The document discusses the origins and history of religion in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India around 1500-1000 BC from Central Asia, bringing their language and beliefs. They encountered the earlier Dravidian civilization centered around the Indus Valley. While some viewed this as an invasion that displaced the Dravidians, more recent research suggests it was a gradual interaction and merging of the two cultures that gave rise to Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions still practiced today.

1. What is religion?What is religion?
What is Hinduism?What is Hinduism?
Does GOD have a shape?Does GOD have a shape?

2. What is religion?What is religion?
An ethical rules created for the harmony ofAn ethical rules created for the harmony of
the individual, family, society, nation andthe individual, family, society, nation and
world created by society., nation andworld created by society., nation and
global partners.global partners.
It is for the smooth running of life ofIt is for the smooth running of life of
individual, family, society and universe.individual, family, society and universe.
It is of bodily rules, character rules andIt is of bodily rules, character rules and
environmental rules.environmental rules.

3. What is religion?What is religion?
a specific fundamental set of beliefs anda specific fundamental set of beliefs and
practices generally agreed upon by a number ofpractices generally agreed upon by a number of
persons or sectspersons or sects
AA religionreligion is an organized approach to humanis an organized approach to human
spiritualityspirituality which usually encompasses a set ofwhich usually encompasses a set of
narrativesnarratives,, symbolssymbols, beliefs and practices, often, beliefs and practices, often
with awith a supernaturalsupernatural oror transcendenttranscendent quality, thatquality, that
give meaning to the practitioner's experiences ofgive meaning to the practitioner's experiences of
life through reference to a higher power orlife through reference to a higher power or truthtruth..

5. Origin of AryansOrigin of Aryans
Iran is the ancient name of Persia, and it isIran is the ancient name of Persia, and it is
derived from the root "Arya" or Aryan, thederived from the root "Arya" or Aryan, the
Indo-European branch of peoples whoIndo-European branch of peoples who
settled in that land. The Aryans of ancientsettled in that land. The Aryans of ancient
Iran wereIran were Mazdayasni Zarathushtris,Mazdayasni Zarathushtris, ie.ie.
Worshippers ofWorshippers of Ahura MazdaAhura Mazda (the name(the name
of God in Avestan) as revealed by theof God in Avestan) as revealed by the
ancient prophet Zarathushtra, thousandsancient prophet Zarathushtra, thousands
of years before Christ.of years before Christ.

6. Origin of HindusOrigin of Hindus
Historians believe the originalHistorians believe the original
home of the Aryans was in thehome of the Aryans was in the
lands south of the Urallands south of the Ural
Mountains in what is nowMountains in what is now
Kirghizstan. When life becameKirghizstan. When life became
tough, because food wastough, because food was
scarce, drop in temperature andscarce, drop in temperature and
the pressure applied by thethe pressure applied by the
yellow-skinned tribes in theyellow-skinned tribes in the
north, the Aryans began to movenorth, the Aryans began to move
away in different directions.away in different directions.
Some went to Greece, some toSome went to Greece, some to
Iran, and some to Afghanistan.Iran, and some to Afghanistan.
From the eastern front someFrom the eastern front some
groups moved to India.groups moved to India.
Dravidians

7. The Hindu
Settlements

8. The Indus ValleyThe Indus Valley
The Indus Valley culture began to declineThe Indus Valley culture began to decline
around 1800 BC, due possibly to flooding oraround 1800 BC, due possibly to flooding or
drought. Until recently, it was held that thedrought. Until recently, it was held that the
Aryans (an Indo-European culture whose nameAryans (an Indo-European culture whose name
comes from the Sanskrit for "noble") invadedcomes from the Sanskrit for "noble") invaded
India and Iran at this time. According to thisIndia and Iran at this time. According to this
hypothesis, both the Sanskrit language and thehypothesis, both the Sanskrit language and the
Vedic religion foundational to Hinduism isVedic religion foundational to Hinduism is
attributable to the Aryans and their descendants.attributable to the Aryans and their descendants.
The original inhabitants of the Indus Valley areThe original inhabitants of the Indus Valley are
thought to have had a Dravidian language andthought to have had a Dravidian language and
culture, which became subordinate to that of theculture, which became subordinate to that of the
invading peoples.invading peoples.

9. Aryans settlementAryans settlement
Many of them settled along the banks ofMany of them settled along the banks of
Saraswati river. They settled to an agrarian life,Saraswati river. They settled to an agrarian life,
supplemented by cattle grazing. These settlerssupplemented by cattle grazing. These settlers
along the banks of Saraswati river came to bealong the banks of Saraswati river came to be
known as Saraswats.known as Saraswats.
As time went on, the aryan settlers went southAs time went on, the aryan settlers went south
and east along the river valleys and occupiedand east along the river valleys and occupied
the land between the Himalayas in the north andthe land between the Himalayas in the north and
the Vindhyas in the south. This land, the land ofthe Vindhyas in the south. This land, the land of
the Aryans, came to be calledthe Aryans, came to be called AryabartaAryabarta..

10. DravidiansDravidians
India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-
skinned Indo-European tribes (Aryans) from Central Asiaskinned Indo-European tribes (Aryans) from Central Asia
around 1500-1000 BC. They overran an earlier and morearound 1500-1000 BC. They overran an earlier and more
advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization from whichadvanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization from which
they took most of what later became Indian civilization.they took most of what later became Indian civilization.
In the process they never gave the indigenous peopleIn the process they never gave the indigenous people
whom they took their civilization from the proper creditwhom they took their civilization from the proper credit
but eradicated all evidence of their conquest. All thebut eradicated all evidence of their conquest. All the
Aryans really added of their own was their languageAryans really added of their own was their language
(Sanskrit, of an Indo-European type) and their priestly(Sanskrit, of an Indo-European type) and their priestly
cult of caste that was to become the bane of later Indiccult of caste that was to become the bane of later Indic
society.society.

