This document discusses factors that influence the adoption of healthy lifestyle practices in Uganda related to preventing hypertension. It finds that knowledge of one's health status and access to health information facilitate adoption, while restrictions in the physical environment and lack of time due to work and home responsibilities hinder adoption. These factors relate to human rights like health and education. Ensuring access to preventive healthcare, a safe physical environment, and reasonable working conditions could help Uganda improve population health and development.
This document provides an overview of obesity as a public health epidemic in the United States. It discusses how obesity is defined using BMI and statistics showing obesity rates have risen significantly over the past few decades. The document outlines some of the main factors that contribute to obesity, including dietary habits, food insecurity, stress, lack of physical activity, and lack of nutrition knowledge. It notes that middle-aged adults are particularly vulnerable to obesity due to life stage factors like declining immunity and increased stress. The goal is to educate people on the relationship between obesity, dietary habits, and other contributing factors.
Analysis Of Gender And Healthcare Services Utilization In Rural Ghanafrank acheampong
This study examines gender differences in healthcare utilization in rural Ghana. The researchers conducted a survey of 286 households in 4 rural communities. They found that 74% of females and 63.3% of males had utilized healthcare in the past 4 illnesses. Factors like age, education, household size, staff attitude, and insurance status influenced utilization. However, these factors had differing impacts between males and females. For males, age, education, and service quality were more influential, while for females, household size, staff attitude, and insurance status were more important. The study recommends improving access to healthcare facilities, education, health insurance, and regulating healthcare providers to promote gender equity in rural healthcare utilization in Ghana.
1. A local scientist conducted research on obesity in Papua New Guinea and found that it is contributing to increased rates of lifestyle diseases like diabetes which are claiming many lives in the country.
2. The research identified factors influencing obesity like lack of physical activity, unhealthy diets, and a cultural belief that overweight people should be respected.
3. The researcher argues this cultural mindset needs to change and that the government needs to do more to educate people on the dangers of obesity through increased health awareness programs.
Clarian health health promotion inservice november 8, 2010Julie Gahimer
This document provides an overview of health promotion concepts for physical therapists. It discusses the six dimensions of health, obesity trends in the US, national health goals and objectives, and the roles of physical therapists in health promotion. Physical therapists are well-positioned to educate clients and the public about prevention, screening, and maintaining healthy behaviors through the lifespan. The document also reviews resources like the American Physical Therapy Association for promoting health and wellness.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The document summarizes 5 research articles related to diabetes. It discusses the purpose, background, methods, subjects, data collection and analysis, and conclusions of each study. The first study examined pregnant women's knowledge of gestational diabetes prevention. The second looked at factors influencing insulin initiation in UK adults with diabetes. The third evaluated the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring and type 1 diabetes management. The fourth assessed the link between vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes in infants. The fifth studied the association between erectile dysfunction and glycemic control in men with type 2 diabetes.
This document summarizes a presentation on healthy living for women in Canada. It discusses how current healthy living discourse focuses too much on individual responsibility and fails to consider social and systemic factors. It also finds limited evidence about the impacts of gender on health behaviors and outcomes. The presentation calls for more gender-responsive approaches to healthy living policies and programs that employ sex- and gender-based analysis. It provides an overview of Canadian data on various healthy living topics for women and examples of promising gender-sensitive interventions. The conclusion advocates for incorporating a gender lens on healthy living to better address the needs and inequities faced by women.
Assessment of Maternal Health Seeking Behavior and Service Utilization among ...Scientific Review
Health seeking behavior and utilization of maternal healthcare services are proximate factors that influence maternal morbidity and mortality in any society. We therefore assessed the pattern of health seeking behavior and types of maternal healthcare services utilized by women of the reproductive age in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive method involving the use of a well-structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from 521 randomly selected women between the ages of 15-49 years. Informed oral consent was obtained from these women prior to their recruitment for the study. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The mean age of the respondents was 32 ± 0.07620 years and most(50.5%) attained secondary education. There was a significant relationship between healthcare services and mother's age (p<0.000) with women between 29-35yrs (52.2%) utilizing healthcare services more than those in other age groups. Place of residence (r =0.568, p≤.001) and religion (r = 0.784, p≤0.001) were also significantly associated with health seeking behaviour. About 58% of the respondents understood that good maternal healthcare can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Our findings showed good health seeking behaviour and service utilization in the study area despite the identified hindering factors. These underscore the need to empower women of reproductive age as well as to put mechanisms in place that will increase their access to quality maternal health care services.
This document provides an overview of obesity as a public health epidemic in the United States. It discusses how obesity is defined using BMI and statistics showing obesity rates have risen significantly over the past few decades. The document outlines some of the main factors that contribute to obesity, including dietary habits, food insecurity, stress, lack of physical activity, and lack of nutrition knowledge. It notes that middle-aged adults are particularly vulnerable to obesity due to life stage factors like declining immunity and increased stress. The goal is to educate people on the relationship between obesity, dietary habits, and other contributing factors.
Analysis Of Gender And Healthcare Services Utilization In Rural Ghanafrank acheampong
This study examines gender differences in healthcare utilization in rural Ghana. The researchers conducted a survey of 286 households in 4 rural communities. They found that 74% of females and 63.3% of males had utilized healthcare in the past 4 illnesses. Factors like age, education, household size, staff attitude, and insurance status influenced utilization. However, these factors had differing impacts between males and females. For males, age, education, and service quality were more influential, while for females, household size, staff attitude, and insurance status were more important. The study recommends improving access to healthcare facilities, education, health insurance, and regulating healthcare providers to promote gender equity in rural healthcare utilization in Ghana.
1. A local scientist conducted research on obesity in Papua New Guinea and found that it is contributing to increased rates of lifestyle diseases like diabetes which are claiming many lives in the country.
2. The research identified factors influencing obesity like lack of physical activity, unhealthy diets, and a cultural belief that overweight people should be respected.
3. The researcher argues this cultural mindset needs to change and that the government needs to do more to educate people on the dangers of obesity through increased health awareness programs.
