This document is the original 1954 report by Norman Dodd, the director of research for the Reece Committee, which investigated tax-exempt foundations. The report provides definitions used in the study, summarizes criticisms of a previous investigation by the Cox Committee, and outlines Dodd's approach and findings. Dodd discovered that certain foundations had collaborated over decades to shift American education toward an international perspective and away from its traditional principles, with the goal of influencing government policy. His study traced how this relationship developed between foundations, education, and the executive branch of government since 1903.
This document summarizes the key concepts of global governance and the United Nations' role in addressing gaps in global governance. It defines global governance as the laws, norms, policies and institutions that regulate relations between states and other actors across borders. It identifies five main gaps in global governance: knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. The UN plays an important but limited role in helping to fill these gaps, particularly in the areas of generating knowledge, establishing norms, and convening states to develop policies. However, significant gaps remain due to lack of authority, resources and political will from states. Non-state actors also contribute significantly to global governance.
Bauman and Miller_creating-framework-global-refugee-policy-2012Emily Bauman
This document provides a literature review of global public policy (GPP) and how it can help build a framework for understanding global refugee policy (GRP). It begins with a brief overview of the history of GPP scholarship, noting that while it has roots dating back to the 1950s, dedicated literature remains sparse. Most GPP literature is issue-driven rather than theory-driven. The review examines key assumptions and definitions in GPP literature, including its premise that the world is increasingly globalized and interdependent. It discusses how GPP studies have emerged from political science, particularly international relations. The review then relates insights from GPP to forced migration literature and debates around conceptualizing GRP, concluding that GPP provides a useful starting
Advancing Indigenous Rights at the United Nations: Strategic Framing and its ...Dr Lendy Spires
Within the past 30 years, indigenous peoples have emerged as legitimate subjects of international law with rights to exist as distinct people. This shift in international law is the result of activity over the last few decades that has involved hundreds of indigenous leaders, community representatives, and lawyers. Indigenous people have become actively engaged in efforts to transform the disposition and direction of international law in order that it might become a supportive force od change in the relations between indigenous peoples and the states in which they live...
This document summarizes a thesis about overcoming opposition from religious leaders (Ulama) to globalize Iran's political economy. It discusses Iran's history of economically-motivated political activism led by the Ulama and the evolution of Iran's economy after the 1979 revolution. It also reviews Islamic economic principles and their views on globalization, integration into the global economy, and economic development. The thesis argues that while globalization pressures Iran, the Ulama's desire to maintain control creates tensions with globalization and opening the economy.
1) In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville observed the phenomenon of individualism in America, which he contrasted with the egoism he saw in Europe.
2) The progressive movement led to reforms like the Pendleton Act in 1883, which professionalized the civil service through a merit-based hiring system.
3) There have been various attempts to define public administration, with scholars focusing on elements like its role in policymaking, fiscal administration, and organization and management of government. Its relationship to political science has also been an ongoing topic of discussion.
The document discusses the need for and use of public administration theory. Some key points:
- The practices of public administration, such as organization and management, have existed as long as civilization to help develop societies in a complex world. However, PA as a formal academic field is relatively new.
- While early thinkers like James Wilson were skeptical of theory, it is the foundation for understanding PA. Descriptive and explanatory theories help observers see and comprehend phenomena in the field.
- Predictive theories in PA cannot forecast exact outcomes but rather provide a framework for anticipating general patterns and probable results over time based on past observations.
- No single theory can fully capture the complexity of PA realities. Taken together,
This document provides an overview and introduction to the declassified CIA analytical monographs and reference aids known as the CAESAR, POLO, and ESAU papers. It discusses the origins and objectives of these research projects which analyzed Soviet and Chinese policymaking from 1953-1973. It also summarizes remarks by CIA Director Michael Hayden about balancing CIA's need for secrecy with its obligation to inform the public about its work on their behalf as part of the agency's social contract with the American people.
This document summarizes the key concepts of global governance and the United Nations' role in addressing gaps in global governance. It defines global governance as the laws, norms, policies and institutions that regulate relations between states and other actors across borders. It identifies five main gaps in global governance: knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. The UN plays an important but limited role in helping to fill these gaps, particularly in the areas of generating knowledge, establishing norms, and convening states to develop policies. However, significant gaps remain due to lack of authority, resources and political will from states. Non-state actors also contribute significantly to global governance.