11. The DravidiansThe Dravidians
The so-called pre-Aryan or Dravidian civilization is saidThe so-called pre-Aryan or Dravidian civilization is said
to be indicated by the large urban ruins of what has beento be indicated by the large urban ruins of what has been
called the "Indus Valley culture" (as most of its initialcalled the "Indus Valley culture" (as most of its initial
sites were on the Indus river), or "Harappa andsites were on the Indus river), or "Harappa and
Mohenjodaro," after its two initially largest sites. In thisMohenjodaro," after its two initially largest sites. In this
article we will call this civilization the "Harappan" as itsarticle we will call this civilization the "Harappan" as its
sites extend far beyond the Indus river. It is now datedsites extend far beyond the Indus river. It is now dated
from 3100-1900 BC. By the invasion theory Indicfrom 3100-1900 BC. By the invasion theory Indic
civilization is proposed to have been the invention of acivilization is proposed to have been the invention of a
pre-Vedic civilization and the Vedas, however massivepre-Vedic civilization and the Vedas, however massive
their literature, are merely the products of a dark agetheir literature, are merely the products of a dark age
following its destruction. Only the resurgence of the pre-following its destruction. Only the resurgence of the pre-
Vedic culture in post-Vedic times is given credit for theVedic culture in post-Vedic times is given credit for the
redevelopment of urban civilization in India.redevelopment of urban civilization in India.

12. Harappan CivilizationHarappan Civilization
In 1921, archaeologists uncovered evidence ofIn 1921, archaeologists uncovered evidence of
an ancient civilization along the Indus River,an ancient civilization along the Indus River,
which today runs through northwest India intowhich today runs through northwest India into
Pakistan. The so-called Indus Valley civilizationPakistan. The so-called Indus Valley civilization
(also known as the "Harappan civilization" for(also known as the "Harappan civilization" for
one of its chief cities) is thought to haveone of its chief cities) is thought to have
originated as early as 7000 BC and to haveoriginated as early as 7000 BC and to have
reached is height between 2300 to 2000 BC, atreached is height between 2300 to 2000 BC, at
which point it encompassed over 750,000which point it encompassed over 750,000
square miles and traded with Mesopotamia.square miles and traded with Mesopotamia.

13. Is it really invasion?Is it really invasion?
Between about 2000 and 1500 BCE not anBetween about 2000 and 1500 BCE not an
invasion but a continuing spread of Indo-Aryaninvasion but a continuing spread of Indo-Aryan
speakers occurred, carrying them much fartherspeakers occurred, carrying them much farther
into India, to the east and south, and coincidinginto India, to the east and south, and coinciding
with a growing cultural interaction between thewith a growing cultural interaction between the
native population and the new arrivals. Fromnative population and the new arrivals. From
these processes a new cultural synthesisthese processes a new cultural synthesis
emerged, giving rise by the end of the 2ndemerged, giving rise by the end of the 2nd
millennium to the conscious expressions ofmillennium to the conscious expressions of
Aryan ethnicity found in the Rigveda, particularlyAryan ethnicity found in the Rigveda, particularly
in the later hymnsin the later hymns
– ""Hinduism: History: Aryan Invasion TheoryHinduism: History: Aryan Invasion Theory" - BBC" - BBC
Religion & EthicsReligion & Ethics

14. The ProcessThe Process
The whole process ofThe whole process of
migration took placemigration took place
between 2000 to 1500between 2000 to 1500
BC. They entered IndiaBC. They entered India
from the north west andfrom the north west and
initially settled in the landinitially settled in the land
between the tributaries ofbetween the tributaries of
the River Indus. Therethe River Indus. There
were more than 1200were more than 1200
such settlements ofsuch settlements of
migrants.migrants.
The coming of AryansThe coming of Aryans
marks the beginning of amarks the beginning of a
historic period in India.historic period in India.
Between the decline ofBetween the decline of
Harappan civilizationHarappan civilization
1500 BC and 500 BC is a1500 BC and 500 BC is a
"dark" period about which"dark" period about which
little is known.little is known.

15. The relationsThe relations
However, all the ancient ZoroastrianHowever, all the ancient Zoroastrian
scriptures speak of an earlier homelandscriptures speak of an earlier homeland
from where our people came, the lostfrom where our people came, the lost
"Airyane Vaejahi""Airyane Vaejahi" or seedland of theor seedland of the
Aryans. From this homeland, the Indo-Aryans. From this homeland, the Indo-
Europeans or Aryans moved to upperEuropeans or Aryans moved to upper
India, Iran, Russia and the nations ofIndia, Iran, Russia and the nations of
Europe such as Greece, Italy, Germany,Europe such as Greece, Italy, Germany,
France, Scandinavia, England, ScotlandFrance, Scandinavia, England, Scotland
and Ireland.and Ireland.

16. The First KingThe First King
TheThe "Vendidad""Vendidad" is one of the ancient scripturesis one of the ancient scriptures
of the Zoroastrians, actually called theof the Zoroastrians, actually called the "Vi-"Vi-
daevo-dat"daevo-dat" or the law to fight against evil. In theor the law to fight against evil. In the
firstfirst "Fargad""Fargad" or chapter, the Golden Age of theor chapter, the Golden Age of the
ancient Aryans is outlined with their greatestancient Aryans is outlined with their greatest
king,king, "Yima Kshaeta""Yima Kshaeta" (Yam Raj in the Indian(Yam Raj in the Indian
Vedas) who banished old age and death. Then,Vedas) who banished old age and death. Then,
the ice age broke on the ancient home and thethe ice age broke on the ancient home and the
Aryans were forced to migrate southwards, toAryans were forced to migrate southwards, to
the southeast and the southwest.the southeast and the southwest.

17. The Scientific BasisThe Scientific Basis
A 2001 examination of male Y-DNA byA 2001 examination of male Y-DNA by
Indian and American scientists [whichIndian and American scientists [which
also incidentally includes Toomasalso incidentally includes Toomas
Kivisild as one of the authors]Kivisild as one of the authors]
indicated that higher castes areindicated that higher castes are
genetically closer to West Eurasiansgenetically closer to West Eurasians
than are individuals from lower castes,than are individuals from lower castes,
whose genetic profiles are similar towhose genetic profiles are similar to
other Asiansother Asians..

