CONCENTRATIONS TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY PRESENTATION.pptxShreyayadav91
INTRODUCTION
Concentration procedure separate parasites from fecal debris and increase the chances of detecting parasitic organisms when these are in small numbers.
If number of organisms in stool specimen is low, examination of a direct wet mount may not detect parasites.
Thus, whenever possible, the stool should be concentrated.
Advantages
Maximizes the numbers of organisms detected which may be too scanty to be seen by direct microscopy alone. Worm eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered.
Disadvantages
Destroys trophozoite stages. Most concentration methods destroy trophozoites stages.
Concentration techniques can be classified as the floatation or sedimentation methods.
Floatation technique
Here solutions with higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that the organisms rise to the top and debris sink to the bottom.
Principle
This technique involves suspending the specimen in a medium of greater density than that of the helminthic eggs and protozoan cysts.
Eggs and cysts float to the top and are collected by placing a glass slides on the surface of the meniscus at the top of the tube.
Floatation Methods includes:
Saturated salt solution technique
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Sugar floatation technique
Saturated salt solution technique
Procedure:
About half tea spoon (about 4 gm) of fresh stool or preserved stool in a flat bottomed container with 20 ml capacity.
Now, few drops of saturated salt solution (specific gravity 1.20) is added and stirred to make a fine emulsion.
More salt solution is added with stirring throughout to fill the container up to the brim, until a convex meniscus is formed.
A glass slide (3”*2”) is carefully laid on the top of the container so that the center is in contact with the fluid.
This preparation is allowed to stand for 20 minutes after which the glass slide is quickly lifted and examined under microscope after putting coverslip.
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Procedure
Make a fine suspension of about 1 g of feces in 10 m L of water and strain through gauze to remove coarse particles.
Collect the liquid in a small test tube and centrifuge for 1 minute at 2,500 revolutions per minute. Pour off the supernatant, add water, resuspend, and centrifuge in the same manner, repeating the process, till the supernatant is clear.
Pour off the clear supernatant, add a small quantity of zinc sulfate solution (specific gravity 1.18- 1.2) and resuspend the sediment well.
Add zinc sulfate solution to a little below the brim and centrifuge at 2,500 revolution per minute for 1 minute.
Take samples care fully from the surface, using a wire loop, transfer to slide and examine under the microscope. A drop of dilute iodine helps to bring out the protozoan cysts in a better way.
This technique is useful for protozoan cysts and eggs of nematodes and small tapeworms, but it does not detect unfertilized roundworm eggs, nematode larvae, and eggs of most trematodes and large tapeworms.
CONCENTRATIONS TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY PRESENTATION.pptxShreyayadav91
INTRODUCTION
Concentration procedure separate parasites from fecal debris and increase the chances of detecting parasitic organisms when these are in small numbers.
If number of organisms in stool specimen is low, examination of a direct wet mount may not detect parasites.
Thus, whenever possible, the stool should be concentrated.
Advantages
Maximizes the numbers of organisms detected which may be too scanty to be seen by direct microscopy alone. Worm eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered.
Disadvantages
Destroys trophozoite stages. Most concentration methods destroy trophozoites stages.
Concentration techniques can be classified as the floatation or sedimentation methods.
Floatation technique
Here solutions with higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that the organisms rise to the top and debris sink to the bottom.
Principle
This technique involves suspending the specimen in a medium of greater density than that of the helminthic eggs and protozoan cysts.
Eggs and cysts float to the top and are collected by placing a glass slides on the surface of the meniscus at the top of the tube.
Floatation Methods includes:
Saturated salt solution technique
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Sugar floatation technique
Saturated salt solution technique
Procedure:
About half tea spoon (about 4 gm) of fresh stool or preserved stool in a flat bottomed container with 20 ml capacity.
Now, few drops of saturated salt solution (specific gravity 1.20) is added and stirred to make a fine emulsion.
More salt solution is added with stirring throughout to fill the container up to the brim, until a convex meniscus is formed.
A glass slide (3”*2”) is carefully laid on the top of the container so that the center is in contact with the fluid.
This preparation is allowed to stand for 20 minutes after which the glass slide is quickly lifted and examined under microscope after putting coverslip.
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Procedure
Make a fine suspension of about 1 g of feces in 10 m L of water and strain through gauze to remove coarse particles.
