bad quality of geriatric life 16-18.Until now very few
studies have investigated both the effects of (a) nutritional supplementation and (b) exercises on nutritional
status, body composition and muscular function among geriatric population 19-21.
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition represented by risk factors that affect many people in this generation. Metabolic syndrome is characterized as having three or more of the following conditions; cardiovascular conditions, abdominal visceral fat, increased blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. The research correlates to the objectives of Healthy People’s 2020s mission statement of eliminating health disparities among all and improving quality of life for years to come, metabolic syndrome in particular targets the individuals showing a case of increased weight who later experience health concerns due to obesity.
This research identifies the risks of metabolic syndrome in specifics to African American women; their risks are higher than those of Caucasian women. Although the risks of MS can affect anyone, as this research will present it is more sever in African American women, the condition can be contained with recommended moderate high to low physical activity with duration of 30 minutes 3-5 times a week. The importance of physical activity is highly recommended for those at high risk of metabolic syndrome. This research is important in setting the stage for future intervention to better improve the quality of all individuals facing health concerns related to weight.
Overweight and Medical Condition in US : 3 Factors that affect Childhood obe...Sumit Roy
Obesity and the risk of being overweight, leads to not only chronic medical condition, but also makes an individual susceptible to many kinds of conditions. The paper from American heart foundation. shares numbers that are quite frightning
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Effects of Substance Abuse...Abilittin James Benitto
Substance abuse has become a major problem in any growing society, the pattern of consumption of medical and non-medical use of drugs by preadolescents, adolescents and young adults, is both complex and changing. It’s mainly due to adventurous and risk-taking behaviours, acceptable to peers, curiosity to acquaint oneself with the ecstatic experiences or due to an inner urge to avoid frustrations and boredom. Substance abuse during secondary schools, colleges and universities is a serious problem in society. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents by evaluating the effectiveness of video assisted teaching module and to find out the association between the pre test level of knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health among adolescence with selected demographic variables. A quasi-experimental pre and post test design without control group with experimental approach was undertaken for this study. 70 adolescence students were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire, it was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows highly significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores and no significant association between the pre test scores when compared
to the demographic variables of adolescence. The researcher concluded that video assisted teaching program was effective in providing the knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents.
Relationship of body mass index, fat and visceral fat among adolescentsSports Journal
In the present study the researcher studied out the correlation of Body mass index, Fat and visceral fat
among adolescents. Data was statically analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Multi
Correlation Coefficient was used (PPMCC). It was find out that body mass index was significantly
correlated with fat and visceral fat and on the other hand fat was also significantly correlated with
visceral fat among adolescents.
Unraveling the mystery behind typical obesity patterns in Asians. Why Asians burn fat sparingly
Why Asian BMI cut-offs are lower than that of western counterparts
This presentation explores the physical inactivity level of Asian females aged 45-54 in England and recommends interventions that can potentially increase PA in the present target population
A Comparative Study Establishing the Importance of Physiotherapeutic Principl...IOSR Journals
This research proposal for PhD studies in Physiotherapy aims towards healthy, happy and independent
geriatric life style. In the past few years the interest in body composition, nutritional status and physical
independence in elderly people has markedly increased because of the increasing number of elderly people in
the general population and its implication for geriatric health care 1-2
. Advancing age results in body
composition changes such as decrease in fat free mass 3-4
, and increase in fat mass 4-6
. Also, the amount of
minerals in the fat free mass changes 7
; as does the ratio of total body water in form of intercellular to
intracellular water 8-12. Geriatric ageing is usually characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,
termed as sarcopenia13. Both physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional intake are the main contributing
factors to sarcopenia and reduction in fat free mass 14-15. These changes have been associated with dramatic
functional decline, physical frailty, falls in elderly and a bad quality of geriatric life 16-18.Until now very few
studies have investigated both the effects of (a) nutritional supplementation and (b) exercises on nutritional
status, body composition and muscular function among geriatric population 19-21.
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition represented by risk factors that affect many people in this generation. Metabolic syndrome is characterized as having three or more of the following conditions; cardiovascular conditions, abdominal visceral fat, increased blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. The research correlates to the objectives of Healthy People’s 2020s mission statement of eliminating health disparities among all and improving quality of life for years to come, metabolic syndrome in particular targets the individuals showing a case of increased weight who later experience health concerns due to obesity.
This research identifies the risks of metabolic syndrome in specifics to African American women; their risks are higher than those of Caucasian women. Although the risks of MS can affect anyone, as this research will present it is more sever in African American women, the condition can be contained with recommended moderate high to low physical activity with duration of 30 minutes 3-5 times a week. The importance of physical activity is highly recommended for those at high risk of metabolic syndrome. This research is important in setting the stage for future intervention to better improve the quality of all individuals facing health concerns related to weight.