18. The discussionsThe discussions
The main center of Harappan civilization is the newlyThe main center of Harappan civilization is the newly
rediscovered Sarasvati river of Vedic fame. While therediscovered Sarasvati river of Vedic fame. While the
Indus river has about three dozen important HarappanIndus river has about three dozen important Harappan
sites, the Sarasvati has over five hundred. The drying upsites, the Sarasvati has over five hundred. The drying up
of the Sarasvati brought about the end of the Harappanof the Sarasvati brought about the end of the Harappan
civilization around 1900 BC. As the Vedas know of thiscivilization around 1900 BC. As the Vedas know of this
river they cannot be later than the terminal point for theriver they cannot be later than the terminal point for the
river or different than the Harappans who flourished onriver or different than the Harappans who flourished on
its banks. Harappan culture should be renamed "theits banks. Harappan culture should be renamed "the
Sarasvati culture" and the Vedic culture must have beenSarasvati culture" and the Vedic culture must have been
in India long before 2000 BC.in India long before 2000 BC.

19. The discussionsThe discussions
Therefore it is necessary to set aside the discreditedTherefore it is necessary to set aside the discredited
idea of the Aryan invasion and rewrite the textbooks inidea of the Aryan invasion and rewrite the textbooks in
light of the new model, which is an organic andlight of the new model, which is an organic and
indigenous development of civilization in India from 6500indigenous development of civilization in India from 6500
BC with no break in continuity or evidence of significantBC with no break in continuity or evidence of significant
intrusive populations such as the invasion theoryintrusive populations such as the invasion theory
requires.(requires.(2) Ancient India now appears not as a broken2) Ancient India now appears not as a broken
civilization deriving its impetus from outside invaders butcivilization deriving its impetus from outside invaders but
as the most continuous and consistent indigenousas the most continuous and consistent indigenous
development of civilization in the ancient world, whosedevelopment of civilization in the ancient world, whose
literary record, the ancient Vedas, remains with us today.literary record, the ancient Vedas, remains with us today.
-Myth of Aryan Invasion of India - Dr. David Frawley.-Myth of Aryan Invasion of India - Dr. David Frawley.

20. Time LineTime Line
2800-2000 BCE Indus Valley civilization.2800-2000 BCE Indus Valley civilization.
1200-900 BCE Early Vedic Period - earliest Vedas are compiled.1200-900 BCE Early Vedic Period - earliest Vedas are compiled.
900-600 BCE Late Vedic period - Brahmanical religion develops,900-600 BCE Late Vedic period - Brahmanical religion develops,
emphasizing ritual and social obligation.emphasizing ritual and social obligation.
800-300 BCE The 11 major Upanishads are written, which include800-300 BCE The 11 major Upanishads are written, which include
the ideas of reincarnation and karma.the ideas of reincarnation and karma.
500 BCE-1000 CE Epics and Puranas are written, reflecting the rise500 BCE-1000 CE Epics and Puranas are written, reflecting the rise
of devotional movements dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Devi.of devotional movements dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Devi.
5th cent. BCE Buddhism and Jainism founded in India.5th cent. BCE Buddhism and Jainism founded in India.
320-185 BCE Mauryan Dynasty founded by Chandragupta.320-185 BCE Mauryan Dynasty founded by Chandragupta.
320-500 CE Gupta empire.320-500 CE Gupta empire.
500-650 CE Gupta empire divides into several kingdoms.500-650 CE Gupta empire divides into several kingdoms.
600-1600 CE Rise of devotional movements, puja (worship) rituals,600-1600 CE Rise of devotional movements, puja (worship) rituals,
and idea of equality of devotees.and idea of equality of devotees.
7th-11th cent. Esoteric movements based on Tantras develop.7th-11th cent. Esoteric movements based on Tantras develop.

21. 870-1280 Cholas dynasty. Hinduism870-1280 Cholas dynasty. Hinduism
arises in the south.arises in the south.
1498 European presence in southern Asia1498 European presence in southern Asia
begins with the arrival of Vasco de Gama.begins with the arrival of Vasco de Gama.

22. Types of religionTypes of religion
 Semitic:Semitic:
• BIBLE: Prophet NOHA : ShemBIBLE: Prophet NOHA : Shem
 Jews; Arabs; Assyrians; PhoeniciansJews; Arabs; Assyrians; Phoenicians
 Non-SemiticNon-Semitic
• AryanAryan
 VedicVedic
• Hinduism (Brahmanism)Hinduism (Brahmanism)
 Non VedicNon Vedic
• Sikhism, Buddhism, JainismSikhism, Buddhism, Jainism
• Non AryanNon Aryan
 Confucianism; Taoism (Chinese)Confucianism; Taoism (Chinese)
 Scientism (Japanese)Scientism (Japanese)

23. Number of major religious peopleNumber of major religious people
ChristianityChristianity 1.9-2.1 billion1.9-2.1 billion 11stst
centurycentury
IslamIslam 1-1.3 billion1-1.3 billion 77thth
CenturyCentury
HinduismHinduism 828 million828 million 10000BC10000BC
BudhismBudhism 364 million364 million 500 BCE500 BCE
JudaismJudaism 14.5 million14.5 million 1300BCE1300BCE

24. Hindu populationHindu population
Of the total Hindu population of the world, about 94%Of the total Hindu population of the world, about 94%
(890 million) live in India (i.e. Bharat). Nepal, some(890 million) live in India (i.e. Bharat). Nepal, some
Indonesian islands, Bhutan, Mauritius, Trinidad andIndonesian islands, Bhutan, Mauritius, Trinidad and
Tobago, Fiji, Guyana, Singapore, and Suriname haveTobago, Fiji, Guyana, Singapore, and Suriname have
significant density of Hindu populations. In Nepal andsignificant density of Hindu populations. In Nepal and
Bali the major religion is Hinduism and is still reflected inBali the major religion is Hinduism and is still reflected in
the traditional culture and architecture. Prior to the arrivalthe traditional culture and architecture. Prior to the arrival
of Islam, areas of the region now known as Afghanistanof Islam, areas of the region now known as Afghanistan
and Pakistan were also predominantly Hindu orand Pakistan were also predominantly Hindu or
Buddhist.Buddhist.
Apart from these countries Bangladesh (14.4 million), SriApart from these countries Bangladesh (14.4 million), Sri
Lanka (3 million), Pakistan (2.5 million), Malaysia (1.5Lanka (3 million), Pakistan (2.5 million), Malaysia (1.5
million), United States (1.5 million), South Africa (1.1million), United States (1.5 million), South Africa (1.1
million) and the Middle East (1 million) also have sizablemillion) and the Middle East (1 million) also have sizable
Hindu populations.Hindu populations.