Clarian health health promotion inservice november 8, 2010Julie Gahimer
This document provides an overview of health promotion concepts for physical therapists. It discusses the six dimensions of health, obesity trends in the US, national health goals and objectives, and the roles of physical therapists in health promotion. Physical therapists are well-positioned to educate clients and the public about prevention, screening, and maintaining healthy behaviors through the lifespan. The document also reviews resources like the American Physical Therapy Association for promoting health and wellness.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The document summarizes 5 research articles related to diabetes. It discusses the purpose, background, methods, subjects, data collection and analysis, and conclusions of each study. The first study examined pregnant women's knowledge of gestational diabetes prevention. The second looked at factors influencing insulin initiation in UK adults with diabetes. The third evaluated the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring and type 1 diabetes management. The fourth assessed the link between vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes in infants. The fifth studied the association between erectile dysfunction and glycemic control in men with type 2 diabetes.
This document summarizes a presentation on healthy living for women in Canada. It discusses how current healthy living discourse focuses too much on individual responsibility and fails to consider social and systemic factors. It also finds limited evidence about the impacts of gender on health behaviors and outcomes. The presentation calls for more gender-responsive approaches to healthy living policies and programs that employ sex- and gender-based analysis. It provides an overview of Canadian data on various healthy living topics for women and examples of promising gender-sensitive interventions. The conclusion advocates for incorporating a gender lens on healthy living to better address the needs and inequities faced by women.
Assessment of Maternal Health Seeking Behavior and Service Utilization among ...Scientific Review
Health seeking behavior and utilization of maternal healthcare services are proximate factors that influence maternal morbidity and mortality in any society. We therefore assessed the pattern of health seeking behavior and types of maternal healthcare services utilized by women of the reproductive age in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive method involving the use of a well-structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from 521 randomly selected women between the ages of 15-49 years. Informed oral consent was obtained from these women prior to their recruitment for the study. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The mean age of the respondents was 32 ± 0.07620 years and most(50.5%) attained secondary education. There was a significant relationship between healthcare services and mother's age (p<0.000) with women between 29-35yrs (52.2%) utilizing healthcare services more than those in other age groups. Place of residence (r =0.568, p≤.001) and religion (r = 0.784, p≤0.001) were also significantly associated with health seeking behaviour. About 58% of the respondents understood that good maternal healthcare can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Our findings showed good health seeking behaviour and service utilization in the study area despite the identified hindering factors. These underscore the need to empower women of reproductive age as well as to put mechanisms in place that will increase their access to quality maternal health care services.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
The document outlines the vision, mission, goals and planned activities of the Women's Health and Empowerment Center of Expertise. The vision is for all women and girls to be empowered and healthy globally. The mission is to promote justice, equity and scientific advances to reduce gender and health disparities. Key goals include advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights, reducing violence against women and family planning. Planned activities involve research, education, knowledge dissemination and partnerships to study and improve women's empowerment and health.
This document discusses the promotion of healthy lifestyles in the Philippines. It begins by defining a healthy lifestyle and its components. It then discusses the government agency responsible for health promotion, the National Center for Health Promotion, and its functions. It provides details on current health promotion programs and campaigns in the Philippines to address non-communicable diseases, including the DOH's Pilipinas Go4Health initiative. It concludes by outlining some laws passed in the Philippines related to health promotion and universal healthcare.
Healthy People 2010 aims to improve national health through two overarching goals: increasing quality and years of healthy life, and eliminating health disparities. It monitors progress through 467 objectives across 28 focus areas. Achieving its goals requires recognizing that health is determined by interactions between individual behaviors, environments, and policies targeting factors like access to healthcare. Two successful programs that exemplify this systematic approach are Action for Healthy Kids, which promotes healthy school environments, and the 100 Black Men Health Challenge, which empowers communities through lifestyle modeling and education.
SDolan_A New Focus in the Standards of Care Set Forth for T1Ds in TransitionScott Dolan, MS
This document discusses the need for a new focus in the standards of care for young adults with type 1 diabetes. It notes that while the lifespan of those diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in childhood is increasing, young adulthood brings new challenges and risks for disease management and complications. The current standards of care do not adequately address the specific needs and characteristics of young adults, such as increased risk-taking, relocating, and psychosocial stressors. You recommendations include developing care strategies tailored to individual goals and lifestyles, as well as more research to guide clinicians in effectively managing type 1 diabetes in this population.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
Physical activity and Successful agingSMVDCoN ,J&K
The single most effective means by which older adults can influence their own health and functional abilities and therefore, maintain a high quality in the old age.
The document discusses health status and challenges in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has made progress towards achieving some Millennium Development Goals like reducing child mortality, but still faces challenges in reducing maternal mortality and achieving full vaccination coverage. Current health issues include poor governance and management of health services, lack of resources, and unequal access between rural and urban or rich and poor populations. Moving forward will require strengthening health systems, increasing accountability, improving access to healthcare, and expanding use of digital health services.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the Emory Latino Diabetes Education Program (ELDEP), which provided culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education and support to 142 Latino patients over 5 years. The study found that after participating in ELDEP, patients had significant improvements in clinical indicators like A1C, blood pressure, and home blood glucose monitoring. Risk reduction examinations also increased. Predictors of continued participation included income, physical activity, and previous attendance. The program was effective at improving diabetes care for Latino patients.
This study examined the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related socio-demographic factors among adults in northern Iran. The study found that 8.3% of participants had DM, with 25% of cases being undiagnosed. Prevalence was higher in women, older age groups, urban residents, those with central obesity or higher BMI. Lower physical activity, illiteracy, and central obesity were associated with greater risk of DM. The study concluded that DM poses a major health problem in northern Iran, with nearly half of cases going undiagnosed.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JAGGERY BALL ON HAEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AMONG YOUNG ADOLESCENT GIR...sangeetachatterjee10
This document provides a synopsis for a study assessing the effectiveness of nutrition balls on haemoglobin levels among young adolescent girls in India. The study aims to evaluate haemoglobin levels before and after administering nutrition balls made from jaggery and amla powder. The background discusses the high prevalence of anaemia in India, especially among adolescent girls. A literature review found studies showing anaemia's relationship to poor nutrition and socioeconomic status. The study aims to test the hypothesis that nutrition balls can effectively increase haemoglobin levels and help address iron deficiency anaemia.
