This document provides an overview of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Church Health Institutions in Zimbabwe. It defines NCDs and discusses key risk factors and priority NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. Major risk factors include behaviors like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. It also provides global context on the growing burden of NCDs, how this burden is measured, and examples of leading NCDs globally in terms of mortality and disability-adjusted life years lost.
Environmental Protection and Corporate Social Responsibility: the Chevron case Stefano Baldi
Lecture held during the 'ELSA Salerno Summer Law School on International and European Environmental Law' the 5th of July 2016. The case study highlights how Corporate Social Responsibility could be beneficial for Company's profits.
Environmental Protection and Corporate Social Responsibility: the Chevron case Stefano Baldi
Lecture held during the 'ELSA Salerno Summer Law School on International and European Environmental Law' the 5th of July 2016. The case study highlights how Corporate Social Responsibility could be beneficial for Company's profits.
Samsung's U.S. divisions represent a wide range of technology disciplines that include consumer electronics, corporate technology solutions, consumer and business telecommunications, semiconductors, and information systems.
We studied the brand "Maggi" and made a report as part of our Marketing course. We have tried to make the report exhaustive.
We also have a done an online survey of 130 responses for the hypotheses we had considered. We also got into various more interesting conclusions which I am ready to share if any one is interested.
A look at Nike's approach to Corporate Social Responsibility as a Crisis Management Tool. This case study is designed to draw attention to the ethical quagmire that is CSR. Particularly the arguements that it looks good on paper but not in reality. It will also look at some theoretical approaches to divising a CSR strategy.
This isn't an attack on Nike, but is looking at the reports against the company and their "reported" responses as food for thought.
Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study: Coca Cola IndiaAsma Muhamad
Discover a case study of Coca Cola India in which how they turns their corporate social irresponsibility/issue into corporate social responsibility that give benefits to parties around where Coca Cola India operates their factories.
In our "Public Relations" course at SFSU my group and I analyzed Coca-Cola's problems with the CSE in 2003 and came up with an alternative to handle the situation.
Non-communicable Diseases And Interventions to minimize itGaaJeen Parmal
Rise of non-communicable diseases like RTA, obesity, psychological disturbance, etc. Its impact towards the healthcare of a nation. The steps or approach that can be taken to minimize the disease.
2. Plenary 2
General Overview of epidemiology
and priority Non-Communicable
Diseases (NCDs) in Church Health
Institutions (CHIs)
3. MBChB, MSc Clinical Epidemiology
Chidzewere Nzou
Programme Manager
Zimbabwe Association of Church
related Hospitals (ZACH)
Email: nzou@zach.org.zw
4. Presentation Outline…
1. Definition of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)
2. Approaches: Medicine vs Epidemiology
3. Risk factors and priority NCDs in CHIs
4. Global NCDs burden and measurements
6. A disease that has a prolonged course,
that does not resolve spontaneously, and
for which a complete cure is rarely
achieved
(McKenna, et al, 1998)
N.B Do not result from an (acute)
infectious process and hence are ‘not
communicable’
7. Extended Definition:
In some definitions, NCDs also include:
• chronic mental diseases and
• injuries, which have an acute onset, but
may be followed by prolonged
convalescence and impaired function.
8. Characteristics of NCDs
●Multiple risk factors
●Complex etiology (causes)
●Long latency period
●Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
●Prolonged course of illness
●Functional impairment or disability
●Incurability
12. Risk Factor
“An aspect of personal behavior or
lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or
an inborn or inherited characteristic that
is associated with an increased
occurrence of disease or other health-
related event or condition”
13. Cardiovascular
Major modifiable risk factors
- High blood pressure
- Abnormal blood lipids
- Tobacco use
- Physical inactivity
- Obesity
- Unhealthy diet (salt)
- Diabetes
Other modifiable risk factors
- Low socioeconomic status
- Mental ill health (depression)
- Psychosocial stress
- Heavy alcohol use
- Use of certain medication
- Lipoprotein(a)
Non-modifiable risk factors
- Age
- Heredity or family history
- Gender
- Ethnicity or race
“Novel” risk factors
- Excess homocysteine in blood
- Inflammatory markers (C-reactive
protein)
- Abnormal blood coagulation (elevated
blood levels of fibrinogen)
14.