Bauman and Miller_creating-framework-global-refugee-policy-2012Emily Bauman
This document provides a literature review of global public policy (GPP) and how it can help build a framework for understanding global refugee policy (GRP). It begins with a brief overview of the history of GPP scholarship, noting that while it has roots dating back to the 1950s, dedicated literature remains sparse. Most GPP literature is issue-driven rather than theory-driven. The review examines key assumptions and definitions in GPP literature, including its premise that the world is increasingly globalized and interdependent. It discusses how GPP studies have emerged from political science, particularly international relations. The review then relates insights from GPP to forced migration literature and debates around conceptualizing GRP, concluding that GPP provides a useful starting
Advancing Indigenous Rights at the United Nations: Strategic Framing and its ...Dr Lendy Spires
Within the past 30 years, indigenous peoples have emerged as legitimate subjects of international law with rights to exist as distinct people. This shift in international law is the result of activity over the last few decades that has involved hundreds of indigenous leaders, community representatives, and lawyers. Indigenous people have become actively engaged in efforts to transform the disposition and direction of international law in order that it might become a supportive force od change in the relations between indigenous peoples and the states in which they live...
This document summarizes a thesis about overcoming opposition from religious leaders (Ulama) to globalize Iran's political economy. It discusses Iran's history of economically-motivated political activism led by the Ulama and the evolution of Iran's economy after the 1979 revolution. It also reviews Islamic economic principles and their views on globalization, integration into the global economy, and economic development. The thesis argues that while globalization pressures Iran, the Ulama's desire to maintain control creates tensions with globalization and opening the economy.
1) In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville observed the phenomenon of individualism in America, which he contrasted with the egoism he saw in Europe.
2) The progressive movement led to reforms like the Pendleton Act in 1883, which professionalized the civil service through a merit-based hiring system.
3) There have been various attempts to define public administration, with scholars focusing on elements like its role in policymaking, fiscal administration, and organization and management of government. Its relationship to political science has also been an ongoing topic of discussion.
The document discusses the need for and use of public administration theory. Some key points:
- The practices of public administration, such as organization and management, have existed as long as civilization to help develop societies in a complex world. However, PA as a formal academic field is relatively new.
- While early thinkers like James Wilson were skeptical of theory, it is the foundation for understanding PA. Descriptive and explanatory theories help observers see and comprehend phenomena in the field.
- Predictive theories in PA cannot forecast exact outcomes but rather provide a framework for anticipating general patterns and probable results over time based on past observations.
- No single theory can fully capture the complexity of PA realities. Taken together,
This document provides an overview and introduction to the declassified CIA analytical monographs and reference aids known as the CAESAR, POLO, and ESAU papers. It discusses the origins and objectives of these research projects which analyzed Soviet and Chinese policymaking from 1953-1973. It also summarizes remarks by CIA Director Michael Hayden about balancing CIA's need for secrecy with its obligation to inform the public about its work on their behalf as part of the agency's social contract with the American people.
Development administration emerged in the 1950s-1960s as a response to the needs of developing countries undergoing rapid social and economic changes. It aimed to implement development programs and increase administrative capabilities to manage change. Key figures like Riggs emphasized adapting administration to facilitate development and improving areas like planning, participation, and technological adoption. The field evolved from a technical assistance approach criticized as ineffective to emphasize empirical studies of administrative strategies and requirements for development. It remains an important framework for public sector management in developing nation contexts like the Philippines.
The document outlines the evolution of paradigms in public administration from 1900 to the present. It discusses 6 paradigms: 1) politics/administration dichotomy from 1900-1926, 2) the principles of administration from 1926-1937, 3) public administration as a political science from 1950-1970, 4) public administration as management from 1956-1970, 5) public administration as public administration from 1970 onward, and 6) from government to governance from 1990 onward. Each paradigm represented shifts in the conceptualization and study of public administration.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of development administration from the 1960s to present. It began as a way to apply public administration principles to achieving development goals in developing countries. Development administration aims to guide government action toward development objectives and ensure administrative innovation. It focuses on providing key inputs like skilled manpower, finances, infrastructure, information, citizen participation, and legitimate power to drive development. There is no consensus model as administrative needs vary between cultures and stages of development. The field of development administration rose in popularity post-WWII but declined as other development paradigms emerged.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
International accounting regulation by the united nations a accounting2010
The document discusses international efforts by the United Nations to regulate accounting standards for transnational corporations since the 1970s. It analyzes these efforts through the political power framework of Robert Dahl. A majority of UN member nations sought to impose binding accounting regulations on TNCs via the UN, while a small minority of developed nations resisted increased regulation and supported corporate interests. Despite intensive negotiations over 18 years, the change-seeking nations did not succeed in implementing their reform agenda, with the minority status quo defenders prevailing instead. The document aims to explain this paradox by analyzing the decision-making process and behaviors of participants using Dahl's pluralist power model focused on observable conflicts, behaviors, and outcomes.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
This document discusses the development of public administration as an academic discipline. It describes two frameworks for understanding the field's evolution: Golembiewski's development phases and Henry's paradigms. Golembiewski's phases analyze the conceptual focus and context of the field over time. Henry identifies five overlapping paradigms in public administration's intellectual development. The document then examines several influential early scholars and schools of thought that helped shape public administration, including scientific management and bureaucracy theory.