Communicating the Science of Health in Informal Settingswellcome.trust
Presented by Dr F. Senkubuge (University of Pretoria, School of Health Systems and Public Health, South Africa) at the Public Engagement Workshop, 2-5 Dec. 2008, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa, http://scienceincommunity.wordpress.com/
Nutritional epidemiology combines the knowledge of nutritionists with epidemiological methodology to study diseases with multiple causes. It aims to monitor nutrient intake and nutritional status in populations and contribute to disease prevention and public health. Some goals are assessing community nutritional status, conducting nutritional and dietary surveys, and monitoring nutrition and growth. Major diseases related to nutrition include mineral deficiency, protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and over-intake of nutrients.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
Diabetes Evidence Based Practice Paper.pdfsdfghj21
The document discusses using an evidence-based practice paper to improve population health outcomes for diabetes. It recommends explaining how evidence-based practices could better manage diabetes and provide a higher return on investment. The Health Belief Model is presented as a framework to help those with diabetes manage their condition through behavior change. Specifically, it could encourage self-care behaviors important for chronic disease management.
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Health Promotion Role in Public Health.pdfevmajk166
The health promotion role in public health is to raise awareness and educate the public
about health risks, promote healthy lifestyle choices, and advocate for policies that
support health.
Health promotion is a critical part of public health, and has been shown to be effective in
reducing the burden of disease. The health promotion role in public health is to raise
awareness and educate the public about health risks, promote healthy lifestyle choices,
and advocate for policies that support health.
Health promotion is a cost-effective way to improve the health of the public and reduce the burden of disease. A variety of health promotion activities are available to address different health risks, and there is evidence that health promotion activities can make a positive difference in health
1. Health promotion is a key component of public health.
2. It is the process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health.
3. Health promotion interventions aim to increase knowledge and skills, change attitudes and behaviours, and create supportive environments.
4. There is evidence that health promotion can make a positive difference to health outcomes.
5. The role of health promotion in public health is to prevent disease, prolong life and promote health.
6. Health promotion is an important part of the public health response to chronic disease.
7. It helps to address the social and economic determinants of health.
1. Health promotion is a key component of public health.
Health promotion is a key component of public health. It is the process of enabling people to increases control over and improve their health.
Health promotion is done through education, policy, and community involvement. It strives to create an environment where people can make healthy choices.
Some health promotion activities include:
· Educating people about healthy lifestyle choices
· Working to make sure that all people have access to quality healthcare
· Creating policies that promote healthy living
· Encouraging people to be physically active
· Helping people quit smoking
· Providing nutrition education
Health promotion is important because it can help to prevent chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. It can also help to improve the quality of life for people who already have chronic illnesses.
Health promotion is a key component of public health because it works to prevent disease and promote health and well-being for all.
2. It is the process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health.
Health promotion is a process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health. It is based on the principle that everyone has the right to make choices about their own health and wellbeing, and that they should be supported to do so.
Health promotion is about enabling people to have more control over their own health.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
The document outlines the vision, mission, goals and planned activities of the Women's Health and Empowerment Center of Expertise. The vision is for all women and girls to be empowered and healthy globally. The mission is to promote justice, equity and scientific advances to reduce gender and health disparities. Key goals include advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights, reducing violence against women and family planning. Planned activities involve research, education, knowledge dissemination and partnerships to study and improve women's empowerment and health.
This document discusses the promotion of healthy lifestyles in the Philippines. It begins by defining a healthy lifestyle and its components. It then discusses the government agency responsible for health promotion, the National Center for Health Promotion, and its functions. It provides details on current health promotion programs and campaigns in the Philippines to address non-communicable diseases, including the DOH's Pilipinas Go4Health initiative. It concludes by outlining some laws passed in the Philippines related to health promotion and universal healthcare.
Healthy People 2010 aims to improve national health through two overarching goals: increasing quality and years of healthy life, and eliminating health disparities. It monitors progress through 467 objectives across 28 focus areas. Achieving its goals requires recognizing that health is determined by interactions between individual behaviors, environments, and policies targeting factors like access to healthcare. Two successful programs that exemplify this systematic approach are Action for Healthy Kids, which promotes healthy school environments, and the 100 Black Men Health Challenge, which empowers communities through lifestyle modeling and education.
SDolan_A New Focus in the Standards of Care Set Forth for T1Ds in TransitionScott Dolan, MS
This document discusses the need for a new focus in the standards of care for young adults with type 1 diabetes. It notes that while the lifespan of those diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in childhood is increasing, young adulthood brings new challenges and risks for disease management and complications. The current standards of care do not adequately address the specific needs and characteristics of young adults, such as increased risk-taking, relocating, and psychosocial stressors. You recommendations include developing care strategies tailored to individual goals and lifestyles, as well as more research to guide clinicians in effectively managing type 1 diabetes in this population.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
Physical activity and Successful agingSMVDCoN ,J&K
The single most effective means by which older adults can influence their own health and functional abilities and therefore, maintain a high quality in the old age.
The document discusses health status and challenges in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has made progress towards achieving some Millennium Development Goals like reducing child mortality, but still faces challenges in reducing maternal mortality and achieving full vaccination coverage. Current health issues include poor governance and management of health services, lack of resources, and unequal access between rural and urban or rich and poor populations. Moving forward will require strengthening health systems, increasing accountability, improving access to healthcare, and expanding use of digital health services.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the Emory Latino Diabetes Education Program (ELDEP), which provided culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education and support to 142 Latino patients over 5 years. The study found that after participating in ELDEP, patients had significant improvements in clinical indicators like A1C, blood pressure, and home blood glucose monitoring. Risk reduction examinations also increased. Predictors of continued participation included income, physical activity, and previous attendance. The program was effective at improving diabetes care for Latino patients.
This study examined the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related socio-demographic factors among adults in northern Iran. The study found that 8.3% of participants had DM, with 25% of cases being undiagnosed. Prevalence was higher in women, older age groups, urban residents, those with central obesity or higher BMI. Lower physical activity, illiteracy, and central obesity were associated with greater risk of DM. The study concluded that DM poses a major health problem in northern Iran, with nearly half of cases going undiagnosed.