Overweight and Medical Condition in US : 3 Factors that affect Childhood obe...Sumit Roy
Obesity and the risk of being overweight, leads to not only chronic medical condition, but also makes an individual susceptible to many kinds of conditions. The paper from American heart foundation. shares numbers that are quite frightning
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
E D I T O R I A LInvited Commentary Childhood and Adolesc.docxbrownliecarmella
E D I T O R I A L
Invited Commentary: Childhood and Adolescent Obesity:
Psychological and Behavioral Issues in Weight Loss Treatment
David B. Sarwer • Rebecca J. Dilks
Received: 5 May 2011 / Accepted: 11 May 2011 / Published online: 31 May 2011
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The prevalence of childhood and adolescent
obesity has tripled in the past three decades. This increase
has been accompanied by a dramatic rise in obesity-related
health complications among American youth. Thus, many
obese youth are now experiencing illnesses that will
threaten their life expectancy in the absence of significant
weight loss. Despite these concerns, a relatively modest
body of research has focused on the treatment of adolescent
obesity. Results from trials investigating the efficacy of
behavioral and pharmacological treatments, like studies of
these interventions with adults, suggest that individuals
typically lose 5–10% of their initial weight. Unfortunately,
weight regain is common. Given the increase in the number
of obese adolescents, coupled with the modest results from
more conservative treatment approaches, it is not surprising
that bariatric surgery for adolescents who suffer from
extreme obesity has grown in popularity. The weight losses
after surgery are impressive and many adolescents, like
adults, experience significant improvements in their phys-
ical and mental health postoperatively. However, only a
small fraction of adolescents and adults who are heavy
enough for bariatric surgery present for surgical treatment.
Among those who undergo surgery, a significant minority
appear to struggle with a number of behavioral and psy-
chosocial issues that threaten their lifelong success. With
all of this in mind, the current obesity problem in the
United States and other Westernized countries likely will
present a significant challenge to both current and future
medical and mental health professionals who work with
adolescents and young adults.
The Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Problem
Obesity is a growing problem among America’s youth. The
rate of obesity or overweight ([95th percentile for age and
gender) has doubled among children and tripled among
adolescents over the last 20 years (Ogden et al. 2002). The
most recent data suggests that 31% of children in the United
States are currently overweight or obese (Ogden et al. 2010),
which translates into approximately 5 million children.
Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that 4% of American
children and adolescents are above the 99th percentile and,
thus, are extremely obese (Freedman et al. 2007). This
percentage is larger than the number of American youth
affected by cancer, cystic fibrosis, HIV and type I diabetes
mellitus combined (Freedman et al. 2007).
Instead of using the term ‘‘obesity’’ with children and
adolescents, several authorities recommend using the
Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) BMI tables
(Kuczmarski et.
Physical Activity during Pregnancy and the Effect on Mothers and Fet.docxmattjtoni51554
Physical Activity during Pregnancy and the Effect on Mothers and Fetal Health
Abstract
1.2 Introduction:
Physical activity is an essential role that all people should engaged, aerobic and muscle strength exercises are an easy to do where the benefits of it are great, prevention, treatment of disease and keeping fit in all stage of life even in pregnancy period and this exercises can be modify to suit physical condition of the pregnant womens
Pregnancy is a blessing from Allah that every woman wishes. Pregnancy it’s condition that many changes it happened on women bodies from the day of fertilization to the day after delivery of the baby and the popular effect in women bodies it’s the increment of body weight, as it's known that many women they didn’t control them weight and they become overweight or obese, in this condition the pregnant woman she will be in danger, many diseases start with increase of the body weight and it may lead to a serious health problems. Without controlling the body weight increment, woman with a normal weight it may become an overweight or even obese.
In general overweight and obesity one of prevalence public issue that affect many countries in the world where it’s observe in all ages, adults, adolescents, and children it maybe became a global epidemic , the impact of this issue has a strong relationship with mortality and morbidity also this relationship have been known for more than 2000 between health professionals[1-2]. body mass index (BMI) is the way that give a right measurement for the total body fat compare with body weight, the method for calculation by determining the body weight in kilogram and divide it by height in meter squared, this way determine the degree of overweight easy with a reliable number.
There are interventions that can control the body weight before pregnancy period, during pregnancy period and after it, but the most important intervention that we will cover it’s the physical activity or exercise and the advantages for this intervention on the mother health and the outcome also the disadvantages that it can happen if available.
Physical activity and exercise has a great impact on health status, where there are many study done to prove this relation. where health outcome in people with physical inactivity is a major problem in the world and specially in developed countries. In worldwide physical inactivity appear in a huge number where one out of every five adults is physically inactive and the long period of sitting independent show that is a risk factor for mortality[3]
The healthy body weight in pregnancy it depends on the body mass index (BMI) so the WHO classify the BMI into four categories underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5-24.99 kg/m2, overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2 [4-5]. With this category, recognizing every case will be easy and right grouping will be more accurate.
all pregnant women are included in all age and different country.
Barriers and facilitators for regular physical exercise among adult females n...Dr. Anees Alyafei
What stimulates and prevents females from regular physical exercise. Updated Comprehensive narrative review.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341220204_Citation_AlYafei_A_Albaker_W_2020_Barriers_and_Facilitators_for_Regular_Physical_Exercise_among_Adult_Females_Narrative_Review_2020
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
1. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 2
The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Mental Health Status
1.0 Introduction
Nowadays, in the developing countries obesity can be represented as a major public health
problem (Doll, Petersen & Steward-Brown, 2000). As reported by World Health Organization
(WHO) in 2013, the numbers of people in the state of overweight and obesity are estimated to be
1.4 billion adults with over 200 million men and 300 million women approximately. According
to Marylin, Malaysia ranked top of the obese country in Southeast Asia (Hazim, Hartini &
Shamsuddin, 2014). Based on the quality-studies, overweight and obesity levels were highest
among people in the age between 40 to 59 years old of adult (Khambalia & Seen, 2010). Higher
BMI increased vascular mortality, while lower BMI increased deaths from vascular diseases,
cancers, and, especially, respiratory diseases (Hong, Yi, & Sull, 2015). Obesity is defined as a
condition of excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, which may affect physical health
(Jokela, 2012). In term of Body Mass Index (BMI), obesity is defined when someone has BMI
reading 30kg/m2 and over (Lee & Yen, 2014).
