Does moral action depend on reasoning?
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Class project #1. Answering this question using as reference Antonio Damasio and Sigmund Freud ideas. Additionally, some ideas of our own.
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LESSON 3: TOPIC 1-3
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Kohlberg, piaget theories of development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development identified four stages that children progress through as they develop: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. During each stage, children develop new cognitive abilities such as object permanence, symbolic thought, logical reasoning, and abstract thinking. Kohlberg's theory of moral development also identified six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional - where children's understanding of morality evolves from self-interest to aligning with social rules to developing their own principles. Both theories aimed to explain how children's thinking develops as they mature.
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of six stages grouped into three levels - preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the preconventional level, children view rules as external and obey to avoid punishment. At the conventional level, adolescents see rules in terms of interpersonal relationships and society. At the post-conventional level, individuals make decisions based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg believed moral reasoning develops through exposure to dilemmas one stage higher than one's current level. His theory emphasizes that moral development occurs through life experiences rather than just teaching of values.
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Lawrence Kohlberg was a Harvard professor known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that morality develops through six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, children's morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level involves conforming to social norms and rules. Finally, at the post-conventional level, morality is based on abstract principles of justice and social contracts. Kohlberg's theory suggests morality grows increasingly complex as individuals develop through these six stages.
Personality
The psychoanalytic approach views personality as being formed by unconscious motivations and divided into the id, ego, and superego. Freud proposed psychosexual stages of development and defense mechanisms employed by the ego to reduce anxiety. Later theorists like Horney, Adler, Erikson, and Jung expanded on psychoanalytic ideas with a focus on security, object relations, individual psychology, psychosocial development, and the collective unconscious.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development proposes that moral reasoning develops in six distinct stages as people age. It is based on the work of Jean Piaget and uses stories involving moral dilemmas to assess reasoning. The six stages progress from obedience to authority out of fear of punishment, to maintaining social norms, to reasoning based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg studied children's responses to stories like one about a man named Heinz stealing a drug to save his dying wife to determine their stage of moral development.
Elliot Turiel
Elliot Turiel is an American psychologist who received his PhD from Yale University. He studied with Lawrence Kohlberg and focused his research on moral and social judgments, as well as how they relate to education and cultural arrangements. Turiel developed domain theory, which proposes frameworks for distinguishing between moral issues involving harming others and fairness from conventional social rules. His work builds on but does not contradict the theories of Jean Piaget. Turiel argues that children can qualitatively distinguish between moral and conventional issues once other factors like intentionality are considered. In classroom applications, he recommends focusing on universal moral concepts and distinguishing moral issues from conventional rules or religious teachings.
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality develops through three levels - preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the preconventional level, children's judgments are based on external consequences like punishment. At the conventional level, judgments are based on social norms and expectations. At the post-conventional level, individuals recognize morality as separate from social conventions and base right and wrong on respect for others and internal ideals. Kohlberg proposed six stages across these three levels to describe how morality develops from a concern with obedience and self-interest to social order and finally to abstract ethical principles.
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Jean Piaget studied the development of moral judgment in children. He identified two major stages: 1) a morality of constraint from ages 7-8, where children believe rules come from authority figures and must be obeyed without question, and 2) a morality of cooperation from ages 9-10, where children's moral judgments are regulated by mutual respect and cooperation rather than absolute rules. Piaget found that early childhood moral judgments are based on the objective consequences of actions, while older children also consider intentions and motives. He classified punishment as either retributive (physical) for young children or reciprocal (explanation-based) for older children.
Kohlberg’s theory
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Presentation on moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level involves obedience to avoid punishment. The conventional level focuses on pleasing others and following rules. The post-conventional level judges morality based on self-chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory is relevant for nurses to understand clients' behaviors and decision-making based on their moral reasoning abilities.
Moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist who expanded on Jean Piaget's work to develop a theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning progresses through six sequential stages from a focus on obedience and punishment to a focus on justice, individual rights, and principles. While influential, his stage theory has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and Western philosophy over other factors like compassion.
moral development
Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who developed a theory of moral development with four distinct stages: (1) Anomy from birth to age 5 where children do not distinguish right from wrong, (2) Heteronomy-Authority from ages 5-8 where children obey rules out of respect for authority, (3) Heteronomy-Reciprocity from ages 9-13 where children follow rules of fair exchange and reciprocity, and (4) Autonomy from ages 13-18 where children think more critically and take others' perspectives. Piaget believed moral judgment develops from children's own observations rather than direct teaching from adults.