EFFECTIVENESS OF JAGGERY BALL ON HAEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AMONG YOUNG ADOLESCENT GIR...sangeetachatterjee10
This document provides a synopsis for a study assessing the effectiveness of nutrition balls on haemoglobin levels among young adolescent girls in India. The study aims to evaluate haemoglobin levels before and after administering nutrition balls made from jaggery and amla powder. The background discusses the high prevalence of anaemia in India, especially among adolescent girls. A literature review found studies showing anaemia's relationship to poor nutrition and socioeconomic status. The study aims to test the hypothesis that nutrition balls can effectively increase haemoglobin levels and help address iron deficiency anaemia.
Communicating the Science of Health in Informal Settingswellcome.trust
Presented by Dr F. Senkubuge (University of Pretoria, School of Health Systems and Public Health, South Africa) at the Public Engagement Workshop, 2-5 Dec. 2008, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa, http://scienceincommunity.wordpress.com/
Nutritional epidemiology combines the knowledge of nutritionists with epidemiological methodology to study diseases with multiple causes. It aims to monitor nutrient intake and nutritional status in populations and contribute to disease prevention and public health. Some goals are assessing community nutritional status, conducting nutritional and dietary surveys, and monitoring nutrition and growth. Major diseases related to nutrition include mineral deficiency, protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and over-intake of nutrients.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
Diabetes Evidence Based Practice Paper.pdfsdfghj21
The document discusses using an evidence-based practice paper to improve population health outcomes for diabetes. It recommends explaining how evidence-based practices could better manage diabetes and provide a higher return on investment. The Health Belief Model is presented as a framework to help those with diabetes manage their condition through behavior change. Specifically, it could encourage self-care behaviors important for chronic disease management.
Essay about Health and Wellbeing
Health Assessment Essay
Global Health Essay
Nutrition and Health Essay
A Career in Public Health Essay examples
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Health Promotion Role in Public Health.pdfevmajk166
The health promotion role in public health is to raise awareness and educate the public
about health risks, promote healthy lifestyle choices, and advocate for policies that
support health.
Health promotion is a critical part of public health, and has been shown to be effective in
reducing the burden of disease. The health promotion role in public health is to raise
awareness and educate the public about health risks, promote healthy lifestyle choices,
and advocate for policies that support health.
Health promotion is a cost-effective way to improve the health of the public and reduce the burden of disease. A variety of health promotion activities are available to address different health risks, and there is evidence that health promotion activities can make a positive difference in health
1. Health promotion is a key component of public health.
2. It is the process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health.
3. Health promotion interventions aim to increase knowledge and skills, change attitudes and behaviours, and create supportive environments.
4. There is evidence that health promotion can make a positive difference to health outcomes.
5. The role of health promotion in public health is to prevent disease, prolong life and promote health.
6. Health promotion is an important part of the public health response to chronic disease.
7. It helps to address the social and economic determinants of health.
1. Health promotion is a key component of public health.
Health promotion is a key component of public health. It is the process of enabling people to increases control over and improve their health.
Health promotion is done through education, policy, and community involvement. It strives to create an environment where people can make healthy choices.
Some health promotion activities include:
· Educating people about healthy lifestyle choices
· Working to make sure that all people have access to quality healthcare
· Creating policies that promote healthy living
· Encouraging people to be physically active
· Helping people quit smoking
· Providing nutrition education
Health promotion is important because it can help to prevent chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. It can also help to improve the quality of life for people who already have chronic illnesses.
Health promotion is a key component of public health because it works to prevent disease and promote health and well-being for all.
2. It is the process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health.
Health promotion is a process of empowering individuals and communities to take action to improve their health. It is based on the principle that everyone has the right to make choices about their own health and wellbeing, and that they should be supported to do so.
Health promotion is about enabling people to have more control over their own health.
This document summarizes key points from a community health nursing assignment submitted by a student. It discusses two main topics:
1. Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives for older adults, including increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, and promoting socialization.
2. Nursing actions that address the needs of older adults, such as encouraging health screenings and exams, promoting fitness, monitoring chronic conditions, ensuring safety of medications, and addressing spiritual and end-of-life needs.
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APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
Appropriate Interventions for Healthy People 2020
Norys Gil
South University
List of Support Needs for the Participant
1. Assisting the patients to change the lifestyle is one of the primary support needs. According to the participant response, quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are some of the significant challenges. Educating the patient about healthy dietary and the need for vigorous physical exercise will help the patient in maintaining the right body weight. Smoking habits are highly addictive, and quitting becomes challenging and requires significant effort from both the patient and the caregiver.
2. Psychological counseling. The patient has a great concern of wondering if she would leave long to see grandchildren. She also takes medication such as propranolol and diazepam for managing the stress. Counseling will help the patient mitigate the effects of anxiety and possible depression. It will also change the mindset of imminent death as a result of chronic kidney complications. Physical exercise is essential for mental health and manages stress levels.
3. Accurate tests and prescriptions of the medical plan to the patient are essential in chronic disease management. According to the participant, she would like to follow the prescribed medical plan to manage this complication.
4. They are assisting the patient in understanding the various prescribed medical plan. There is a need to educate the patient about how to administer medicines such as insulin.
Objectives Implementation of Healthy People 2020
Healthy people in 2020 policies and laws examined the various opportunities and approaches to achieve their primary goals. Different governments are using different strategies to promote the health wellness of society and public health. These initiatives serve as roadmaps for different countries and their objectives to health promotion (Pykett, 2019). They provide a way for the government and the community in general to understand the current and future health situation for effective planning and policymaking. For effective interventions for healthy nations, the government needs to engage public health stakeholders such as the healthcare providers, practitioners, and the community. This will helps in the identification of effective strategies for interventions and making healthy people 2020 ideas actionable.
Good health begins in our homes, workplaces, schools, and community in general. Social determinants of health directly impact all individuals. The healthy people 2020 determinants are divided into various categories, namely economic stability, education, healthcare, and the neighborhood, built environments as well as the community context (Pykett, 2019). The first step of implementing objectives of Health People 2020 is the identification of the national-wide health improvement priorities ...