Zivin et al. (2009) reported the number of cases related to mental health problems among
people are increasing every year (Che, Asbah & Rajalingam, 2013). World Health Organization
reported that up to 450 million people suffer from a mental disorder. Plus, four out of six people
suffered from neuropsychiatric disorders (WHO, 2003). It has been reported that nowadays,
Malaysian teenagers experienced a quite high rates of mental health problems and it can be seen
from the percentage of emotional problems is 49% and aggressiveness is 41% (Teoh, Woo &
Chong, n.d). A survey report by National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 stated that, among
the adults (16 years and above) experienced 1.7% (0.3 million) have Generalised Anxiety
2. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 3
Disorders, 1.8% (0.3 million) have current depression, 1.7% (0.3 million) have suicidal ideation
and 1.1% (0.2 million) reported to have attempted suicide in the past (NHMS, 2011). A report
from Ministry of Health Malaysia demonstrated that about 11% of Malaysian in the age between
18 to 60 experienced mental health illness such as stress, anxiety and depression (Malaysian
Welfare Report) (Laporan Kesejahteraan Rakyat Malaysia, 2013). The example of mental health
diseases are depression, anxiety and stress (Mumford, Liu, Hair & Yu, 2013). Jokela (2012)
reported that depression and anxiety are part of the dangerous mental illnesses that can affect our
community nowadays.
Previous research shows obesity has a positive association with the level of mental health
in an individual. Mumford et al. (2013) stated that obesity can lead someone into depression. In
addition, Becker, Margraf, Turke, Soder, and Neumer (2001) reported that obesity can increase
the rates mental disorder of “unhealthy BMI” person especially in anxiety disorder. Furthermore,
Baumeister and Harter (2007) verified there is association between body weight and stress as
they found out people who were in the state of obese experienced the most frequent mental
health occurrence reported such as mood, anxiety and somatoform disorders. Nonetheless,
according to Barber, Bayer and Pietrzak, (2011), there was no relationship between obesity and
mental health.
Hence, this study plans to examine the relationship between BMI and mental health status
in term of depression, anxiety and stress. This present research is to find out whether body
weight can contribute the changes in term of mental health status within the Malaysian context.
3. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 4
1.1 Statement of Problem
As mentioned by Marylin, Malaysia ranked as the most obese country in Southeast Asia, and
followed by the Asia-Pacific in the sixth rank. (Hazim et al., 2014). World Health Organization
(2000) recorded among adults aged 18 to 60 years in Malaysia, 4.7% of men and 7.9% of women
were found to have BMI above 30. Indian population shows more serious overweight and
obesity problem which are 17.7%, compared to Malay which are 8.8% and Chinese, 4.3% (p.
30). A lot of researches stated that obesity can lead to several numbers of mental health problems
(Lee et al., 2014; Doll et al., 2000; Mumford, Liu, Hair & Yu, 2013). For example, psychological
status which is significant with the unhealthy weight are depression (Mumford, 2013; Lee et al.,
2014; Mukamal, Kawachi, Miller & Rimm, 2007) as well as anxiety (Lee et al., 2014; Mumford
et al., 2013; Mukamal et al., 2007; Zhao, Ford, Dhingra, Li1, Strine & Mokdad, 2009) and stress
(Lee et al., 2014; Mumford et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2009).
According to those past researches, it is proved that obesity is among the major issues
that may risk the status of mental health. Taking care of physical health especially in term of
body weight is one of essential aspects in order to maintain individual mental well-being. Thus,
in order to sustain the status of mental health, individual should keep their body weight in the
state of “healthy weight”. However, there are limited number of studies regarding body mass
index and mental health status within the Malaysian context. In response to this problem, this
present study propose to investigate the issue of obesity in relation with the status of mental
health. Hence, this research is design to discover the association between body mass index and
mental health status within Malaysian context.
4. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 5
1.2 Significance of the study
The present research is important to be conducted because it can provide the information
regarding the issue of body weight and mental health status. Furthermore, as there was a few
numbers of researches has been conducted which examine the relationship between BMI and
mental health in the context of Malaysia, therefore, this study will review on this particular
relationship specifically in the population of International Islamic University Malaysia. As a
result of discovering this particular topics, solutions can be proposed to remedy this problem,
ensuring people know the importance of keeping an ideal weight in order to sustain mental
health well-being. This study would be expected to create the awareness on the importance of
taking care their physical body to avoid negative influences on mental health.
1.3 ResearchObjective
This study aimed to examine the following:-
1.3.1 The association between BMI and mental health status which includes depression,
anxiety and stress among IIUM students.