Collect the liquid in a small test tube and centrifuge for 1 minute at 2,500 revolutions per minute. Pour off the supernatant, add water, resuspend, and centrifuge in the same manner, repeating the process, till the supernatant is clear.
Pour off the clear supernatant, add a small quantity of zinc sulfate solution (specific gravity 1.18- 1.2) and resuspend the sediment well.
Add zinc sulfate solution to a little below the brim and centrifuge at 2,500 revolution per minute for 1 minute.
Take samples care fully from the surface, using a wire loop, transfer to slide and examine under the microscope. A drop of dilute iodine helps to bring out the protozoan cysts in a better way.
This technique is useful for protozoan cysts and eggs of nematodes and small tapeworms, but it does not detect unfertilized roundworm eggs, nematode larvae, and eggs of most trematodes and large tapeworms.
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
stool examination in different disease physical ,chemical and microscopic examination , concentration technique , sedimentation and flotation techniques
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...
dr-140222032223-phpapp01.pdf
1. Presented by
Dr. Madhusudan B G
I MD, Dept of Roga Nidana
GAMC, Bengaluru
Guided by
Dr. R K Hibare
Prof & HOD, Dept of Roga Nidana
GAMC, Bengaluru
2. Human feces is called as STOOL.
Faeces / Feces is plural
of latin term faex meaning RESIDUE.
It is the waste residue of indigestible materials of
an animal’s digestive tract expelled through the
anus during defecation.
Meconium is newborn’s first feces.
SCATOLOGY or CAPROLOGY is the study of feces.
DEFINITION
3. • ¾ Water, ¼ Solid
• Undigested and Unabsorbed food
• Intestinal secretions, Mucous
• Bile pigments and Salts
• Bacteria and Inorganic material
• Epithelial cells, Leukocytes
COMPOSITION
4. • Universal Precautions
• Stool should be collected in a dry, sterilized,
wide mouthed container.
• It should be uncontaminated with Urine or any
other body secretions.
• Properly named and always a fresh sample
should be tested.
COLLECTION
5. MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
• Volume <200gms/day
• Colour
• Consistency
• Odour
• Blood, Mucous
• Parts of parasite and Adult Parasite
6. COLOUR OF STOOL
Human fecal matter is normally yellowish brown in
colour which results from a combination of bile
and bilirubin.
VARIATIONS
Bright Red/Maroon Tan/Clay
Blood streak White
Yellow Pale greasy
Green
Black
Blue
7. COLOUR OF FECES-in Infants
Exclusively breast fed infants pass loose and green
or pasty and yellow stools.
Infants fed on cows’ milk preparations pass stools
of a paler yellow colour and of a much firmer
consistency.
Babies fed on newer modified cows’ milk
preparations have clay coloured or greenish
stools.
Some healthy children may pass frequent, loose
stools containing undigested vegetable matter
called as Toddler’s diarrhoea.
8. Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass).
Sausage-shaped but lumpy.
Like a sausage but with cracks on the surface.
Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft.
Soft blobs with clear-cut edges.
Fluffy pieces with ragged edges.
Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely Liquid.
CONSISTENCY OF STOOL
9. ODOUR OF STOOL
Basically depends on the pH of the stool and
INDOLE and SKETOLE are the substances that
produce normal odour formed by Intestinal
bacterial fermentation and putrefaction.
A foul odour is caused by degradation of
undigested protein and excessive carbohydrate
intake.
Sickly sweet odour is produced by undigested
Lactose.
10. • Diarrhoea mixed with mucous and Blood is
suggestive of Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Typhus,
Large bowel Carcinoma.
• Diarrhoea mixed with mucous and Pus is
suggestive of Ulcerative Collitis, Regional
Enteritis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Acute
diverticullitis, Intestinal TB.
• Pasty stool with high fat content is suggestive of
CBD Obstruction, Cystic fibrosis-butter stool.
• Translucent gelatinous mucous clinging to the
surface of the formed stool is found in Spastic
Constipation, Excessive straining, Mucous
collitis.
11. • Rice water stools which is colourless and almost
devoid of odour is suggestive of Cholera.
• Stools may look like Redcurrant jelly in
Intussusception.
15. SLIDE PREPARATION
Saline Specimen Prpn.
Iodine Specimen Prpn.
CONCENTRATION METHOD to detect Ova.
• A drop of warm Saline or Lugol’s Iodine is placed
over a clean microscopic slide.
• About 2mg of stool sample should be taken and
mixed with soln placed over the slide.
