A tumour is an abnormal growth of cells within an anatomical structure of the body. Primary tumours arise from the structure they are within, while secondary tumours have generally migrated from elsewhere through the bloodstream, lymphatics or localised migration. Dr Peter Geoffrey Lucas explains the tumours of the neurological system arise in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and the structures surrounding these areas including muscle and bone.
Primary brain tumours are a diverse group of neoplasm arising from different cells of the central nervous system.
It accounts for about 2% of all cancers with an overall annual incidence of 22 per 1,00,000 population.
Most common brain tumour in adults is Brain Metastasis.
Brain Tumor – Diagnosis, Symptoms, Classifications, And Remedies - Denesa HealthDenesa Health
Any machine can function properly only when all its body parts are working in perfect condition. Any kind of failure or malfunctioning of even a single part can lead to complete machine interruption. Same is the case with the human body. A single body comprises of many different parts, each part has is its own importance for the physical and mental well being.
All your body functions properly if your brain is in desired health condition. Though there are several diseases and conditions where your brain is not in a situation to give the expected response. One of the severe issues that are found in the human brain is Brain Tumor.
Brain tumour a brief study - medical information martinshaji
Brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain.
Many different types of brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors are noncancerous (benign), and some brain tumors are cancerous (malignant). Brain tumors can begin in your brain
primary brain tumors)or cancer can begin in other parts of your body and spread to your brain
secondary or metastatic brain tumors
Brain tumor treatment options depend on the type of brain tumor you have, as well as its size and location.
please comment
thank u
Primary brain tumours are a diverse group of neoplasm arising from different cells of the central nervous system.
It accounts for about 2% of all cancers with an overall annual incidence of 22 per 1,00,000 population.
Most common brain tumour in adults is Brain Metastasis.
Brain Tumor – Diagnosis, Symptoms, Classifications, And Remedies - Denesa HealthDenesa Health
Any machine can function properly only when all its body parts are working in perfect condition. Any kind of failure or malfunctioning of even a single part can lead to complete machine interruption. Same is the case with the human body. A single body comprises of many different parts, each part has is its own importance for the physical and mental well being.
All your body functions properly if your brain is in desired health condition. Though there are several diseases and conditions where your brain is not in a situation to give the expected response. One of the severe issues that are found in the human brain is Brain Tumor.
Brain tumour a brief study - medical information martinshaji
Brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain.
Many different types of brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors are noncancerous (benign), and some brain tumors are cancerous (malignant). Brain tumors can begin in your brain
primary brain tumors)or cancer can begin in other parts of your body and spread to your brain
secondary or metastatic brain tumors
Brain tumor treatment options depend on the type of brain tumor you have, as well as its size and location.
please comment
thank u
Similar to Dr Peter Lucas | Understanding Brain Tumours (20)
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Peter Lucas Neurosurgeon says the human brain, with its intricate network of billions of
neurons, is one of the most complex and vital organs in the body. Unfortunately, like any
other part of the body, the brain is susceptible to diseases, one of the most concerning
being brain tumours. Dr Peter Geoffrey Lucas delves into the various types of brain
tumours, their symptoms, and the diverse treatment options available.
A tumour is an abnormal growth of cells within an anatomical structure of the body. Primary
tumours arise from the structure they are within, while secondary tumours have generally
migrated from elsewhere through the bloodstream, lymphatics or localised migration. Dr
Peter Geoffrey Lucas explains the tumours of the neurological system arise in the brain,
spinal cord, peripheral nerves and the structures surrounding these areas including muscle
and bone.
Brain tumours can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumours do
not spread to other parts of the body, but they can still cause problems by compression of
neurological structures potentially causing significant symptoms e.g. Stroke-like signs or
seizure. Primary malignant tumours of the brain tend to migrate within the brain itself and
not to structures elsewhere in the body. However secondary malignant tumours arising
elsewhere in the body can migrate to the brain readily,
I. Types Of Brain Tumours
2. Brain tumours are broadly categorized into two types: benign and malignant.
Benign Brain Tumours: These are non-cancerous growths that do not invade nearby
tissues. They usually have a defined border and are slow growing or may even stop growing
for extended periods of time. Common benign brain tumours include meningiomas, pituitary
adenomas, and acoustic neuromas.