1.3.2 The level of mental health status of IIUM students.
5. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 6
1.4 ResearchQuestion
This present study aims to answer the following research question:
1. What are the level of BMI among IIUM students?
2. What are the level of mental health status among IIUM students?
3. What are the relationship between BMI and mental health status among IIUM students?
4. Is there any significant differences between the “healthy BMI group” and the “unhealthy
BMI group” in term of mental health status?
2.0 Literature Review
2.0.1 BMI and depression
According to past researches, it showed higher rates of obesity in persons with depression (Pratt
& Brody, 2014). According to Pratt and Brody (2014), in 2005–2010, 34.6% of U.S. adults aged
20 and over were obese and 7.2% had depression. A study conducted by Mumford et al. (2013)
among adults found out that, individuals who were in the state of obese may experience
depression. In addition, Lykouras & Michopoulos (2011) also stated that normally, obesity will
be accompanied with depression, low self-esteem, hard to adjust themselves with society and
interpersonal problem.
On the other hand, there are also researches that found out depression can lead to obesity
which turns the other way round. A study conducted by Needham, Epel, Adler & Kiefe (2010) in
order to see the association between depressions and the changes of body weight. Result showed
that respondents who already with higher levels of depressive symptoms, experienced a quicker
rate of raising in BMI than those who reported fewer symptoms of depression. Another research
6. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 7
proved depression can lead someone to obese was conducted by Maguen, Madden and
Bertenthal (2013). The study had been conducted among Iraqi and Afghanistan veterans. The
finding showed that veterans with depression were at the highest risk to either be obese without
weight loss or overweight or obese and continuing to gain weight. Moreover, people in the state
of depression may gain weight faster than people who are not in the state of depression (Ladwig,
2006).
On top of that, there were also differences of the findings between BMI and mental health
in term of gender. According to Zhao et al. (2009), men who underweight were 85% more likely
have diagnosed depression during their lives, and those who had BMI > 40 kg/m2 (severely
obese), 38% of them are more likely experience current depression, 40% more likely have
lifetime diagnosed depression and 42% more likely have lifetime diagnosed anxiety. Meanwhile,
obese women also show correlation with depression (Baumeister & Harter, 2007). A research
conducted by Zhao et al. (2009) stated those who had BMI more than 25kg/m2 (overweight and
obesity) experienced higher prevalence of depression than men. Moreover, among the women
who are either overweight or obese, 17 to 31% more likely experience current depression and
17% to 53% more likely have diagnosed depression.
The link between BMI and depression also showed differences in term of ethnic group.
According to Mumford et al. (2013), non-Hispanic whites had the lowest occurrence of current
depression yet, the highest occurrence of lifetime diagnosed depression. For non-Hispanic
blacks, it was reported that they had the lowest prevalence of lifetime diagnosed depression and
anxiety (Mumford et al., 2013).
7. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 8
2.0.2 BMI and anxiety
Another symptom of mental health which may have correlation with body weight is anxiety. A
longitudinal study had been conducted at Germany to investigate the prevalence rates of mental
disorder in obese people compared with physically healthy people by Baumeister and Harter in
2007. The study found out people who were in the state of obese experienced the most frequent
mental health incidence reported such as mood, anxiety and somatoform disorders. In term of
prevalence rates, overweight individuals got less rates compared to obese individuals. Moreover,
as compared to healthy probands, overweight and obese individuals were more likely display
more than one mental disorder. In short, according to this research there was a strong
relationship between obesity and mental disorder. Besides that, there was also another cross-
sectional research that examined the relationship of body mass index and anxiety by
Hatzenbuehler, Keyes and Hasin (2009). A study that had been conducted among US adults who
were in the state of overweight and obesity. The result demonstrated that obesity was
significantly associated with mental health such as anxiety and stress (Hatzenbuehler et al.,
2009). Another research that sought to ascertain the relationship of BMI and anxiety can be seen
in the research of Puhl and Heuer in 2009. The research was conducted upon US adults.
According to Puhl and Heuer (2009), when someone being discriminated for being obese, it was
significantly associated with mood and anxiety disorder and also other mental health issues such
as stress.
Other than that, the relationship of BMI and anxiety can be seen in term of gender. A
research conducted at United States of America (USA) by Zhao et al. (2009) sought to examine
the association of anxiety with body mass index with consideration of other psychosocial factors.
There was a significant relationship between anxiety and BMI in this study. The result was
8. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 9
varied by gender. In both male and female, anxiety is higher in both genders who were
underweight. Whereas, for overweight and obese the result showed higher only in women and
for severely obese, the rates of anxiety showed higher in men only (Zhao et al., 2009). Men tend
to experience anxiety disorder when they were in the state of underweight (Puhl & Heuer,
2010).Similarly, Puhl & Heuer (2010) also proved there was variety result in term of gender.
Puhl & Heuer (2010) stated that obese women are more socially discriminated than men which
may risk them to anxiety disorder.
Nonetheless, there was less numbers of studies conducted to scrutinize the influence of
anxiety on body weight. A future research should be conducted in order to analyze this
correlation.
2.0.3 BMI and stress
Stress is one of mental health that is going to be examine in this present research. Stress can be
seen into numbers of types and condition. As reported by Shaley (2009), there are differences
between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and stress. PTSD is one of mental health illnesses
that should be treated where it had been listed in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Whereas, Posttraumatic Stress (PTS) or stress is a common
responses when someone experiences stressful events. Stress also one of mental health
conditions that seemed to have correlations with body mass index. There are a lot of perceptions
and perspectives whether stress may influence the weight gain among people.