• Coverslip is placed avoiding air bubbles.
• Examined under Microscope.
SLIDES
16. PIN WORM EGG COLLECTION
Eggs of Pin worm – Enterobius vermicularis rarely
appear in stools. These are usually collected in
the folds of skin in perianal region.
COLLECTION
Cotton swab / Plaster patch – Anus especially in
early morning – Dipped in Saline – Observed.
17. EXAMINATION OF PARASITES
Warm stools are best for detecting Ova or
parasites. Do not refrigerate the specimen.
Because of cyclic life cycle of parasites, three
separate random stool specimens are
recommended for examination.
27. STOOL CULTURE
Normal Microbial flora of GI tract contains following
organisms.
Gram –ve - E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides.
Gram +ve - Clostridia, Lactobacilli, Enterococci,
Anaerobic streptococci.
Human feces contain approximately 1011 organisms
per gram wet weight as normal flora. Whereas gut
bacterial pathogens rarely exceed 105 organisms per
gram.
28. CULTURE MEDIAS
Culture media usually used is of AGAR and is done
aerobically.
• XLD Agar media – Salmonella, Shigella.
• TCBS Agar media– Cholera.
• MacConkey media – Yersinia enterocolitica
• Campylobacter culture media for Campylobacter
species.
The mainstay of diagnosis of bacterial infections of
the gut is by culture.
29. HANGING DROP TEST
•Place a drop stool in the centre
of a coverslip.
•Place a drop of water / vaseline
at each corner of the coverslip.
•Invert a slide with a central
depression over the coverslip.
•The coverslip will stick to the
slide and when the slide is
inverted the drop of bacterial
culture will be suspended in the
central depression of the slide.
•Examine microscopically (X100)
for motile organisms.
32. NORMALCY
• Water – Upto 75%
• pH – 5.8 to 7.5
• Occult blood, RS – Negative
• Bile – Negative in Adults
Positive in Children
• Sodium – 5.8 to 9.8 mEq/24hrs
• Chlorides – 2.5 to 3.9 mEq/24hrs
• Potassium – 15.7 to 20.7 mEq/24hrs
• Lipids / Fatty acids – 0 to 6 gms/24hrs
• Nitrogen - <2.5g/24hrs
33. pH
Increased pH-ALKALINE
• Colitis
• Antibiotic use
• Villous adenoma
• Excess Protein in diet.
Decreased pH-ACIDIC
• Carbohydrate
Malabsorption
• Fat Malabsorption
• Disaccharidase
defficiency
34. OCCULT BLOOD
PRINCIPLE – BENZIDINE TEST
Perioxidase action of hemoglobin in blood
converts hydrogen peroxide to water and nascent
oxygen. This oxygen oxidises benzidine in acid
medium to form green to blue coloured complex.
METHOD
Benzidine – Glacial acetic acid – Hydrogen peroxide –
Over stool in slide – Colour change.
GUAIAC TEST - gFOBT
36. FAT IN STOOLS
Increased Fats is associated with Malabsorption
Syndromes
Obstructive Jaundice
Non tropical sprue/Coeliac Sprue
Crohn’s disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Whipple’s disease
Enteritis and Pancreatic diseases
Surgical removal of section of Intestine.
37. REDUCING SUBSTANCES
Tested for RS especially in infants with Chronic
diarrhea to rule out Lactose Intolerance.
Stool will be positive for RS in variety of conditions
especially in Rota viral Infection in Infants.
38. MALA / PURISHA
• Mala – 7 Anjali Pramana
• One among ASHTA Sthana Pariksha
• Aama / Pakwa Purisha
• Tila Pishtha Nibha Varchas…………..
• Purishaja Krimi
• Purisha Virajaneeya Dravyas
• Mala in Rajayakshma.
• Mala in Lakshanas of diseases.
• Mala in asadhyavastha of diseases.
39. BIBILOGRAPHY
• Charaka Samhita
• Susruta Samhita
• Ashtanga Hrudaya
• Yoga Ratnakara
• Bhaishajya Ratnavali
• Wallace’s interpretation of Diagnostic Procedures
• Hutchison’s Clinical Methods
• Guyton and Hall Text book of Medical Physiology
• Godkar’s Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology
• Fundamentals of Biochemistry – Dr. A. C. Deb
• Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics – Satoskar et al.
• http://www.wikipedia.org
• http://www.medicineplus.com