25. What are the basic tenets ofWhat are the basic tenets of
Hinduism?:Hinduism?:
Dharma (ethics and duties)Dharma (ethics and duties)
Samsara (rebirth)Samsara (rebirth)
Karma (right action)Karma (right action)
Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara)Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara)
– TheThe MahabharataMahabharata (compiled by the sage Vyasa,(compiled by the sage Vyasa,
probably before A.D. 400), describes the narrationprobably before A.D. 400), describes the narration
from Shri Krishna and is the only words given to us byfrom Shri Krishna and is the only words given to us by
incarnated God.incarnated God.
– Hinduism does not have any one founderHinduism does not have any one founder

26. HinduismHinduism
 People residing in Indus valley: HinduPeople residing in Indus valley: Hindu
(Persian word).(Persian word).
 Vedas; Upanishads and Geeta.Vedas; Upanishads and Geeta.
 One GOD; Three God; Three hundredOne GOD; Three God; Three hundred
thirty million Gods.thirty million Gods.
 Pantheism (Every thing is devine andPantheism (Every thing is devine and
sacred).sacred).

27. IdolsIdols
 Modern Hinduism grew out of the knowledgeModern Hinduism grew out of the knowledge
described in the Vedas. The earliest of these, thedescribed in the Vedas. The earliest of these, the
Rigveda centers on worship of the deities IndraRigveda centers on worship of the deities Indra
and Agni, and on the Soma ritual. The Indo-and Agni, and on the Soma ritual. The Indo-
Aryans used to perform fire-sacrifices calledAryans used to perform fire-sacrifices called
yajña (yajña () with the chanting of the Vedic mantras,) with the chanting of the Vedic mantras,
but they built no temples, idols or icons.but they built no temples, idols or icons.

28. VedasVedas
 Sanskrit word: “vid” means to know orSanskrit word: “vid” means to know or
knowledge.knowledge.
 Latin word: video means “one who knows andLatin word: video means “one who knows and
sees the truth”.sees the truth”.
 Vedas: four samhitas:Vedas: four samhitas:
 Rigveda: the oldest oneRigveda: the oldest one
 1017 hymns1017 hymns
 Praise of Gods and GodessesPraise of Gods and Godesses
 Devine beings identified with aspects of material natureDevine beings identified with aspects of material nature
and supernatural powers.and supernatural powers.

29. Beginning of idolsBeginning of idols
 Varuna: God of ocean and skyVaruna: God of ocean and sky
 Indra: the slayer of demons.Indra: the slayer of demons.
 Ushas: the goddess of dawnUshas: the goddess of dawn
 Aditee: theh goddess of earth and cosmic spaceAditee: theh goddess of earth and cosmic space
 Agni: the god of fire.Agni: the god of fire.
 Many other like wiseMany other like wise

30. Family of idolsFamily of idols
 Brahman and his familyBrahman and his family
 Vishnu and his family.Vishnu and his family.
 Mahesh and his family.Mahesh and his family.
 Artists created their bodily figure.Artists created their bodily figure. mūrtimūrti (statue in(statue in
which divine presence is invoked)which divine presence is invoked)
 Unusual than humans: many hands, many heads.Unusual than humans: many hands, many heads.
 Animals as their vehicle.Animals as their vehicle.
 Place of stay unusual for human habitats.Place of stay unusual for human habitats.
 Power of giving the desire of humans.Power of giving the desire of humans.

31. The origin of idolsThe origin of idols
 Law Giver: ManuLaw Giver: Manu
 Fire: the center of Vedic ritualFire: the center of Vedic ritual
 Gain material rewardsGain material rewards
 HealthHealth
 LongevityLongevity
 Qualified spouseQualified spouse
 OffspringOffspring
 WealthWealth
 Various manifestations of Ultimate Truth of Brahman, theVarious manifestations of Ultimate Truth of Brahman, the
supreme spirit and yet they are individuals as well.supreme spirit and yet they are individuals as well.
 The great epic : Mahabharat and many puranas (praising theThe great epic : Mahabharat and many puranas (praising the
power of God and goddess.power of God and goddess.

32. IdolsIdols
 Karma-kandaKarma-kanda - a division of the Vedas which- a division of the Vedas which
relates to the performance of ceremonial actsrelates to the performance of ceremonial acts
and sacrificial rites directed toward materialand sacrificial rites directed toward material
benefits or liberation.benefits or liberation.
 Material benefits:Material benefits:
 Money: LaxmiMoney: Laxmi
 Power to destroy enemy: DurgaPower to destroy enemy: Durga
 Education: SaraswatiEducation: Saraswati

33. Division in Hindu Idol followersDivision in Hindu Idol followers
 VaishnavasVaishnavas
who worship the Lord as Vishnu;who worship the Lord as Vishnu;
 SaivasSaivas
who worship the Lord as Siva; andwho worship the Lord as Siva; and
 SaktasSaktas
who adore Devi or the Mother aspect of thewho adore Devi or the Mother aspect of the
Lord.Lord.

35. Nine facts of HinduNine facts of Hindu
 1.1.Hindus believe in the divinity of the VedasHindus believe in the divinity of the Vedas
 2.2.Hindus believe in one, all pervading GodHindus believe in one, all pervading God
 3.3.Hindus believe in endless cycles of creationHindus believe in endless cycles of creation
 4.4.Hindus believe in KarmaHindus believe in Karma
 5.5.Hindus believe that the soul reincarnatesHindus believe that the soul reincarnates
 6.6.Hindus believe that divine beings existHindus believe that divine beings exist
 7.7.Hindus believe that Guru is essentialHindus believe that Guru is essential
 8.8.Hindus believe that all life is sacredHindus believe that all life is sacred
 9.9.Hindus believe in respect for all religionsHindus believe in respect for all religions

36. The differentiationThe differentiation
 Ramanandis: followers of Ramanands. They are well-Ramanandis: followers of Ramanands. They are well-
known in upper Hindusthan (India). They are branchknown in upper Hindusthan (India). They are branch
of the Ramanuja sect.of the Ramanuja sect.
 They offer their worship to Lord Rama, Sita, Lakshmana andThey offer their worship to Lord Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and
Hanuman.Hanuman.
 Vallabhacharins or Rudra SampradayinsVallabhacharins or Rudra Sampradayins
(Rudra Sect)(Rudra Sect)
 The founder was born in the forest Camparanya in 1479. HeThe founder was born in the forest Camparanya in 1479. He
is regarded as an incarnation of Krishna. The mark on theis regarded as an incarnation of Krishna. The mark on the
forehead consists of two red perpendicular lines meeting in aforehead consists of two red perpendicular lines meeting in a
semicircle at the root of the nose and having a round dot ofsemicircle at the root of the nose and having a round dot of
red between them. The necklace and rosary are made of thered between them. The necklace and rosary are made of the
stalk of the Tulasi (holy Basil plant).stalk of the Tulasi (holy Basil plant).