According to American Psychological Association (APA) survey, about one-fourth
Americans rate their stress level to the point scale of 8 to 10. As reported in the Hazard Health
9. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 10
Publications (2012), there is relationship between stress and appetite which may lead to obesity.
Physiologically, stress can both increase and decrease appetite of an individual. If someone
experience a temporary stress, it may shut down appetite as a hormone named corticotropin
which was released from hypothalamus, which suppresses appetite. In contrast, if stress
happened persistently, it may increase one’s appetite and arise the motivation to eat as a hormone
named cortisol was released from adrenal glands (http://www.health.harvard.edu, 2012).
Therefore, this situation might be the reason of BMI trajectory in an individual.
Numerous studies have documented associations between obesity and various forms of
psychological distress (Luppino, deWit, Bouvy, Stiinen & Cuiipers, 2010). A research conducted
by Pagoto, Schneider and Bodenlos in 2012. This research aimed to examine the relationship
between PTSD and obesity of the US population. Among 20,013 participants, the highest rate of
obesity was among people with past year PTSD (32.6%), following with people with history of
PTSD which is (25.5%) and those with no PTSD (24.1%) (Pagoto et al., 2012). Therefore, it was
proved that PTSD may lead to obesity. Additionally, as reported by Kubzansky, Bordelois and
Jun (2014), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may give a possible factor for weight gain and
also obesity. This symptom could lead the weight gain faster and may increase risk of obesity in
women. Plus, greater numbers of PTSD symptoms were associated with greater BMI increases
over time. The result was equivalent with the study conducted at Virginia among 252 male
veterans by Vieweg, Fernandez, Julius, Satterwhite and Benesek in 2006. This research was to
examine the BMI among PTSD veterans. The result demonstrated there was positive relationship
between BMI and PTSD. It showed that veterans with PTSD tend to gain weight and, to be
overweight (37%) or obese (39.7%) and severely obese (6.7%) (Vieweg et al., 2006). Therefore,
from those retrospective researches, it showed that there are high correlation between PTSD and
10. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 11
obesity in an individual. Furthermore, another study that may prove PTSD has a high correlation
with obesity is from a study by Perkonigg, Toshimi, and Stein (2009) which has been conducted
in Germany. This study aim to scrutinize the association between PTSD and obesity among
adults. The finding showed there was association adults with a lifetime PTSD with obesity.
Other than PTSD, psychosocial stress may also lead someone in gaining a high BMI. A
research by Dallman (2010) which has been conducted at San Francisco sought to examine the
relationship of stress toward obesity. In this study, Dallman (2010) stated that stress can arise
eating behaviors and this situation may lead to obesity among people. It was also reported that
stress can influence eating pattern of a person. In the other word, stress can incline the
motivation of someone to eat often. In addition, Dallman (2010) also found out that stress can
also cause the secretion of glucocorticoids, a hormone which can incline appetite hence lead one
to obese. The result demonstrated that people who are overweight at the first place tend to
experience weight gain when stress. . In contrast, those people with underweight do not
experience the same situation (Dallman, 2010). Besides that, there was a study that has been
conducted in US to see the relationship of psychosocial stress and the changes of BMI among
adults by Block, Yulei, Zaslavsky, Lin, and Ayanian in 2009. This longitudinal study assessed
from 1995 to 2004 and sought to determine the level of BMI in term of gender. This particular
study measured the changes of body weight by numerous domains which are psychosocial stress
related to work, personal relationships, life constraints, and finances. The result showed that
psychosocial stress has a high correlation with inclination of body weight for both gender.
However, women had higher level of psychological stress compared to men (Block et al., 2009).
There were differences finding on the association PTSD and obesity between male and
female. According to Perkonigg et al. in 2009, it was reported that there was a significant
11. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 12
association between obesity threshold lifetimes PTSD among women. Perkonigg et al. (2009)
also reported that women with PTSD tend to obese rather than men. However, men tend to
overweight rather than women.
On the other hand, there was difference result in term of relationship of BMI and mental
health status according to Barber et al. (2011). Barber et al. (2011) conducted a study on sample
of Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans which examined the relationship between weight and
trajectory of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, the result showed there were no
relationship between obesity and mental health.
Nevertheless, there was very few research that studied the other way round which is to
see the influences of obesity toward stress. A future research need to be conducted in order to
verify this association.
2.1 Conceptual Definition
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI) or also known as body weight is a formula to measure the ideal body
mass by calculating weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (WHO, 2003).
Mental Health Status
According to WHO, mental health is defined as when someone is in a good state of well-being
and can understand the potential in himself. In addition, it is also when someone can handle his
12. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 13
or her stressful life and can work productively thus he can contribute his potential to the
community (WHO, 2003).
Meanwhile, mental health status is defined as the level of the mental health itself. For
example, the level of depression which has been evaluated by using DASS21 scale. The higher
the result of depression scale, the lower the level of mental health status Nurasikin, Aini, Aida, &
Ng (2010). As a result, a low level of mental health can risk someone to experience mental
health illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and many more (Tran, Tran & Fisher,
2013).