Malignant Brain Tumours: Malignant or cancerous brain tumours can be aggressive, grow
rapidly and often invade surrounding brain tissue. They can originate in the brain (primary)
or spread from cancer elsewhere in the body (secondary). Examples of primary malignant
brain tumours include glioma with the most aggressive known as Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Examples of common secondary brain tumours are those arising from lung, breast, skin and
colon.
II. Symptoms Of Brain Tumors
3. Slow growing benign tumours may be asymptomatic for some time, however the symptoms
of a brain tumour can vary widely, depending on its size, location, and rate of growth, Dr
Peter Lucas Neurosurgeon explains. Some common signs and symptoms include:
Headaches: Persistent and severe headaches are common early signs of brain tumours.
These headaches may worsen over time and are often more intense in the morning or when
lying down.
Seizures: Brain tumours can disrupt normal brain function, leading to seizures. Seizures
may be partial (affecting a specific part of the body) or generalised (involving the entire
body). Some seizures may appear like a small stroke that recovers.
Nausea and Vomiting: Increased intracranial pressure caused by a tumour can lead to
nausea and vomiting, especially in the morning.
Changes in Vision: Tumours near the optic nerve can cause vision problems, including
blurred vision, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision. Raised intracranial pressure can
put generalised pressure on the optic disc (end of the optic nerve) affecting vision.
Movement of the eyes can be affected leading to double vision.
Motor and Sensory Changes: Weakness or numbness in the limbs, coordination difficulties,
and difficulty with balance and walking can occur and be variable through the day.
Personality and Cognitive Changes: Brain tumours may affect cognitive functions, leading
to changes in memory, concentration, and mood. Personality changes may also be
observed. This is more common in lesions affecting the frontal lobes.
Speech and Language Problems: Tumours in areas controlling speech and language can
result in difficulties in speaking or understanding language. In some cases, the capacity for
speech may be lost.
III. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a brain tumour typically involves a series of steps, including:
General and targeted history: The neurosurgeon will ask a series of questions to ascertain
how long an issue has been there, even if previously unrecognised at the time, seeking to
gauge the tempo of any clinical change. Further, deficits that may be subtle and
unrecognised may become clearer on questioning.
4. History from other medical practitioners is collated and utilised.
Neurological Examination: A neurosurgeon evaluates a patient’s overall neurological health,
looking for signs of motor, sensory, or cognitive deficits.
Imaging: Brain imaging through techniques like MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT
(Computed Tomography) scans is crucial for identifying the location and size of the tumour.
In some cases, other imaging such as PET or SPECT imaging may be required.
Previous imaging of the region prior to the patient presenting with symptoms, if available, is
reviewed.
Biopsy: In some cases, a sample of the tumour is obtained through stereotactic guided
biopsy in the operating theatre for detailed analysis and to determine its type and grade and
to inform a surgical plan. This generally occurs if it is less clear on imaging what type and
grade the lesion is or in very extensive non-surgically resectable lesions to confirm
diagnosis
IV. Treatment Options
Treatment options for brain tumours depend on factors such as the type of tumour, its
location, the patient’s overall health and the patients’ personal views when fully informed.
Some of the common treatment modalities include:
Non-Treatment: Particularly in those of advanced age, with extensive high-grade tumour
and/or with recurrent high-grade tumour the option to not proceed with any form of
treatment needs to be discussed and facilitated as is appropriate. Usually, a neurosurgeon
would involve colleagues within palliative care, though also facilitate the patient discussing
their care with another neurosurgeon as a second opinion and oncology colleagues such
that they are fully informed prior to embarking on this pathway.
Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumour is often the first line of treatment. In cases of
benign tumours or accessible malignant tumours, complete removal may be possible. This
is termed gross total resection. Unlike for instance skin lesions, a “margin” of normal tissue
cannot be taken around the tumour due to the deficits this would cause.
Relatively recent advancements allow in glioma surgery for medication to be taken orally
pre-operatively that causes tumour cells to fluoresce with filtered light under the
5. microscope differentiating tumour cells from non-tumour cells as an adjunct to surgical
removal.