37. Four sects of VaisnavasFour sects of Vaisnavas
 Ramanuja Acharya about the middle of theRamanuja Acharya about the middle of the
twelfth century .twelfth century .
 The followers of Ramanuja adore Vishnu andThe followers of Ramanuja adore Vishnu and
Lakshmi, and their incarnations. They are calledLakshmi, and their incarnations. They are called
Ramanujas or Sri Sampradayins or Sri Vaishnavas.Ramanujas or Sri Sampradayins or Sri Vaishnavas.
The teachers are Brahmins. The disciples may be ofThe teachers are Brahmins. The disciples may be of
any caste. They all recite the Ashtakshara Mantra:any caste. They all recite the Ashtakshara Mantra:
"Om Namo Narayanaya." They put on (display) two"Om Namo Narayanaya." They put on (display) two
white lines and a central red line on the forehead.white lines and a central red line on the forehead.

38. Example of sects beingExample of sects being
differentiateddifferentiated
 Vedantacharya, a follower of RamanujaVedantacharya, a follower of Ramanuja
 Northern School (Vadagalai)Northern School (Vadagalai)
 Southern School (Tengalai).Southern School (Tengalai).
 The two sets have different marks on their foreheads.The two sets have different marks on their foreheads.
The Vadagalais make a simple white line curved like theThe Vadagalais make a simple white line curved like the
letter U to represent the sole of the right foot of Lordletter U to represent the sole of the right foot of Lord
Vishnu, the source of the River Ganga (Ganges). TheyVishnu, the source of the River Ganga (Ganges). They
add a central red mark as a symbol of Lakshmi. Theadd a central red mark as a symbol of Lakshmi. The
Tengalais make a white mark like the letter Y thatTengalais make a white mark like the letter Y that
represents both the feet of Lord Vishnu. They draw arepresents both the feet of Lord Vishnu. They draw a
white line half way down the nose.white line half way down the nose.

39. The Chaitanyas (Hare KrishnaThe Chaitanyas (Hare Krishna
Movement)Movement)
 The Chaitanyas worship Lord Krishna as theThe Chaitanyas worship Lord Krishna as the
Supreme Being. All castes are admissible into theSupreme Being. All castes are admissible into the
sect. The devotees constantly repeat the Namesect. The devotees constantly repeat the Name
of Lord Krishna.of Lord Krishna.
 The Vaishnavas of this sect wear two whiteThe Vaishnavas of this sect wear two white
perpendicular streaks of sandalwood paste orperpendicular streaks of sandalwood paste or
Gopichandan (a kind of sacred clay). Down theGopichandan (a kind of sacred clay). Down the
forehead uniting at the root of the nose andforehead uniting at the root of the nose and
continuing to near the tip. They wear a closecontinuing to near the tip. They wear a close
necklace of small Tulasi beads of three strings.necklace of small Tulasi beads of three strings.

40. 2. Rudra sect2. Rudra sect
 The Saiva Brahmins of the Tamil India haveThe Saiva Brahmins of the Tamil India have
their title Aiyer. They are called Smartas. They alltheir title Aiyer. They are called Smartas. They all
wear three horizontal lines of Bhasma orwear three horizontal lines of Bhasma or
Vibhuti (holy ash) on their forehead. They allVibhuti (holy ash) on their forehead. They all
worship Lord Siva.worship Lord Siva.

41. 3. Shaktis3. Shaktis
 The saktas are worshippers of Devi, theThe saktas are worshippers of Devi, the
Universal Mother. Dakshinis, Vamis,Universal Mother. Dakshinis, Vamis,
Kancheliyas, Kararis are all Sakta sects.Kancheliyas, Kararis are all Sakta sects.

42. The other sectsThe other sects
 Arya samajArya samaj
 The followers of the Arya Samaj do not performThe followers of the Arya Samaj do not perform
idol worship. Dayananda Saraswati.idol worship. Dayananda Saraswati.
 The Brahmo SamajThe Brahmo Samaj
 The Brahmo Samajists do not perform idol worship.The Brahmo Samajists do not perform idol worship.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy.Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
 JainsJains
 The Jains do not admit the divine origin of theThe Jains do not admit the divine origin of the
Vedas. They do not believe in any Supreme Deity.Vedas. They do not believe in any Supreme Deity.

43. Sects continuesSects continues
 SeikhsSeikhs
 Sikhism, while some of its' founding Guru's were Hindu, wasSikhism, while some of its' founding Guru's were Hindu, was
created as a response to Hinduism and the reign of thecreated as a response to Hinduism and the reign of the
Muslim Mughal empires.Muslim Mughal empires.
-KS Gidda-KS Gidda
 Sikhs adopt the five Kakas, viz., 1. The Kes (uncut hair), 2.Sikhs adopt the five Kakas, viz., 1. The Kes (uncut hair), 2.
The Kachhca (short drawers), 3. The Kara (iron bangle), 4.The Kachhca (short drawers), 3. The Kara (iron bangle), 4.
The Kirpan (steel dagger), and 5. The Kangha (small-toothThe Kirpan (steel dagger), and 5. The Kangha (small-tooth
comb worn in the hair). No sikhs smoke tobacco.comb worn in the hair). No sikhs smoke tobacco.
 The Udasis are an ascetic order of the Nanaksahi Sikhs.The Udasis are an ascetic order of the Nanaksahi Sikhs.
Srichand, son of Guru Nanak, embraced SannyasaSrichand, son of Guru Nanak, embraced Sannyasa
 The Akalis are brave warriors. The Akalis wear a distinctiveThe Akalis are brave warriors. The Akalis wear a distinctive
dress of blue, and a black turban.dress of blue, and a black turban.