Depression
The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack
of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia (Willemsen, Markey, Declercq & Vanheule,
2010).
Anxiety
The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and
subjective experience of anxious affect (Willemsen et al., 2010).
Stress
The stress scale is sensitive to levels of chronic non-specific arousal. It assesses difficulty
relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset/agitated, irritable/over-reactive and impatient.
(Willemsen et al., 2010).
13. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 14
2.2 Operational Definition
Body Mass Index (BMI)
According to World Health Organization, BMI is categorized into four groups which are
underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. Underweight is defined as BMI below 18.5,
normal weight between 18.5 and 24.9, overweight between 25 and 29.9, and obesity as BMI of
30 or higher. Therefore, obesity is defined when an individual’s BMI is more than 30kg/m2.
Mental health status
Mental health status will be measured by using DASS21. This scale was made by
Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995. In this scale, mental health is being measured in term of
depression, anxiety and stress.
According to the scale, items that evaluate depression are items number 2 (dryness of my
mouth), 4 (breathing difficulty), 7 (trembling), 9 (fool myself), 15 (panic), 19 (heartbeat) and 20
(scared). Next, items 3 (permissive), 5 (difficult to initiate things), 10 (demotivated), 13 (down-
hearted), 16 (not enthusiastic), 17(feel worthless) and 21(meaningless life) are to evaluate
anxiety. Meanwhile, stress are being evaluate from the item 1 (calm down), 6 (over-react), 8
(nervous), 11 (agitated), 12 (difficult to relax), 14 (intolerant), and 18 (touchy) (Pouralkhas,
Rajabi & Pishgar, 2012).
The result of DASS21 scale will be referred in order to determine the status of mental
health. If the score of mental health in term of depression, anxiety and stress are high therefore
the worse mental health status will be considered.
14. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 15
2.3 Theoretical framework
This present research sought to determine whether body mass index may influence the status of
mental health in an individual among students of International Islamic University Malaysia
(IIUM). It is based on the three construct of distress of DASS by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995)
which are depression, anxiety and stress. This study will sought to see mental health changes due
to the factor of body weight. For example, BMI more than 30kg/m2 will lead to low level of
mental health status. The relationship are important in order to understand that body weight may
lead the changes of individual level of mental health. Therefore, the hypothesis for this present
study to determine if there is any relationship between BMI and mental health status would be
there is relationship between BMI and mental health status in term of depression, anxiety and
stress.
3.0 Method and Procedures
Research Design
This study will use quantitative research design and correlation design to examine the
relationship between BMI and mental health status.
Participants
The participants of this research will be enrolled from undergraduate student of International
Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and the participant will be recruited by using random
sampling design. There are 200 students between the ages of 20 to 26 years old.
15. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 16
Procedures
The study will be divided into two parts: data collection part and data analysis part. Before
collecting the data, participants will be given informed consent form. Participants also will be
informed that they have rights to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once it
has started. Participants also will be briefed that their details and information are private and
confidential. After that, the researcher will collect the BMI data by taking self-report from the
participants itself and distributing DASS 21 to the participants afterwards. After data collection
finished, the researchers will analyze the data by using Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS).
Measure
Body Mass Index (BMI)
The participants’ BMI will be collected by self-report during the fill-up of demographic data
process. BMI is categorized into four groups which are underweight, normal weight, overweight,
and obese. Underweight is defined as BMI below 18.5, normal weight between 18.5 and 24.9,
overweight between 25 and 29.9, and obesity as BMI of 30 or higher.
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS21)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21) will be used in this research. This scale is
suitable to use as it has been used before and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of each
subscale is high (DASS21-D subscale 0.72; DASS21-A subscale 0.77; and DASS21-subscale
16. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 17
0.70). The overall score, which includes all items, also had high consistency (Cronbach’s alpha =
0.88) (Tran, Tran & Fisher, 2013).
DASS 21 is a brief version the scale of DASS 42 which measures depression, anxiety and
stress emotional states over the past week. DASS 21 contains 21 items which used four-point
evaluation scale (0: Did not apply to me at all, 1: Applied to me to some degree, or some of the
time, 2: Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time, 3: Applied to me very
much, or most of the time) to assess the level of mental health status which focus more on
depression, anxiety and stress. In order to obtain the scores of the depression, anxiety and stress
scale, the relevant of seven items should be sum up. The higher the scores, the severe the
emotional status. The samples of the items are ‘I felt that I had nothing to look forward to’
(depression) ‘I was aware of dryness of my mouth’ (anxiety) and ‘I found it difficult to relax’
(stress) (Meredith, Strong & Feeney, 2007).
Instead of DASS42, the present study will use DASS21 as the inventory as is shorter and
may reduce the administration of time which make it convenience to be answered by the
participants. Moreover, DASS21 always being administered by psychologists or clinicians via
pencil-and-paper questionnaires or structured clinical interviews (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, &
Swinson, 1998) to examine the level of mental health, specifically depression, anxiety and stress
(Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).
17. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 18
Data Analysis
This research will be analyze by using SPSS according to the variables itself which are
BMI and mental health status (depression, anxiety and stress). The data analysis will be
conducted in accordance to the research questions.