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The document discusses Piaget's, Kohlberg's, and Loevinger's theories of moral and social development, outlining their stages of development from childhood through adulthood and how these theories can be applied in classroom settings to promote higher levels of moral reasoning. It also reviews criticisms of Kohlberg's theory and the value of understanding moral development stages for educators.
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Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes 6 stages grouped into 3 levels of moral reasoning:
1) Pre-conventional morality focuses on obedience and self-interest.
2) Conventional morality emphasizes maintaining social order and relationships.
3) Post-conventional morality prioritizes social contracts and universal ethical principles.
Kohlberg studied how children reason through moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma. His work influenced education by suggesting teachers encourage perspective-taking and discussions that are slightly above students' current stage of reasoning. While criticized, Kohlberg's theory highlighted the role of environment and experience in developing morality.
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This document summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which proposes that moral reasoning develops through six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. It describes the characteristics of reasoning at each of the first four stages, including obeying rules to avoid punishment (Stage 1), acting in one's self-interest (Stage 2), pleasing others and maintaining relationships (Stage 3), and upholding laws and social order (Stage 4). An example is also provided to illustrate potential responses from each of these first four stages.
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At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Kohlberg, piaget theories of development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development identified four stages that children progress through as they develop: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. During each stage, children develop new cognitive abilities such as object permanence, symbolic thought, logical reasoning, and abstract thinking. Kohlberg's theory of moral development also identified six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional - where children's understanding of morality evolves from self-interest to aligning with social rules to developing their own principles. Both theories aimed to explain how children's thinking develops as they mature.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of six stages grouped into three levels - preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the preconventional level, children view rules as external and obey to avoid punishment. At the conventional level, adolescents see rules in terms of interpersonal relationships and society. At the post-conventional level, individuals make decisions based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg believed moral reasoning develops through exposure to dilemmas one stage higher than one's current level. His theory emphasizes that moral development occurs through life experiences rather than just teaching of values.
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Lawrence Kohlberg was a Harvard professor known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that morality develops through six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, children's morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level involves conforming to social norms and rules. Finally, at the post-conventional level, morality is based on abstract principles of justice and social contracts. Kohlberg's theory suggests morality grows increasingly complex as individuals develop through these six stages.
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The psychoanalytic approach views personality as being formed by unconscious motivations and divided into the id, ego, and superego. Freud proposed psychosexual stages of development and defense mechanisms employed by the ego to reduce anxiety. Later theorists like Horney, Adler, Erikson, and Jung expanded on psychoanalytic ideas with a focus on security, object relations, individual psychology, psychosocial development, and the collective unconscious.
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development proposes that moral reasoning develops in six distinct stages as people age. It is based on the work of Jean Piaget and uses stories involving moral dilemmas to assess reasoning. The six stages progress from obedience to authority out of fear of punishment, to maintaining social norms, to reasoning based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg studied children's responses to stories like one about a man named Heinz stealing a drug to save his dying wife to determine their stage of moral development.
Elliot Turiel
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality develops through three levels - preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the preconventional level, children's judgments are based on external consequences like punishment. At the conventional level, judgments are based on social norms and expectations. At the post-conventional level, individuals recognize morality as separate from social conventions and base right and wrong on respect for others and internal ideals. Kohlberg proposed six stages across these three levels to describe how morality develops from a concern with obedience and self-interest to social order and finally to abstract ethical principles.
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Jean Piaget studied the development of moral judgment in children. He identified two major stages: 1) a morality of constraint from ages 7-8, where children believe rules come from authority figures and must be obeyed without question, and 2) a morality of cooperation from ages 9-10, where children's moral judgments are regulated by mutual respect and cooperation rather than absolute rules. Piaget found that early childhood moral judgments are based on the objective consequences of actions, while older children also consider intentions and motives. He classified punishment as either retributive (physical) for young children or reciprocal (explanation-based) for older children.
Kohlberg’s theory
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Presentation on moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level involves obedience to avoid punishment. The conventional level focuses on pleasing others and following rules. The post-conventional level judges morality based on self-chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory is relevant for nurses to understand clients' behaviors and decision-making based on their moral reasoning abilities.
Moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist who expanded on Jean Piaget's work to develop a theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning progresses through six sequential stages from a focus on obedience and punishment to a focus on justice, individual rights, and principles. While influential, his stage theory has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and Western philosophy over other factors like compassion.
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Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who developed a theory of moral development with four distinct stages: (1) Anomy from birth to age 5 where children do not distinguish right from wrong, (2) Heteronomy-Authority from ages 5-8 where children obey rules out of respect for authority, (3) Heteronomy-Reciprocity from ages 9-13 where children follow rules of fair exchange and reciprocity, and (4) Autonomy from ages 13-18 where children think more critically and take others' perspectives. Piaget believed moral judgment develops from children's own observations rather than direct teaching from adults.
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The document discusses Piaget's, Kohlberg's, and Loevinger's theories of moral and social development, outlining their stages of development from childhood through adulthood and how these theories can be applied in classroom settings to promote higher levels of moral reasoning. It also reviews criticisms of Kohlberg's theory and the value of understanding moral development stages for educators.
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This document lists several influential developmental psychologists and their areas of focus: Jean Piaget focused on cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky studied cognitive and social development, Erik Erikson researched personal and social development, and Lawrence Kohlberg examined moral development. Together these theorists contributed to our understanding of cognitive, moral, and socioemotional development throughout childhood.
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes 6 stages grouped into 3 levels of moral reasoning:
1) Pre-conventional morality focuses on obedience and self-interest.
2) Conventional morality emphasizes maintaining social order and relationships.
3) Post-conventional morality prioritizes social contracts and universal ethical principles.
Kohlberg studied how children reason through moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma. His work influenced education by suggesting teachers encourage perspective-taking and discussions that are slightly above students' current stage of reasoning. While criticized, Kohlberg's theory highlighted the role of environment and experience in developing morality.
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This document summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which proposes that moral reasoning develops through six stages across three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. It describes the characteristics of reasoning at each of the first four stages, including obeying rules to avoid punishment (Stage 1), acting in one's self-interest (Stage 2), pleasing others and maintaining relationships (Stage 3), and upholding laws and social order (Stage 4). An example is also provided to illustrate potential responses from each of these first four stages.
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
Psy150 chpt1revised
The document provides an overview of the history and development of psychology, from early philosophers like Aristotle and theorists like Freud, to the establishment of experimental psychology by Wundt and the different approaches that emerged such as behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and various subfields and applications of psychology today. It also discusses key concepts, methods, and ethical issues within the field.
Unit 1_Approaches in psychology (1).pdf
The document summarizes several key perspectives in psychology:
1. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and bodily functions influence behavior. It has contributed to understanding memory, sexual orientation, and mental disorders.
2. The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. It views humans as information processors.
3. The sociocultural perspective examines how social and cultural environments shape behavior, thoughts, and feelings. It emphasizes the role of social norms and cultural learning.
1Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools.docx
1
Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Psychology’s roots
Four big ideas in psychology
Why do psychology?
How do psychologists ask and answer questions?
Psychology’s research ethics
Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological science’s birth and development
Contemporary psychology
The Scientific Attitude
Modern science is possible due to three basic attitudes:
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
The Scientific Attitude: Curiosity
Research commences with the passion to explore and understand the world without misleading or being misled.
Questions to consider:
Does the idea work?
When put to the test, can the idea’s predictions be confirmed?
The Scientific Attitude: Skepticism
Skeptical testing can reveal which claim best matches the facts.
Sifting reality from fantasy requires a healthy skepticism.
Attitude that is not cynical, but not gullible either
Questions to consider:
What does one mean?
How does one know?
The Scientific Attitude: Humility
Researchers can make mistakes and must be willing to be surprised and follow new ideas.
One’s opinions do not matter.
Truths revealed in response to one’s questioning matter.
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
Psychology’s Earliest Pioneers: Magellans of the Mind
Wilhelm Wundt
Charles Darwin
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Early Definitions of PsychologyGroupsDefinitionEarly pioneersScience of mental lifeBehavioristsScientific study of observable behaviorFreudianEmphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiencesHumanistic psychologistsStress on people’s growth potentialCognitive psychologistsScientific exploration of how information is perceived, processed, and rememberedCognitive neuroscientistsInterdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior - Any action that can be observed and recorded
Anything a human or nonhuman animal does
Mental processes - Internal states that are inferred from behavior
Include thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Retrieve and Remember 1
Describe the three parts of the scientific attitude.