44. Other sectsOther sects
 SaivasSaivas
In South India, there are Tamil Sannyasins who belong to the Kovilur MathIn South India, there are Tamil Sannyasins who belong to the Kovilur Math
and Dharmaputram Adhinam. They do not belong to the Sri Sankara order.and Dharmaputram Adhinam. They do not belong to the Sri Sankara order.
They are Saivas.They are Saivas.
 NagasNagas
Nagas are Saiva Sannyasins. They are in a naked state. They smear theirNagas are Saiva Sannyasins. They are in a naked state. They smear their
bodies with ashes. They have beard and matted locks.bodies with ashes. They have beard and matted locks.
 UdasisUdasis
Guru Nanak’s order of ascetics is called Udasis. They correspond toGuru Nanak’s order of ascetics is called Udasis. They correspond to
Sannyasins and Vairagis. They are indifferent to the sensual pleasures of thisSannyasins and Vairagis. They are indifferent to the sensual pleasures of this
world (Udasina). Hence they are called Udasis.world (Udasina). Hence they are called Udasis.
 VairagisVairagis
A Vairagi is one who is devoid of passion. Vairagis are Vaishnavas. TheyA Vairagi is one who is devoid of passion. Vairagis are Vaishnavas. They
worship Lord Rama, Sita and Hanuman. They read the Ramayana ofworship Lord Rama, Sita and Hanuman. They read the Ramayana of
Tulasidas. The mendicant Vaishnavas of the Ramanandi classs are theTulasidas. The mendicant Vaishnavas of the Ramanandi classs are the
Vairagis. Sri Ananda, the twelfth disciple of Ramananda, instituted this asceticVairagis. Sri Ananda, the twelfth disciple of Ramananda, instituted this ascetic
order.order.

45. Sects contd.Sects contd.
 SaivasSaivas
In South India, there are Tamil Sannyasins who belong to the Kovilur MathIn South India, there are Tamil Sannyasins who belong to the Kovilur Math
and Dharmaputram Adhinam. They do not belong to the Sri Sankara order.and Dharmaputram Adhinam. They do not belong to the Sri Sankara order.
They are Saivas.They are Saivas.
 NagasNagas
Nagas are Saiva Sannyasins. They are in a naked state. They smear theirNagas are Saiva Sannyasins. They are in a naked state. They smear their
bodies with ashes. They have beard and matted locks.bodies with ashes. They have beard and matted locks.
 UdasisUdasis
Guru Nanak’s order of ascetics is called Udasis. They correspond toGuru Nanak’s order of ascetics is called Udasis. They correspond to
Sannyasins and Vairagis. They are indifferent to the sensual pleasures of thisSannyasins and Vairagis. They are indifferent to the sensual pleasures of this
world (Udasina). Hence they are called Udasis.world (Udasina). Hence they are called Udasis.
 VairagisVairagis
A Vairagi is one who is devoid of passion. Vairagis are Vaishnavas. TheyA Vairagi is one who is devoid of passion. Vairagis are Vaishnavas. They
worship Lord Rama, Sita and Hanuman. They read the Ramayana ofworship Lord Rama, Sita and Hanuman. They read the Ramayana of
Tulasidas. The mendicant Vaishnavas of the Ramanandi classs are theTulasidas. The mendicant Vaishnavas of the Ramanandi classs are the
Vairagis. Sri Ananda, the twelfth disciple of Ramananda, instituted this asceticVairagis. Sri Ananda, the twelfth disciple of Ramananda, instituted this ascetic
order.order.

46. Sects contd.Sects contd.
 Gorakhnath PanthisGorakhnath Panthis
Gorakhnath was a contemporary of Kabir. He is regarded as the incarnationGorakhnath was a contemporary of Kabir. He is regarded as the incarnation
of Lord Siva. He calls himself as the son of Matsyendranath and grandson ofof Lord Siva. He calls himself as the son of Matsyendranath and grandson of
Adinath. There is a temple of Gorakhnath at Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh.Adinath. There is a temple of Gorakhnath at Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh.
Bhartrihari was a disciple of GorakhnathBhartrihari was a disciple of Gorakhnath
 Nimbarka Sampradayis and Ramanuja SampradayisNimbarka Sampradayis and Ramanuja Sampradayis
These are Sadhus of the Nimbarka Sampradaya. They are Vaishnavas. TheThese are Sadhus of the Nimbarka Sampradaya. They are Vaishnavas. The
Sannyasins of the Ramanuja Sampradaya wear orange coloured cloth, a holySannyasins of the Ramanuja Sampradaya wear orange coloured cloth, a holy
thread and tuft and Tri-danda or three-staff. At present, they are very few inthread and tuft and Tri-danda or three-staff. At present, they are very few in
number.number.
 Parinami SectParinami Sect
Sri Pirannath was the founder of this sect. He was born in 1675 at Jamnagarh,Sri Pirannath was the founder of this sect. He was born in 1675 at Jamnagarh,
district Rajkot, in Kathiawar. He was the Devan (chief minister) of Raja Jamdistrict Rajkot, in Kathiawar. He was the Devan (chief minister) of Raja Jam
Jasa. The followers are to practise Ahimsa, Satya and Daya – non-violence,Jasa. The followers are to practise Ahimsa, Satya and Daya – non-violence,
truthfulness and compassion.truthfulness and compassion.

47. Sects contdSects contd
 Smarta SectSmarta Sect
 an ancient brahminical tradition reformed byan ancient brahminical tradition reformed by
Shankara in the ninth century. Worshiping six formsShankara in the ninth century. Worshiping six forms
of God, this liberal Hindu path is monistic,of God, this liberal Hindu path is monistic,
nonsectarian, meditative and philosophical. Aumnonsectarian, meditative and philosophical. Aum
Namah Sivaya.Namah Sivaya.
 follower of classical smriti, particularly the Dharmafollower of classical smriti, particularly the Dharma
Shastras, Puranas and Itihasas.Shastras, Puranas and Itihasas.
 Hindu faiths of his time under the banner ofHindu faiths of his time under the banner of
Advaita Vedanta under the banner of AdiAdvaita Vedanta under the banner of Adi
Shankaracharya.Shankaracharya.

