Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This results in some degree of intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities. The most common form, trisomy 21, occurs in 95% of cases due to a cell division error called nondisjunction that leaves a sperm or egg cell with an extra copy of chromosome 21. While Down syndrome cannot be cured, treatments can help those with the condition live productive lives by improving motor skills, addressing medical issues, and providing educational support.