Descriptive statistics will be used to identify the frequency of general information such as
gender, age, marriage status and others. Moreover, the data of mental health status as a result of
DASS21 also will be used descriptive statistics. In addition, Pearson Correlation will be used to
analysis the relationship between BMI and mental health status. Furthermore, T-Test will be
used to analyze the significant differences between the “healthy BMI group” and the “unhealthy
BMI group” in term of mental health status.
18. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 19
References
Anonymous (2012). Why stress causes people to overeat. Retrieved March 28, 2015, from
http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/why-stress-causes-people-to-overeat
Anonymous (n.d). Mentalhealth.gov. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from
http://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health/index.html
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric
properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in
clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181.
Barber, J., Bayer, L., Pietrzak, R. H., & Sanders, K. A. (2011). Assessment of rates of
overweight and obesity and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in
a sample of operation enduring freedom/operation Iraqi freedom veterans. Military
Medicine, 176 (2), 151-155.
Baumeister, H. & Harter, M. (2007). Mental disorders in patients with obesity in comparison with
healthy probands. International Journal of Obesity, 31, 1155–1164.
Becker, E. S., Margraf, J., Turke, V., Soder, U., & Neumer, S. (2010). Obesity and Mental
Illness in a Representative Sample of Young Women. International Journal of Obesity,
25, 1, S5–S9.
Block, J. P., Yulei. H., Zaslavsky, A. M., Lin, D., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2009). Psychosocial stress
and change in weight among us adults. American Journal of Epidemiology Advance
Access, 1-12.
19. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 20
Che, R. A., Asbah, R., & Rajalingam, P. (2013). Promoting positive mental health among
students in Malaysia. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2 (2), 2013, pp. 73-82.
Dallman, M. F. (2010). Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends
Endocrinol Metab, 21 (3), 159-165.
Doll, H. A., Sophie E. K. Petersen, S. E. K., & Stewart-Brown., S. L. (2000). Obesity and
Physical and Emotional Well-Being: Associations between Body Mass Index, Chronic
Illness, and the Physical and Mental Components of the SF-36 Questionnaire. Obesity
Research, 8, 160-170.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Associations between perceived
weight discrimination and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general
population. Obesity (Silver Spring), 17(11), 2033–2039.
Hong, S., Yi, S. W., Sull, J. W., Hong, J. S., Jee. S. H., & Ohrr, H. (2015). Body Mass Index and
Mortality among Korean Elderly in Rural Communities: Kangwha Cohort Study.
PlosOne, 10 (2), 1-12.
Jokela, M. (2012). Obesity and common mental disorders: Examination of the association using
alternative longitudinal models in the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. University
College London Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. 2-194.
Kesejahteraan Malaysia (2013). Laporan Kesejahteraan Rakyat Malaysia 2013. Ministry of
Health Malaysia. Archived from http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/38232c9b-
7f9c-4f2d-a7bc-fcf8959fd2f2.
20. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 21
Khambalia, A. Z., & Seen. L. S. (2010). Trends in overweight and obese adults in Malaysia
(1996-2009): a systematic review. Obesity reviews, 11, 403-412.
Kubzansky, L. D., Bordelois, P., Jun, H. J., Roberts, A. L., Cerda, M., Bluestone, N., Koenen, K.
C. (2014). The weight of traumatic stress a prospective study of posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms and weight status in women. JAMA Psychiatry. 71 (1), 44-51.
Ladwig, K. H., Mittag, B. M., Lo¨wel1, H., Do¨ring, A., & Wichmann, H. E. (2006). Synergistic
effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese
men and women: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998.
International Journal of Obesity, 30, 1408–1414.
Lee, J. I., & Yen, C. F. (2014). Associations between Body Weight and Depression, Social
Phobia, Insomnia, and Self-Esteem among Taiwanese Adolescents. Kaohsiung Journal
of Medical Sciences, 30, 625-630.
Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress Scales.
Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
Luppino, F. S., deWit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stiinen, T., Cuiipers, P., Penninx, B. W., Zitman, F.
G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of
longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67 (3), 220-229.
Lykouras, L. & Michopoulos, J. (2011). Anxiety disorders and obesity. Psychiatriki, 22, 307–
313.
21. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 22
Maguen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B., Bertenthal, D., & Neylan, T. (2013). The relationship
between body mass index and mental health among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.
J Gen Intern Med, 28, S563–70.
Mental health: A state of well-being. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2015, from
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/
Meredith, P. J., Strong. J., & Feeney, J. A. (2007). Evidence of a relationship between adult
attachment and appraisals of chronic pain. Pain Res Manage, 10 (4), 191-200.
Hazim, M. N., Hartini, A., & Shamsuddin, B. (2014). Effectiveness of passive hydrotherapy in
the treatment of obese Malaysian. Social Sciences Research ICSSR 2014, 249-253.
Mukamal, K. J., Kawachi, I., Miller, M., & Rimm, E. B. (2007). Body Mass Index and Risk of
Suicide among Men. Arch Intern Med, 167, 468-475.
Mumford, E. A., Liu, W., Hair, E. C., & Yu, T. C. (2013). Concurrent Trajectories of BMI and
Mental Health Patterns in Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Social Science and
Medicine, 98, 1-7.
Needham, B. L., Epel, N. E., Adler, N. E., & Kiefe, C. (2010). Trajectories of change in obesity
and symptoms of depression: the CARDIA study. Am J Public Health, 100 (6), 1040–
1046.