Often in higher grade and deeper tumours (within the brain) gross total resection is not
possible and debulking for tissue diagnosis, reduction in symptoms and cyto-reduction
(less cells) for oncology treatments is the aim.
All tumours, benign or malignant, must be considered possible to recur and depending on
the type of tumours surveillance imaging and clinical review becomes important in the
months and years ahead.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy beams to target and destroy
cancer cells. It is often used after surgery and/or in cases where complete removal is not
possible. There are many types of radiation protocols depending on the type of tumour and
its location.
Advancements in how it is given and at what dose has reduced the side effect profile
considerably over the years. Notably, re-irradiating an area should a tumour recur is
generally not possible due to the cumulative side effects of the radiation on the non-tumour
tissue around the lesion. Further, prior radiation does make any further surgery technically
more challenging and increases rates of infection and delayed wound healing.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer
cells. It is often used for malignant brain tumours, either alone or in combination with
radiation. Chemotherapy is classically thought of as an IV infusion though many
chemotherapeutics are taken orally. It is possible to put chemotherapy wafers in the
surgical field once the tumour (glioma tumours) has been removed to the fullest extent
safely possible. This therefore commences the chemotherapy delivery locally exactly where
it is required from the time of surgery onwards. The wafers control releases the medication
over time and then dissolves.
Other Therapies:
Targeted Therapy: There is extensive research that has been and continues to be
conducted regarding all aspects of brain tumours. These reveal novel targets for possible
treatment. As these treatments are tested and become more available it is likely we are
moving toward unique treatments based on the individual parameters of an individual’s
tumour. These may target gene deletions for instance that arise when tumours form.
6. Immunotherapy: Emerging as a promising treatment, immunotherapy stimulates the
patient’s immune system to fight cancer cells. This process has been widely studied within
Melanoma research. A tumour sample is taken and an in vitro (lab) deactivated (no longer
tumour) sample of tumour cell surface markers are administered to the patient eliciting an
immune response that then also targets remaining in vivo (within the body) tumour cells
with those cell surface markers. This is a promising area for all tumours.
Supportive Care: Managing symptoms and side effects is crucial to improve the patient’s
quality of life. This may involve medications, physical therapy, and psychological support.
Most commonly swelling is the issue that causes symptoms most rapidly with brain
tumours. A strong steroidal anti inflammatory can considerably reduce symptoms rapidly
leading up to treatments and during treatment. These medications do have side effects and
need to be used wisely. Anti-seizure medication can have a value in preventing a seizure
from occurring or treating seizures if they have already occurred.
Physical therapies can be as simple as bed exercises to maintain conditioning in a
debilitated patient all the way through to strength and conditioning to restore past fitness.
The diagnosis of a brain tumour is often a very stressful time not just for the patient but
friends and family. Counseling, advice to ensure sleep/eating patterns are maintained and
facilitating professional and non-professional support (individuals own support network)
are very important as a neurosurgeon. Navigating the path through the medical system
requires guidance also as this can add further unwanted stressors.
Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials can provide access to experimental treatments
and contribute to the advancement of brain tumour research. There are promising advances
that assist the person in the trial or someone subsequently.
Care must be taken in “selling false hope” with respect to trials. They are exactly as they are
named. The trial is based on robust research and the hypothetical expectation that they
make a difference. Obviously not all trial treatments are of value and it is worth noting that
in randomised trials usually half of the cohort receives the “standard current treatment” as
the control arm to compare the novel treatment to.
V. Prognosis And Hope
The prognosis for brain tumour patients varies widely, depending on the type and stage of
the tumour, as well as the success of treatment. While malignant brain tumours are
7. associated with a higher risk, advances in medical science offer hope. Researchers
continue to explore innovative treatments, and early detection can significantly improve
outcomes.
Conclusion
Brain tumours are a formidable challenge, affecting the lives of countless individuals, their
friends and loved ones. Understanding the types, recognizing symptoms, and knowing the
available treatment options are essential in the fight against these complex and potentially
life-threatening conditions. “As research and medical technology continue to advance, there
is hope for improved treatments and outcomes for those affected by brain tumours with
each advancement”, Dr Peter Lucas Neurosurgeon concludes.