The document discusses health promotion goals and primary prevention. The focus of health promotion is to reduce health inequalities and ensure equal opportunities and resources for all people to achieve their full health potential. Primary prevention aims to adapt risk factors through lifestyle changes to protect health. Screening tools have been adapted for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to better assess cardiovascular disease risk. Routine screening is also recommended from age 15-18 to detect diabetes and renal disease early due to high rates. Screening allows for health education and control of modifiable risk factors.
Running head UNION COUNTY, GEORGIA .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: UNION COUNTY, GEORGIA 1
UNION COUNTY, GEORGIA 2
Union County, Georgia
Kimberly Crawford
January 30, 2017
Kaplan University
The following paper will answer the asked questions.
Name of County and State
Union County, Georgia.
County population with racial and gender breakdowns
As of July 1, 2015 estimates, the County population was 22, 267 individuals. Of this, 51.7% were Females, while as the males were 48.3%. The white people were 96.5%, the African Americans were 1.0%, the American Indian and Alaska Natives were 0.5%, Asians were 0.7%, Hispanics were 3.2%, and people with two or more races present accounted for 1.3%.
Number of Senior Citizens
The number of senior citizens was 32.5%.
Number of Disabled Individuals
The number of disabled individuals under the age of 65 was 13.9%.
Number of Children
The number of children was 16.1%.
Of the populations above, I choose the senior citizens. The first health concern for this population is elder abuse. At this age, this people are not able to actively take care of themselves like they would a while back. For this reason, they constantly required to be taken care of, in almost all the aspects of their lives. However, elder abuse is a common occurrence in which, the caregivers neglect this population so much, to the extent of some of them even dying. It is such a shame that such a thing might happen to such a delicate population. A second health concern for this population, is the risk of heath disease and other chronic diseases. According to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), heart disease is one of the leading killers for the senior citizens because at this age, they are delicate and their hearts are very weak (Motooka et al., 2006).
The senior citizens require a number of community health interventions and public policies, which are aimed at ensuring they lead a comfortable life. For instance, they should have access to caregivers when they cannot adequately take care of themselves (Takano, 2002). In addition, they should have access to proper diets, and they should be provided with as much assistance as possible when they are at home and in public places. They should also have regular medical check-ups, to ascertain their health conditions, as well as have access to a hospital and a personal doctor in case they need consultation before their regular sessions (Anderson, 2003). Regular exercises is also good for ensuring their lives are going on smoothly.
Health Risk Assessment
In the health risk assessment tests, I took the eating behaviour test. The questions asked basically were about the kind of foods and drinks that I take on a daily basis, how often I take the meals per day, the rate and posture at which I take the meals, my favourite comfort food, and the circumstances under which I take th ...
This paper discusses obesity in Florida. Obesity rates are high, with 36% of Florida adults overweight and 26.2% obese. Obesity increases risks for diseases like diabetes and heart disease. As a future nurse practitioner, the author plans to screen patients for obesity, discuss weight management, and work with communities to increase access to healthy foods and physical activity.
Researchers used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to account for respondents’ lack of knowledge and the negative effects of cultural variations on their actions. Using the most up-to-date ideas during planning and development is essential for achieving desired outcomes (Ghosh & Saboo, 2022). Education is a useful tool in treating insulin resistance in people with diabetes. As a strength of the research, patients with diabetes with education had better glycemic control, higher medication adherence, and more developed self-management abilities, as documented by Liu et al. (2021). Unfortunately, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from the studies because of the limitations that exist in some of them. Some research, for instance, relies on participants’ self-reports, which could be inaccurate or biased, which is one of the study’s shortcomings. The difficulty in comparing the efficacy of education to that of other interventions or standard care is compounded by the fact that some studies need a control group. Furthermore, the effects of education on other outcomes, such as quality of life or healthcare utilization, are rarely evaluated in studies (Tucker et al., 2021). So, more studies are required to evaluate the long-term effects of education on insulin resistance treatment and its cost-effectiveness compared to alternative interventions. In addition, further research is needed to determine the best methods for customizing patient education to meet each person’s unique requirements.
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Obesity
NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology, & Statistical Principles
January 2018
Obesity
Obesity is a chronic medical condition and a significant health concern in the United States that is increasing worldwide. More than one third of the adults in the U.S. are obese. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This global epidemic is a leading concern for adults and for children who are predisposed to becoming obese as adults. This paper will discuss the significance of obesity in Florida, provide a background of the disease, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis, discuss diagnosis and screening for prevention tools, develop an evidence based plan along with measureable outcomes to address obesity as an advanced practice nurse, and conclude with an overview of the main points presented.
Background and Significance
According to the CDC (2016), obesity is defined as “weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height.” It involves excessive weight gain and accumulation of fat. In order to determine obesity, Body Mass Index or BMI is used to indirectly calculate a person’s body fat and health risk based on weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25.0 or above is considered overweight and 30.0 or greater is considered obese. Athletes with a greater amount of muscle mass may have a higher BMI even though they do not have excess body fat. Waist circumference is also used as a tool to diagnose obesity.
There are many causes that contribute to obesity, including behavioral, genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Increase in caloric intake, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in physical activity, certain medications, age, lack of sleep, quitting smoking, pregnancy, and certain medical disorders can contribute to weight gain (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Driving cars has replaced walking and riding bikes, technology has replaced engaging in physical activity, and easy access to cheaper foods has replaced nutritional importance. Most people are aware when weight is gained. Obvious signs and symptoms are tighter clothes, excess fat, and increased weight on a scale. Being overweight or obese increases the risk for many health diseases. Obesity may cause low endurance, breathing issues, excessive sweating, and joint discomfort. It can also lead to diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, depression, and even certain types of cancer such as bowel, breast, and prostate cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Below is a map that highlights the obesity prevalence across the U.S. in 2016 according to the CDC. There is no significant difference in overall prevalence between men and women. The prevalence of women with a BMI > 35 is 18.3% compared to 12.5% of men. The.