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
ANSWER: The scientific attitude combines (1) curiosity about the world around us, (2) skepticism about unproven claims and ideas, and (3) humility about our own understanding. These three traits guide psychologists as they consider ideas and test them with scientific methods. Ideas that do not hold up will then be discarded.
ANSWER: Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilh.
Lesson on Human Development & Life Stages by Vanessa Hannah Ghazala
This document provides an overview of three theories of human development: Piaget's cognitive development theory, Erikson's psychosocial development theory, and Freud's psychosexual development theory. It discusses key aspects of each theory, including their founders, underlying principles, stages of development, and how the theories differ from each other. The document aims to help students understand these influential theories and how they can be applied to understanding human behavior.
A New Model: Advancing Organizational Security Through Peacebuilding
Why is the security industry so full of fail? We spend millions of dollars on firewalls, IPS, IDS, DLP, professional penetration tests and assessments, and vulnerability and compliance tools, and at the end of the day, the weakest link is the user and his or her inability to make the right choices. It's enough to make a security engineer cry.
The one thing you can depend upon in an enterprise is that many of your users, even with training, will still make the wrong choices. They will violate BYOD restrictions, click on links they shouldn't, respond to phishing scams, open documents without thinking, post too much information on Twitter and Facebook, use their pet's name as passwords, etc. But what if this isn't because users hate us or are too stupid? What if all our ignored policies and procedures regarding the best security practices have more to do with our failure to understand modern neuroscience and the human mind's resistance to change?
Humans are wired to be emotional beings. Emotions influence most of our decisions, good and bad. In failing to understand how this is at the root of user non-compliance, no matter how much money we spend on expensive hardware and software, we will fail to achieve the goal of good organizational security.
Psychodynamic theory
Sigmund Freud developed a comprehensive theory of personality comprising three interacting parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The ego develops to cope with reality. The superego incorporates social standards of right and wrong through ego ideals and conscience. Freud's psychodynamic theory provides a framework to understand human behavior and development through examining early relationships, defense mechanisms, and resolving psychosexual stages from oral to genital.
History & Approaches
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in an AP Psychology course, including major theories, approaches, figures, and areas of psychology. It discusses structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and other major schools of thought. Additionally, it outlines the nature vs nurture debate, levels of analysis, and biological, behavioral, cognitive, and other perspectives. Major areas of psychology like developmental, social, and clinical psychology are also summarized.
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, And Traditional Psychodynamic...
This document discusses psychodynamic theories of personality, including those proposed by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and others. It explains that traditional psychodynamic theories focused on the unconscious mind and believed personality traits were innate, while contemporary theories emphasized how personality develops through interactions with the external world. The document also briefly describes some of the key ideas from Freudian psychoanalysis and Jungian analytical psychology.
Introduction to Personality
This power point summarizes some important points in understanding personality from various perspectives.
Yoga and modern psychology
This document discusses the connections between modern psychology and yoga. It provides overviews of both fields, comparing their goals and perspectives. Some key points:
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control. Yoga is a way of life focusing on the body, breath, and mind.
- Major perspectives in psychology include psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, biological, cognitive, social/cultural, and evolutionary. Yoga incorporates concepts like karma, free will, and the impact of diet on the mind.
- Figures like Freud, Maslow, Skinner, and Vygotsky contributed new understandings to psychology. Y
Moral Psychology
Moral psychology studies morality from philosophical and psychological perspectives. Studies have found that emotions play a key role in moral judgment through evolutionary processes. Jonathan Haidt conducted studies showing that emotions like disgust often override reasoning in moral judgments. He proposes four principles of moral psychology: 1) intuitions primarily drive moral judgments but reasoning can sometimes override intuitions, 2) moral reasoning serves social goals rather than finding truth, 3) morality binds groups together, and 4) morality involves more than just harm and fairness, with additional factors like loyalty, authority, and purity.