15. Diabetes
Major modifiable Risk Factors
- Unhealthy diets
- Physical Inactivity
- Obesity or Overweight
- High Blood Pressure
- High Cholesterol
Other Modifiable Risk Factors
- Low socioeconomic status
- Heavy alcohol use
- Psychological stress
- High consumption of sugar-
sweetened beverages
- Low consumption of fiber
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
- Increased age
- Family history/genetics
- Race
- Distribution of fat
Other Risk Factors
- Low birth weight
- Presence of autoantibodies
18. Cancer type Risk Factors
Cervical Cancer • Human papilloma virus infection (HPV)
• Smoking
• Immune Deficiencies
• No access to PAP screening
• Family history of cervical cancer
Lung Cancer • Smoking pipes or cigars now or in the past
• Second-hand smoke
• Radiation therapy to the breast or chest
• Being exposed to 1) asbestos 2) radon 3) chromium 4)
nickel 5) arsenic 6) soot or 7) tar
• Air pollution
19. Cancer type Risk Factors
Breast Cancer • Hormone therapies, Weight, physical activity, Genetics or
family history
• Age is the most reliable risk factor
‒Risk increases with age
Prostate Cancer • age , obesity, weight gain
Liver cancer • Chronic hepatitis infections and Cirrhosis
• Diabetes
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Obesity
20. Cancer type Risk Factors
Colorectal cancer ‒Aging and Black race
‒Unhealthy diet and low exercise
‒Diabetes
‒Family history of colorectal cancer
Stomach Cancer • Smoking
• Family history of stomach cancer
• Helicobacter pylori infections and ulcers or polyps
• Diet
‒ High salt foods
‒ smoked foods
‒ pickled foods
26. Global Trends Causes of Deaths
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2004 2015 2030 2004 2015 2030 2004 2015 2030
Deaths(millions)
High income Middle income Low income
HIV, TB, malaria
Other infectious
Mat//peri/nutritiona
l
CVD
Cancers
Other NCDs
Road traffic accidents
Other unintentional
Intentional injuries
27. 27
Epidemiological Shift:
A transition from predominance of infectious diseases to
chronic, degenerative, or man-made diseases and relates
well to demographic shift
28. Global Health Observatory (GHO) http://www.who.int/gho/en/
Provides data and analyses on global health priorities
• Noncommunicable diseases
• Mortality/morbidity
• Risk Factors
• Country statistics and health data
Media centre fact sheets http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/en/
• Key facts
• Symptoms
• Risk factors
• Burden of disease
29. Incidence Rate- The development of new cases of a disease that occur
during a specified period of time in previously disease-free or
condition-free (“at risk”) individuals per 100,000 people
Cumulative incidence- PROPORTION of individuals who become
diseased during a specified period of time Range: 0 to 1.0
Prevalence- The number of existing cases divided by the population
count. Measured at a point in time rather than over some interval
Typically shown as a percentage
Mortality/Crude mortality- Number of deaths in a given time or place
31. Years of life lost (YLL)
Measures the years of life lost due to
premature mortality
Years of life with disability (YLD)
Measures years of healthy life lost due to
living in states of less than full health
32. Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
Represents the total number of years lost to illness,
disability (health utility), or premature death
within a given population
Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)
Gives us an idea of how many extra months or
years of life of reasonable quality a person might
gain as result of treatment
34. Example
Mortality DALYS
%
1. High blood pressure 12.8
2. Tobacco use 8.7
3. High blood glucose 5.8
4. Physical inactivity 5.5
5. Overweight and obesity 4.8
6. High cholesterol 4.5
7. Unsafe sex 4.0
8. Alcohol use 3.8
9. Childhood underweight 3.8
10. Indoor smoke from solid fuels 3.3
59 million total global deaths in 2004
%
1. Childhood underweight 7.8
2. High blood pressure 7.5
3. Unsafe sex 6.6
4. Unsafe water, sanitation, hygiene 6.1
5. High blood glucose 4.9
6. Indoor smoke from solid fuels 4.8
7. Tobacco use 3.9
8. Physical inactivity 3.8
9. Suboptimal breastfeeding 3.7
10. High cholesterol 3.3
1.5 billion total global DALYs in 2004
Explain that the 2002 World Health Report showed communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal and nutritional deficiencies at 42% and NCDs and injuries at approx. 57%. According to this graph, by 2020, communicable will decrease to approx. 32% and NCDs and injuries will increase to 67%
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