Determinants of Patient's Health Bahaviours ppt.pptxLarryMagwegwe
Regular exercise and a healthy diet are positive health behaviors that can reduce risks of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Unhealthy behaviors like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are negative health behaviors that increase health risks. Risk factors can be modifiable through lifestyle changes or non-modifiable like age and genetics. Health behaviors are measured through surveys and tools to assess habits that influence individual and population health.
This document discusses the dietary transition occurring in developing countries and the challenges this poses for preventing noncommunicable diseases. It notes that as countries develop, their populations experience changes in diet and physical activity patterns due to factors like urbanization, globalization and westernization of diets. This dietary transition is linked to rising rates of noncommunicable diseases. Specifically, it outlines how as countries transition from agricultural to industrial economies, their diets shift away from traditional plant-based foods to those higher in fats, sugars and salts. This unhealthy shift, combined with decreasing physical activity, increases risk for chronic diseases. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in developing nations requires addressing this nutrition transition through policy measures that promote healthy, traditional diets and
The document discusses the history and goals of the Healthy People initiative in the United States, which sets national 10-year objectives to improve health and reduce preventable disease and injury. It began in 1979 and is now in its fifth edition, Healthy People 2030. The initiative aims to guide efforts to increase life expectancy and reduce health disparities so the US achieves the full health potential of its population. Healthy People 2030 focuses on issues like reducing adverse childhood experiences, improving care for those with dementia, and engaging leaders across sectors to improve overall population health.
Strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from diabetes through healthสปสช นครสวรรค์
This document summarizes recommendations from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services regarding interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from diabetes. It finds that disease and case management in healthcare systems are strongly recommended for people with diabetes. It also recommends diabetes self-management education in community settings like community centers for adults, and in the home for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. There was insufficient evidence to recommend other settings or for adults with type 2 diabetes in the home. The Task Force conducted systematic reviews of interventions focused on healthcare systems and community-based self-management education.
This document describes a health anxiety questionnaire used to measure levels of health-related concern. The 21-item Health Anxiety Questionnaire addresses four factors: health worry and preoccupation, fear of illness and death, reassurance-seeking behavior, and interference with life. Participants rate how often they have been bothered by each statement in the past week. Scores are calculated by adding responses on a 4-point Likert scale. Cluster and factor analyses found the four factors to be significantly intercorrelated and to load onto distinct factors.
Running Head Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health .docxtodd581
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Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health 19
Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
Abstract
Having a good nutrition habit, healthy body weight, and physical activities are essential aspects of good health and wellness. The combination of all three factors is critical in reducing the chances of getting severe health complications such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cancer, stroke, and heart complications. Managing a good health condition also relies on how one adhere to regular physical exercises, a well-maintained body weight, and a healthy diet. However, according to (Healthy People 2020), most Americans don't check their menu and are lazy in taking apart in physical activities to the required levels as a way of maintaining proper health.
According to CDCP (2013), fruit consumption among adults is 1.1 times in a day, and the use of vegetables on a daily scale is 1.6, with adolescents recording the lowest use of both fruits and vegetables. The statistic shows that the average daily consumption of both fruits and vegetables among Americans doesn't meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables. About 81.6% and 81.8% of American adults and adolescents respectively don't take part in physical activities on a recommended daily scale. These behaviors are among the leading factors that contribute to the rising cases of Obesity. Approximately 1 out of 3 US adults, which represents 34 % and 1 out of 6 adolescents and children, which is 16.2 %, are obese.
Obesity-related complications include stroke, heart disease, and type two diabetes. The current in death cases is as a result of the obesity-related complications. Besides the death cases, obesity-related diseases cots this country millions of money annually, making it one of the most significant burdens that this country is struggling with regards to the health care system.
Introduction
Maintaining a healthy diet is an essential factor that determines how healthy our bodies become. We must retain less sugar, salt, and fats diet daily. Cases associated with obesity are not causing deaths but also taking so much of this country's financial resources. Every year both the federal, state, and county governments invest million into the health sector as a way of improving the infrastructures required to deal with obesity-related complications. Any healthy combines a variety of foods such as cereals, legumes, proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Research shows that obesity is gradually grown into a global crisis with WHO initiating campaigns aimed at establishing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet (Abidin, 2014).
The love for foods prepared away from homes is another challenging factor in dealing with obesity complications. Fast foods contain .
Running Head Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health .docxglendar3
Running Head: Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health 1
Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health 19
Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
Abstract
Having a good nutrition habit, healthy body weight, and physical activities are essential aspects of good health and wellness. The combination of all three factors is critical in reducing the chances of getting severe health complications such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cancer, stroke, and heart complications. Managing a good health condition also relies on how one adhere to regular physical exercises, a well-maintained body weight, and a healthy diet. However, according to (Healthy People 2020), most Americans don't check their menu and are lazy in taking apart in physical activities to the required levels as a way of maintaining proper health.
According to CDCP (2013), fruit consumption among adults is 1.1 times in a day, and the use of vegetables on a daily scale is 1.6, with adolescents recording the lowest use of both fruits and vegetables. The statistic shows that the average daily consumption of both fruits and vegetables among Americans doesn't meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables. About 81.6% and 81.8% of American adults and adolescents respectively don't take part in physical activities on a recommended daily scale. These behaviors are among the leading factors that contribute to the rising cases of Obesity. Approximately 1 out of 3 US adults, which represents 34 % and 1 out of 6 adolescents and children, which is 16.2 %, are obese.
Obesity-related complications include stroke, heart disease, and type two diabetes. The current in death cases is as a result of the obesity-related complications. Besides the death cases, obesity-related diseases cots this country millions of money annually, making it one of the most significant burdens that this country is struggling with regards to the health care system.
Introduction
Maintaining a healthy diet is an essential factor that determines how healthy our bodies become. We must retain less sugar, salt, and fats diet daily. Cases associated with obesity are not causing deaths but also taking so much of this country's financial resources. Every year both the federal, state, and county governments invest million into the health sector as a way of improving the infrastructures required to deal with obesity-related complications. Any healthy combines a variety of foods such as cereals, legumes, proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Research shows that obesity is gradually grown into a global crisis with WHO initiating campaigns aimed at establishing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet (Abidin, 2014).