Moral Psychology
Moral psychology studies morality from philosophical and psychological perspectives. Studies have found that emotions play a key role in moral judgment through evolutionary processes. Jonathan Haidt conducted studies showing that emotions like disgust often override reasoning in moral judgments. He proposed four principles of moral psychology: 1) intuitions guide most judgments but can sometimes be overridden, 2) moral thinking rationalizes intuitions to defend views, 3) morality binds groups through shared constraints, 4) morality considers factors beyond harm and fairness like loyalty, authority, and purity.
Psychology Essay Example
Examples Of Psychological Resilience
Examples Of Discursive Psychology
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Examples Of Personality Psychology
Major perspectives of psychology
The document summarizes five major perspectives in psychology: the neuroscience perspective considers how heredity and the brain/nervous system influence behavior; the psychodynamic perspective argues behavior is motivated by unconscious forces; the behavioral perspective focuses on observable, measurable behavior; the cognitive perspective examines how people think and process information; and the humanistic perspective emphasizes free will and people's potential for growth.
1. Discussion. What is the purpose of consciousness That is, why d
1. Discussion. What is the purpose of consciousness? That is, why did consciousness evolve (or why was it created)? (complete after reading 2.5)
1A. Discussion Reply. (Needs to reply this guy -
Femi Shah
)
Consciousness is the idea that helps people to express their opinion felling share thoughts etc. Its deals with the activity of brain and creates object for the material world. Consciousness makes people alert and deal with the situation. People have emerge mentally, physically and psychologically. Consciuosness develops over generation to adapt interchanging environments. People can adapt in different environment due to consiciousness scientifically it is proved that the theory of consciousness comes from philosophy and religion. All the living creatures have a sense of consciousness. The main purpose is to make people aware of their surrounding. consciousness is also a solution for different problems. Consciousness also changes behaviour of people in a good manner. Consciousness boosts the confidence of people and they often come to overcome different situations. Consciousness helps maintain balance within ourselves and pass it on generations. Everything that has energy consists of consciousness. Not only humans but birds, flowers, and micro organisms have consciousness and have proven that consciousness is needed to adapt and exist. Animals indeed have a sense of consciousness not as human beings but in a different and unique manner. For example: when a mosquito sucks blood from a person , it is only trying to feed itself but when humans and even animals feel the sensation of bite we try to go after it and kill it. As a result, the fly flies away due to consciousness. There is no exact definition of consciousness but people are aware of it. It has been carried out from generations to generations through religion, music, and practices. The universe exists through consciousness and the people living in it. Consciousness is mostly about being aware of ourselves and our surrounding.
2. Discussion. Let's say that someone who knows you well believes he can predict everything you do and say within a 24 hour period. Without telling you what he's up to, he writes down his prediction in great detail. As it turns out, his predictions are correct. Does the fact that someone can accurately predict the behavior of another show that the behavior was determined? Explain. (complete after reading 3.1)
2A. Discussion Reply. If someone can accurately predict someone's behavior, then one can say that his behavior was determined. The reason why I feel this way is because thei situation reminds me of casual determinism. Casual determinism is the idea that every event was caused by past events and by the laws of nature. Casual determinism is a very reliable theory to believe in. The reason why is because it can be supported by every branch of science, including psychology.
Speaking of science, predicting human behavior led to the nature ...
Description of human behavior
This lecture is more about effect of nature and nurture in the way human behave. As well as the adaptive Vs Maladaptive behavior in human
Consider the different developmental theories discussed in this ch.docx
Consider the different developmental theories discussed in this chapter. What theory do you find most interesting? Most challenging? Most useful to your work as a human service professional? Explain why you feel this way and how you plan to use these concepts to support your clients.
Psychology is defined as the science of mind and behavior. Human psychological development involves personality, cognition, emotion, and self-concept. Each child develops into a unique entity with individual strengths and weaknesses. At the same time, however, some principles and processes apply to the psychological development of all people. Likewise, virtually everyone is subject to similar psychological feelings and reactions that affect their behavior.
This example portrays two schoolboys discussing their current academic careers. Numerous psychological concepts and variables are affecting even this simple interaction. The boys are addressing their own and their peers’ ability to learn and achieve. Learning is easier for some children and more difficult for others. Personality characteristics also come into play. Some children are more dominant and aggressive. Others are more passive. Some young people are more motivated to achieve and win. Others are less interested and enthusiastic. Finally, some children feel good about themselves, and others have poor self-concepts.