48. Samskara in HiduisimSamskara in Hiduisim
There are 40 samskaras (purificatory rites). TheyThere are 40 samskaras (purificatory rites). They
are divided into three groups:are divided into three groups:
 a) A hnika Karmas (Daily rites) like Sandhya anda) A hnika Karmas (Daily rites) like Sandhya and
five Mahayajnas.five Mahayajnas.
 b) Grhya Karmas beginning from conceptionb) Grhya Karmas beginning from conception
right upto funeral rites like Garbhadhana,right upto funeral rites like Garbhadhana,
Upanayana, Vivaha and Antyeshti.Upanayana, Vivaha and Antyeshti.
 c) Srauta Karmas i.e. Haviryajnas andc) Srauta Karmas i.e. Haviryajnas and
Somayajnas.Somayajnas.

49. Starting of IdolsStarting of Idols
 Temples are a place for darshan (vision of the divine), pūjā,Temples are a place for darshan (vision of the divine), pūjā,
meditation, and religious congregation (though not so regularmeditation, and religious congregation (though not so regular
and often as among the Muslims and the Christians) amongand often as among the Muslims and the Christians) among
other religious activities. Pūjā or worship, frequently uses the aidother religious activities. Pūjā or worship, frequently uses the aid
of aof a mūrtimūrti (statue in which divine presence is invoked) in(statue in which divine presence is invoked) in
conjunction with the singing or chanting of meditational prayerconjunction with the singing or chanting of meditational prayer
in the form of mantras. Devotional songs called bhajans (writtenin the form of mantras. Devotional songs called bhajans (written
primarily from the 14th-17th centuries), kīrtan (devotionalprimarily from the 14th-17th centuries), kīrtan (devotional
songs), and ārtī are sometimes sung in conjunction withsongs), and ārtī are sometimes sung in conjunction with
performance of puja. This rather organic system of devotionperformance of puja. This rather organic system of devotion
attempts to aid the individual in connecting with God throughattempts to aid the individual in connecting with God through
symbolic communion. This form of icon and temple worship,symbolic communion. This form of icon and temple worship,
pūjā, is integral to the Bhakti cult.pūjā, is integral to the Bhakti cult.

50. Advaita Vedanta - Adi Sankara: The Pillar ofAdvaita Vedanta - Adi Sankara: The Pillar of
AdvaitaAdvaita
 Advaita VedantaAdvaita Vedanta (IAST(IAST advaita vedāntaadvaita vedānta; Devanagari; Devanagari ; IPA; IPA
[ dvait vé:dα:nt ]) is probably the best known of all Vedantaə ə ə[ dvait vé:dα:nt ]) is probably the best known of all Vedantaə ə ə
schools of philosophy of Hinduism, the others beingschools of philosophy of Hinduism, the others being DvaitaDvaita andand
VishishtadvaitaVishishtadvaita (total six). "Advaita" literally means "not two", and(total six). "Advaita" literally means "not two", and
is often called a monistic or non-dualistic system whichis often called a monistic or non-dualistic system which
essentially refers to the indivisibility of the Self (Atman) fromessentially refers to the indivisibility of the Self (Atman) from
the Whole (Brahman). The key texts from which all Vedanta (lit.,the Whole (Brahman). The key texts from which all Vedanta (lit.,
end or the goal of the Vedas) texts draw are the Upanishadsend or the goal of the Vedas) texts draw are the Upanishads
(twelve or thirteen in particular), which are usually at the end of(twelve or thirteen in particular), which are usually at the end of
the Vedas, and the Brahma Sutras (also known as Vedantathe Vedas, and the Brahma Sutras (also known as Vedanta
Sutras), which in turn discuss the essence of the Upanishads.Sutras), which in turn discuss the essence of the Upanishads.

51. Advaita Vedanta - Three levels of TruthAdvaita Vedanta - Three levels of Truth
 The transcendental or theThe transcendental or the PāramārthikaPāramārthika level in whichlevel in which
BrahmanBrahman is the only reality and nothing else;is the only reality and nothing else;
 The pragmatic or theThe pragmatic or the VyāvahārikaVyāvahārika level in which bothlevel in which both
Jiva (living creatures or individual souls) and GodJiva (living creatures or individual souls) and God
(Ishvara) are true; here, the material world is completely(Ishvara) are true; here, the material world is completely
true, and,true, and,
 The apparent or theThe apparent or the PrātibhāsikaPrātibhāsika level in which evenlevel in which even
material world reality is actually false, like illusion of amaterial world reality is actually false, like illusion of a
snake over a rope or a dream.snake over a rope or a dream.

52. AdvaitaAdvaita
 Sankara expounded the doctrine of Advaita — aSankara expounded the doctrine of Advaita — a
nondualistic reality. According to Advaitins (followersnondualistic reality. According to Advaitins (followers
of Advaita), Sankara exposed the relative nature of theof Advaita), Sankara exposed the relative nature of the
world and established the supreme truth of the Advaitaworld and established the supreme truth of the Advaita
by analysing the three states of experience — beingby analysing the three states of experience — being
awake (vaishvanara), dreaming (swapna), and being inawake (vaishvanara), dreaming (swapna), and being in
deep sleep (sushupti).deep sleep (sushupti).
 The soul or the self (Atman) is exactly equal toThe soul or the self (Atman) is exactly equal to
Brahman. It is not a part of Brahman that ultimatelyBrahman. It is not a part of Brahman that ultimately
dissolves into Brahman, but the whole Brahman itself.dissolves into Brahman, but the whole Brahman itself.

53. Char DhamChar Dham
 Shankara established four monastries (mathas) inShankara established four monastries (mathas) in
the four corners of Hinduism to guide thethe four corners of Hinduism to guide the
Hindu religion in the future. Each matha wasHindu religion in the future. Each matha was
assigned one Veda. The mathas areassigned one Veda. The mathas are JyothirJyothir
MathMath at Badrinath in northern India withat Badrinath in northern India with
Atharva Veda;Atharva Veda; Sharada MathSharada Math at Shringeri inat Shringeri in
southern India with Yajur Veda;southern India with Yajur Veda; GovardhanGovardhan
MathMath at Jagannath Puri in eastern India with Rigat Jagannath Puri in eastern India with Rig
Veda andVeda and Kalikā MathKalikā Math at Dwarka in westernat Dwarka in western
India with Sama Veda.India with Sama Veda.