The love for foods prepared away from homes is another challenging factor in dealing with obesity complications. Fast foods contain .
Running Head Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health .docx
Academic Paper 1
1. Written by: Joseph Muwonge Jr.
Adoption of Healthy Lifestyle Practices in Uganda: A Socio-Ecological Perspective.
Introduction:
Healthy-lifestyle-practices such as increased physical activity, reduced alcohol consumption,
increased fruit and vegetable intake and reduced salt intake can lower the risk of hypertension
(World Health Organization, 2013) also known as high blood pressure. Hypertension is the biggest
contributor to morbidity and mortality(WHO, 2009) causing an estimated 57 million disability-
adjusted life years (DALYs) globally (Mohan et al., 2013).
The prevalence of hypertension in Uganda is estimated to be 24.3%, with many undiagnosed cases
reported(Ministry of Health, 2014), thus, the actual prevalence may be higher. Besides,
hypertension presents a huge economic burden to a country yet to recover from the infectious
disease scourge (Musinguzi G et al., 2015). The newly burdensome condition (hypertension) is
associated with change in lifestyle-practices attributed to urbanization (WHO, 2005, Musinguzi G
and Nuwaha F, 2013). This means that practices that lead to hypertension can be modified to
prevent disease occurrence.
The World Health Organization recommends 90 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical
activity per week for persons aged 5-17years old and 150 minutes per week for persons aged above
18years old, 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily and below 5g of salt per day (WHO,
2010). However, the adoption of these recommendations is still low in Uganda. Current estimates
by the Ministry of Health (2014), indicate that 28.9% of Uganda’s population currently consume
alcohol, 4.3% are physically inactive, 87.8% consume less than 5 servings of fruit or vegetables
per day, and 19.1% are overweight/ obese (above 25kg/m2
). Why the adoption of recommended
healthy-lifestyle-practices is still low, is unclear.
Importantly, UN Human Rights Conventions that Uganda ascribes to, bring to light the
responsibility of states to firstly, protect, respect and fulfill the human right to the ‘highest
attainable standards of physical and mental health’ (UNCHR, 2016). Secondly, to meet goal 3 of
the sustainable development goals (SDGs), ‘ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages’(UN, 2015). In relation to adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices, the state should ensure
adequate access without discrimination based on gender or social economic class to facilities,
2. information and a suitable environment for all, to make healthy choices. Moreover, health
inequality which can be defined as differences in health status experienced by various groups in
society(WHO, 2016), likely results from unequal distribution of health promoting services and
facilities. This according to the WHO, is not “a ‘natural’ phenomenon but is the result of a toxic
combination of poor social policies and programmes, unfair economic arrangements, and bad
politics”(CSDH, 2008).
Problem statement
Although evidence suggests that people can lower the burden of hypertension by engaging in
healthy-lifestyle-practices, the adoption is low in Uganda. Effort to understand why may ultimately
help improve the adoption of these cost-effective practices to control hypertension.
Research aim:
To assess the socio-ecological factors that influence people to adopt healthy-lifestyle-practices in
Uganda. Specifically, this paper discusses facilitators and barriers that promote or limit the
adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices based on socio-ecological dimensions of physical
environment, social-cultural environment and individual attributes.
Research questions:
1. What enables people to adopt healthy-lifestyle-practices in Uganda? (facilitators)
2. What hinders people to adopt healthy-lifestyle-practices in Uganda? (barriers)
To answer these questions, this paper will firstly, summarize general facilitators and barriers as
identified from reviewed literature, then focus more on two facilitators and two barriers. Secondly,
relate the factors to specific human rights and sustainable development tenets and health
inequality.
Limitation
There are limited studies on factors that influence the adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices in
Uganda. Therefore, several studies from other low income contexts/ groups will be utilized to
make comparisons.
3. Analysis and Discussion:
Under this section, the paper discusses socio-ecological factors that facilitate or hinder the
adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices in Uganda.
Facilitators
This paper identified the following general facilitators; knowledge of health status, access to
information, financial and physical access to health-promoting facilities, positive influence by
family and/or peers, social support, psychological factors such as positive motivation (healthy
ageing and fitness) and self-esteem(Enjezab B et al., 2012, Kelly S et al., 2016, Gerber et al., 2009,
Phalla Doung Keo, 2016, Mayega RW et al., 2014). Specifically, this paper presents a detailed
discussion of knowledge of health status and access to information as facilitators.
Knowledge of Health status: Not only is the early detection of a person’s hypertension status a
key preventive approach in the management of heart disease(World Health Organization, 2013)
but may be important in triggering the uptake of healthy-lifestyle-practices(Bukman et al., 2014)
to halt disease progression. However, this may be dependent on a person’s understanding of the
risks associated with continued unhealthy practices or how much he/she values a good health
status. In their book, Biehl J and Petryna A (2013), discuss the role of expanding diagnosis to risk
factors (overweight) in helping people shift their thinking from, ‘I am well’ to ‘I am not yet ill’.
This change in attitude may help people attach value to their health status and thereby make effort
to adopt healthy-lifestyle-practices. This is supported by a cohort study in Tokyo by Shi et al.
(2004) where men who valued their health participated in more healthy-lifestyle-practices. This
cascade-like process from knowing health status to change in attitude to value attachment to
making effort to change is important in the ultimate adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices.
Unfortunately, almost all hypertension cases are diagnosed late in Uganda (Kavishe et al., 2015),
which is likely due to irregular monitoring of blood pressure. A study by Mayega RW et al. (2014)
found that limitations to routine health checkups (blood pressure monitoring) were transport costs,
long distances, work commitments, ignorance about health checkups, service charges, fear to
discover presence of disease and possibility of being denied care. It is important to note that
adequate healthcare is inclusive of health promotion and preventive care(Jon Mark Hirshon et al.,
2013). Sadly, limitations to blood pressure monitoring depict a society that doesn’t enjoy full
4. health coverage. Moreover, without a strong social-welfare system in Uganda, the sick suffer huge
out of pocket expenditures for quality care(Ministry of Health, 2014), thus, an economic burden
to the families and societies at large.