A Perspective
Psychological variables interact with biological and social factors to affect an individual’s situation and behavior. Their interaction influences the potential courses of action available to a person at any point in time. This chapter will focus on some of the psychological concepts that critically impact children as they grow up. There are four major thrusts. The first presents a perspective on how personalities develop. The second provides a basic understanding of how children think and learn. The third focuses on emotion, and the fourth on self-concept.
Learning Objectives
This chapter will:
A. Summarize prominent psychological theories concerning personality development, including psychodynamic, neo-Freudian psychoanalytic, behavioral, phenomenological, and feminist theories.
B. Suggest a procedure for evaluating theory and discuss some concepts useful in enhancing sensitivity to human diversity when doing so.
C. Examine Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development.
D. Describe the concept of emotion and investigate the development of temperament and attachment.
E. Discuss self-concept and self-esteem.
F. Examine the concepts of intelligence and intelligence testing, emphasizing the potential cultural and other biases involved.
G. Explore cognitive disabilities (mental retardation), learning disabilities, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, their effects on children, and current macro system responses.Theories of Psychological Development
How many times have you heard someone make statements such as the f.
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Does moral action depend on reasoning?
- 1. Does Moral Action Depend on Reasoning? The answer is “Yes and No” (Antonio Damasio) Analysis made by: Diego Mora Shareefa Abdul-Ali Md Khan
- 2. Who is Antonio Damasio? Professor of neuroscience. Director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at University of Southern California. Author of “Descartes Error and Self Comes to Mind” published in 2014.
- 3. Main argument quote and paraphrase “My answer is a strong ‘yes’ because the actions we can truly call moral depends on the work of reason at some stage in the process leading to their execution” “My answer is also ‘no’ because the moment-to-moment execution of actions, moral or otherwise, is not necessary under the control of reason…” (Antonio Damasio, A Templeton Conversation, page 46 paragraph 1). Morality depends on reasoning within a conscious level but not when it comes to basic moral values stacked in the back of your mind. Most of us do not realize that the values or morals that are pass down to us from generation to generation (grandparents to parents) are learn behaviors that we are not aware of until questioned.
- 4. Main argument Morality / Reason No Yes Basic moral values roots are: 1. Instincts. 2. Brain systems. 3. Neuromodulator molecules. • Neuropeptide oxytocin. 4. Genes Construction of moral values help species to survive. Rest of moral values are result of: 1. Forerunner institutions. 2. Beliefs. 3. Rejection to other institutions and believes 4. Skill learned which becomes second nature (taught in early childhood)
- 5. Freud’s view of the unconscious. (additional view) Conscious Moral decisions are part of both superego and ego. The ego governs your rational logical and analytical mind. The superego is and collection of moral lessons (right and wrong) learn from parents, society, religion. Preconscious Is the dawn of conscious. “capable of becoming conscious”—a phrase attributed by Sigmund Freud to Joseph Breuer Unconscious The ID controls your basic instincts and desires. (hunger, sex, survival)
- 6. Construction of basic moral values with instincts, brain systems and neuromodulators Life-long monogamist and bonding-care of the progeny Mating oxytocin in affect- related brain regions. This is associated with lifetime monogamy male-female. Close bonding and care of progeny from male. Alterations of this hormone turns into behavioral changes. Rodent (prairie voles)
- 7. Social homeostasis Humans compared to other species takes moral to new heights. Using creativity. Served by social standards. Social homeostasis is moral decisions and principles taken: Deliberate. High level of consciousness. Create social laws (moral) and the jurisprudence that follows from it. Neuroscience proves humans are capable of consciously controlling their moral behavior. Morals can become a skill that will act as “second nature”. Process that begins in childhood.
- 8. Group questions remaining In your opinion, how would the future of neuroscience impact morality and reasoning? What are some of the unconscious myths that affect ones morality and reasoning? How much your background and enviroverment affects your morality decisions?
- 9. Definitions “De novo” – a new Antecedent: before or prior Mating: animals coming together to breed. Neuromodulator: physiological process that gives a neuron uses to neurotransmitters to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Oxytocin: hormone released after mating. Progeny: descendant of people, animal or plant. Jurisprudence: the science or philosophy of law. Back