54. Does God has a shape?Does God has a shape?
 In order to make the pragmatic life successful, it is veryIn order to make the pragmatic life successful, it is very
important to believe in God and worship him. In theimportant to believe in God and worship him. In the
pragmatic level, whenever we talk about Brahman, wepragmatic level, whenever we talk about Brahman, we
are in fact talking about God. God is the highestare in fact talking about God. God is the highest
knowledge theoretically possible in that level. Devotionknowledge theoretically possible in that level. Devotion
(Bhakti) will cancel the effects of bad Karma and will(Bhakti) will cancel the effects of bad Karma and will
make a person closer to the true knowledge bymake a person closer to the true knowledge by
purifying his mind. Slowly, the difference between thepurifying his mind. Slowly, the difference between the
worshipper and the worshipped decreases and uponworshipper and the worshipped decreases and upon
true knowledge, liberation occurs.true knowledge, liberation occurs.

55. Advaita Vedanta - Advaita andAdvaita Vedanta - Advaita and
ScienceScience
 According to some followers of Advaita, it may veryAccording to some followers of Advaita, it may very
well be a place where the scientific world intersects withwell be a place where the scientific world intersects with
the spiritual world. They point to the relationshipsthe spiritual world. They point to the relationships
between mass, frequency, and energy that 20th centurybetween mass, frequency, and energy that 20th century
physics has established and the Advaitic 'Unity of thephysics has established and the Advaitic 'Unity of the
Universe' as the common ground. They feel that theseUniverse' as the common ground. They feel that these
relationships, formalized as equations by Planck andrelationships, formalized as equations by Planck and
Einstein, suggest that the whole mesh of the UniverseEinstein, suggest that the whole mesh of the Universe
blend into a One that exhibits itself as many (namely,blend into a One that exhibits itself as many (namely,
mass, energy, wave etc), and that this follows Advaita'smass, energy, wave etc), and that this follows Advaita's
view that everything is but the manifestation of anview that everything is but the manifestation of an
omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent "One".omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent "One".

56. Advaita Vedanta - Later teachers andAdvaita Vedanta - Later teachers and
proponentsproponents
 Shri Ramakrishna (1836-1886)Shri Ramakrishna (1836-1886)
 Shai Baba of Shirdi (1838-1918)Shai Baba of Shirdi (1838-1918)
 Shri Narayan Guru (1856-1928)Shri Narayan Guru (1856-1928)
 Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
 Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
 Shri Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)Shri Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
 Shri Swami Sivananda (1887-1963)Shri Swami Sivananda (1887-1963)
 Shri Swami Daya Nanda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)Shri Swami Daya Nanda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)
 Brahmakumari (1936)Brahmakumari (1936)
 Shri Satya Sai Baba (largest followers)Shri Satya Sai Baba (largest followers)

57. tat tvam asitat tvam asi
 (Sanskrit: "thou art that"), in(Sanskrit: "thou art that"), in Hindu philosophyHindu philosophy,,
the famous expression of the relationship betweenthe famous expression of the relationship between
the individual and the absolute. The statement isthe individual and the absolute. The statement is
frequently repeated in the sixth chapter of thefrequently repeated in the sixth chapter of the
Chandogya Upanisad (c. 600 BC), as the teacherChandogya Upanisad (c. 600 BC), as the teacher
Uddalaka Aruni instructs his son in the nature ofUddalaka Aruni instructs his son in the nature of
the supreme reality. The identity expressed in thisthe supreme reality. The identity expressed in this
judgment was variously interpreted by the differentjudgment was variously interpreted by the different
schools of the orthodox philosophy of Vedanta.schools of the orthodox philosophy of Vedanta.
The phrase was given its mostThe phrase was given its most literal interpretationliteral interpretation
by the 8th-9th-century thinker Sankara of theby the 8th-9th-century thinker Sankara of the
Advaita (Nondualist) school, for whom theAdvaita (Nondualist) school, for whom the
statement was one of the great assertionsstatement was one of the great assertions
fundamental to his doctrine.fundamental to his doctrine.

58. Those whose intelligence has been stolen
by material desires surrender unto
demigods and follow the particular rules
and regulations of worship according to
their own natures.
Bhagwad Geeta chapter 7 Verse 20 .

59. Upanishads:
“Ekam evaditiyam”
He is the One only without a second
Chandogya Upanishad 6:2:1

60. “Na casya kasuj janita na
cadhipas
Of Him there are neither
parents nor Lord
Svetasavatara Upanishad 6, 9

61. “Na tasya pratima asti”
There is no likeness
of him.
Svetasvatara Upanishad
Chapter 4: 19

62. “Nainam urdhvam na tiryancam na
madhye na parigagrabhat na tasya
pratime asti yasya nama mahad yasah
There is no likeness of Him whose name
is great glory.
The principal Upanishad by S.
Radhakrishnan pg 736 & 737

63. “ Na samdrese tisthati rupam asya, na caksusa
psyati kas canaiam, Hrda hrdistham manasa
ya enam, evam vidur amrtas te bhavanti”
His form is not to be seen; no one sees Him
with the eye. Those who through heart and
mind know Him as abiding in the heart become
immortal
Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:20

64. Yajur Ved
“Na tasya pratima asti”
There is no image of him
Yajurved 32:3

65. “There is no image of Him whose
glory verily is great. He sustains
within Himself all luminous objects
like the Sun etc. May He not harm
me, this is my prayer. As his is
unborn, He deserves worship”
Yajurveda by Devi Chand pge 377.

66. He is body less and pure
Yajurved 40: 8

67. “Andhatama pravishanti ye
asambhuti mupaste”
They enter darkness, those who
worship natural things. They sink
deeper in darkness those who
worship sambhuti .
Yajurved 40: 9

68. Sages call one God by
many names
Rigveda 1:164; 46

69. “Ma chidanyadvi shansata”
O friends, do not worship
anybody but Him, the
Devine one.
Rigveda 8:1:1

70. “ The wise yogis concentrate their minds;
and concentrate their thought as well in
the Supreme Reality, which in
Omnipresent, Great and Omniscient. He
is one, knowing their functions, assigns
to the sense organs their respective
tasks. Verily, great is the glory of to
Divine Creator”
Rigveda 5:81

71. “Ekam Brahm, dvitiya naste neh
noa naste kinchan”
There is only one God, not the
second; not at all , not at all, not
in the least bit.
Brahma Sutra

73. Hamas Hazboolah
Palestenian Islamic jihad

74. Idol beliefs produce self-fulfilling prophecies