Nurasikin, M. S., Aini, A., Aida, S. A. A., & Ng, C. G. (2010). Validity and reliability of the
Malay version of Duke University religion index (DUREL-M) among a group of nursing
student. MJP Online Early, 1-5.
22. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 23
Pagoto, S. L., Schneider, K. L., Bodenlos, J. S., Appelhans, B. M., Whited, M. C., Yunsheng.
M., & and Lemon, S. C. (2012). Association of post-traumatic stress disorder and obesity
in a nationally representative sample. www.obesityjournal.org, 20 (1), 200-205.
Perkonigg, A., Toshimi, O., Stein, M. B., Kirschbaum, C., & Wittchen, H. U. (2009).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and obesity evidence for a risk association. American
Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36 (1), 1-8.
Pouralkhas. S., Rajabi. S., & Pishgar, A. (2012). Investigating the rate of Quran reciting by
Persian language and literature students in comparison with students of other fields and
its effect on depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,
3 (5), 1004-1008.
Pratt, L. A., & Body, D. J. (2014). Depression and Obesity in the U.S. Adult Household
Population, 2005–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center
for Health Statistics, 167, 1-8.
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). Obesity Stigma: A review and update. Obesity, 17, 941-964.
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health.
American Journal of Public Health. 2 (6), 1019-1028.
Shaley, A. Y. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress related disorders. Psychiatr
Clin North A, 32 (3), 687-704.
Teoh, H. J., Woo, P. J., & Cheong, S. K. (n.d). Malaysian youth mental health and well-being
survey. 1-9.
23. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 24
Tran, T. D., Tran, T. & Fisher, J. (2013). Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales
(DASS) 21 as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in a rural community-
based cohort of northern Vietnamese women. BMC Psychiatry. 1-7.
Vieweg, W. V. R., Fernandez, A., Julius, D. A., Satterwhite, L., Benesek, J., Feuer, S. J.,
Oldham, R., & Pandurangi, A. K. (2006). Body Mass Index Relates to Males with
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98, 580-586.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global
epidemic: Report of a WHO consultation, 2, Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Investing in Mental Health. Department of Mental
Health and Substance Dependence, Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health,
World Health Organization, Geneva.
Willemsen, J., Markey, S., Declercq, F., & Vanhuele, S. (2010). Negative emotionality in a large
community sample of adolescents: the factor structure and measurement invariance of the
short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Stress and Health, 27,
120-128.
World Health Organization Report. (2013). Global burden of disease project. World Health
Organ Tech Rep.
Zhao, G., Ford, E. S., Dhingra, S., Li, C., Strine, T. W., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). Depression
and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index. International Journal
of Obesity, 33, 257–266.
24. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 25
Appendix
Please tick ( ) wherever appropriate.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name :
2. Matric Number :
2. Contact Number :
4. Age :
5. Gender: Male Female
6. Marriage Status Single Married
7. Nationality: Malaysian Non-Malaysian
8. Kuliyyah
AIKOL KENMS IRKHS ICT
KAED INSTEAD ENGIN Others: _________
9. Level of Study:
1st
Year 2nd
Year 5th
Year
3rd
Year 4th
Year Others:_________
10. Weight:
11. Height:
12. Physical Health Status. Chronic Illness? (Example: Asthma, Cardiovascular, Diabetic, Hypertension, etc.)
Yes No
Please State:________________________
FOR RESEARCHER USE
Serial Number :
BMI :
Category :
DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY DATA
25. BODY MASS INDEX AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS 26
DASS21 Name: Date:
Please read each statement and circle a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the statement applied to you over the
past week. There are no right or wrong answers. Do not spend too much time on any statement.
The rating scale is as follows:
0 Did not apply to me at all
1 Applied to me to some degree,or some ofthe time
2 Applied to me to a considerable degree,or a good part of time
3 Applied to me very much,or mostof the time
1 I found it hard to wind down 0 1 2 3
2 I was aware of dryness ofmy mouth 0 1 2 3
3 I couldn'tseem to experience any positive feeling at all 0 1 2 3
4 I experienced breathing difficulty (eg, excessivelyrapid breathing,
breathlessness in the absence ofphysical exertion)
0 1 2 3
5 I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things 0 1 2 3
6 I tended to over-react to situations 0 1 2 3
7 I experienced trembling (eg,in the hands) 0 1 2 3
8 I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy 0 1 2 3
9 I was worried aboutsituations in which I mightpanic and make
a fool of myself
0 1 2 3
10 I felt that I had nothing to look forward to 0 1 2 3
11 I found myselfgetting agitated 0 1 2 3
12 I found it difficult to relax 0 1 2 3
13 I felt down-hearted and blue 0 1 2 3
14 I was intolerantofanything that kept me from getting on with
what I was doing
0 1 2 3
15 I felt I was close to panic 0 1 2 3
16 I was unable to become enthusiastic aboutanything 0 1 2 3
17 I felt I wasn'tworth much as a person 0 1 2 3
18 I felt that I was rather touchy 0 1 2 3
19 I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence ofphysical
exertion (eg, sense ofheartrate increase,heartmissing a beat)
0 1 2 3
20 I felt scared withoutany good reason 0 1 2 3
21 I felt that life was meaningless 0 1 2 3