Comparatively, as discussed above, it is cost-effective for a person to undergo routine screening
of blood pressure and engage in healthy-lifestyle-practices. Individuals in this category may stay
healthy, lead quality lives, save money and contribute to the development of the country.
Therefore, for Uganda to “ensure healthy lives and promote the wellbeing for all at all ages”, it is
imperative to provide preventive facilities and services like affordable/free monitoring of blood
pressure and blood glucose levels.
Access to information: Access to comprehensive health information facilitates behaviour change
and uptake of healthy-lifestyle-practices. Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), a commonly
used health behaviour theory (University of Twente, 2016), a person may try to halt unhealthy
behaviour or adopt healthy behaviour because of a feared negative outcome such as heart disease.
This is dependent on a person having access to health information. According to Enjezab B et al.
(2012), women who had access to health promotion information such as in nutrition and physical
activity reported active involvement in healthy-lifestyle-practices.
Nonetheless, for sustainable bevahiour change, access to information should be continuous. As
seen in another lifestyle programme(Lisa Adorno DiMaria, 2015), some participants reported that
after the eight-week programme, they still did not know what healthy foods to include in their diets
and how to cook vegetables. As a solution, routine reminders on Short Messaging services (SMS)
or radio may stimulate daily healthy-lifestyle-practices. For instance, in a weight management
programme, majority of the African-American women who received SMS were reported to take-
part in daily healthy-lifestyle-practices (Gerber et al., 2009).
Notably, the target audience for educational/awareness programmes should have the ability to read
and make use of information e.g. people should be able to read nutrition labels and health warnings
on alcohol and tobacco packs to make informed decisions (Mårtensson and Hensing, 2012, Phalla
Doung Keo, 2016). In the case of Uganda, reports indicate that 27% of adults cannot read and
write, majority of whom are in rural and peri-urban areas(UNICEF, 2013). One may infer that the
low literacy rates contribute to the excessive use of alcohol, commonly associated with such
populations(Ministry of Health, 2014).
5. Significantly, the human right to health depends on the attainment of other rights such as the right
to education(UN, 2016), which is not fully achieved in Uganda especially in lower socioeconomic
groups, hence an inequality. Overall, access to health information is an important determinant of
the adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices but may be strongly influenced by other underlying
determinants such as literacy levels.
Barriers
This paper identified the following barriers; restrictions in the physical environment, poor
socioeconomic factors such as lack of time due to home and occupational roles, lack of financial
and physical access to facilities, psychological factors such as lack of motivation, low self-esteem
and entrenched behavior (Patel et al., 2012, Enjezab B et al., 2012, Kelly S et al., 2016, Mayega
RW et al., 2014). Specifically, this paper presents a detailed discussion of restrictions in the
physical environment and lack of time as barriers.
Physical environment: Space limitations and safety which are commonly associated with poor
urban infrastructure are presented. In a systematic review study, Kelly S et al. (2016), found among
other factors, that lack of recreational space was a common barrier to adoption of healthy-lifestyle-
practices. For instance, people in well planned cities utilize special lanes for jogging and cycling.
Conversely, poor road safety common in poorly planned urban space, may hinder the adoption of
healthy-lifestyle-practices. According to parents of overweight children aged 5-17 years,
neighbourhood safety in terms of security and road safety were seen as barriers to allowing their
children jog or walk to school(Sonneville et al., 2009). This can be accurately related to Uganda,
since reports indicate that roads are not pedestrian and bicycle friendly (Kayemba Patrick, 2013).
Moreover, people of lower socioeconomic status face restrictions accessing developed facilities
like gyms and recreational space common in well-planned neighbourhoods (Pampel et al., 2010).
Notably, a safe and well planned environment is integral to the full enjoyment of the right to health.
The role of the Ugandan government is to ensure access to safe and affordable transport systems
and create safe and accessible recreational space for all. This not only promotes the right to health
but meets SDG-11-“Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”(UN, 2015).
6. Lack of time: The paper focuses on lack of time due to home and occupational responsibilities as
barriers to active engagement in healthy-lifestyle-practices.
Due to high unemployment rates in Uganda(Republic of Uganda, 2014), people may be forced to
accept low quality jobs that are commonly insecure, low paying and may require working long
hours. Moreover, time after work is demanding as well, as noted by Patel M and colleagues(2012),
time after work comprises of household chores and family roles, thus considered a barrier to
participate in healthy-lifestyle-practices. The lack of time maybe worse among the working-class
married women, who in addition to the long occupational hours are expected to fulfill ‘wife/gender
roles’ like domestic chores, which is a common gender norm in Uganda(CID, 2014).
In such situations, healthy-lifestyle-practices may be surrendered for unhealthy practices. Phalla
Doung Keo (2016) highlights poor choices made due to inadequate time. Firstly, some people may
conveniently buy fast foods instead of shopping and preparing healthy meals. Secondly, due to job
insecurity, people may fail to take time off their jobs to visit health facilities for medical checkup.
Thus, lack of time may hinder both the physical access to healthy choices, and due to home and
occupational ‘pressures’, may affect the cognitive ability to make healthy choices.
Importantly, everyone has the right to conditions that promote their health and wellbeing,
employment conditions being part. Specifically, according to articles 23-24 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights(UN, 1948), everyone has the right to favourable conditions of work
including reasonable working hours and rest. Overall, lack of time is a significant barrier to
adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices and maybe influenced by unfavourable work conditions and
gender norms.
Conclusion:
This paper sought to assess both facilitators and barriers to adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices
in Uganda. Knowledge of health status and access to health information are key facilitators to the
adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices while poor physical environment and lack of time are
barriers. This paper also shows how these facilitators and barriers are directly linked to the Human
rights to health and education and SDGs-goals 3 and 11. Furthermore, though not presented in
detail to make scientific inference, the adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices is influenced by
7. underlying factors such as literacy levels, socioeconomic status and gender roles. These factors
highlight health inequality.
Overall, the adoption of healthy-lifestyle-practices may improve with provision of a safe and
health promoting environment for all. A healthy population is a productive one. Thus, Uganda may
attain middle income status by first ensuring complete health and wellbeing of her population.
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