La Historia Del Consenso De Washington Por John Williamsonneiracar
The document provides a history of the term "Washington Consensus" which was coined by the author in 1989 to describe 10 specific economic policies that were widely accepted as necessary reforms for Latin American countries. The term became controversial as it was seen as implying reforms were being imposed by Washington rather than adopted voluntarily. While the policies aimed to achieve goals like fiscal discipline, the term downplayed remaining disagreements and failed to capture the broader convergence of views beyond Washington. It also overstated the consensus on some issues like exchange rates.
The document discusses the development of public administration as an academic discipline from the late 19th century to the present. It describes six paradigms that have shaped the field over time: 1) the politics-administration dichotomy from 1900-1926; 2) principles of administration from 1926-1937; 3) public administration as a political science from 1950-1970; 4) public administration as management from 1956-1970; 5) public administration as public administration from 1970 onward; and 6) the shift from government to governance. Key figures and ideas that influenced each paradigm are discussed, such as Woodrow Wilson, Max Weber, and Herbert Simon. The paradigms reflected the changing nature of government and society and ongoing debates within
Welfare state retrenchment is widely seen as a highly unpopular endeavor and, therefore, as politically difficult to pursue. This assumption has underpinned most of the political science research on this issue, notably Paul Pierson‘s seminal contributions about the ‗new politics of the welfare state‘. Yet, the question remains why and under what circumstances cutbacks take place in highly developed welfare states despite these formidable political obstacles. This article reviews the literature on the politics of retrenchment, namely on the impact of socioeconomic problem pressure, political parties, political institutions, welfare state structures and ideas. Most authors agree that socio-economic problems – particularly domestic problems – contribute to an atmosphere of ‗permanent austerity‘ which inspires cutbacks. Moreover, according to most scholars, the extent of retrenchment possible depends on the specific institutional configuration of a political system and the path dependence of existing welfare state structures. The debate on the relevance of political parties and ideas, by contrast, is still far from settled. Further unresolved issues include the nature of the dependent variable in retrenchment studies. Also, the exact motives for cutbacks are theoretically still little understood, as are the political mechanisms through which they are realized. I argue that, because of the nature of these persisting issues, the pluralistic dialogue between different methods and approaches – as well as their combination – remains the most promising way forward in the study of welfare state politics.
Conquest through immigration-george_w_robnett-1968-404pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "Conquest Through Immigration: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State". The summary includes:
1) The book aims to document how political Zionism used immigration, politics, and military action to establish Israel as a Jewish state in Palestine despite Arab opposition.
2) It outlines 20 chapters that will examine the roles of Zionism, Britain, the US, and other forces in the Zionist-Arab conflict over Palestine from the late 19th century to the 1948 war.
3) The introduction explains that the book seeks to shed light on important historical events that have been "swept under the carpet", including the plight of Palestinian
This document provides a bibliography of references on regional and world federation compiled by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace library in 1940. It contains bibliographies, periodicals devoted to problems of a new world order, and books, pamphlets and magazine articles on topics such as an American league of nations, plans for European unity, proposals for a federated world, and analyses of organizations like the League of Nations. The references suggest ideas for reorganizing the international system after World War II to establish lasting peace.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and happiness.
This document discusses the dimensions of the problem with the current state of education. It defines key terms like humanism, socialism, and change agents. Some of the main points made are:
1. Government schools are not truly "public" as they are controlled by government entities and not local communities. Their goal is facilitating social change rather than academic learning.
2. Humanism promoted in schools is a religious philosophy outlined in the Humanist Manifesto, not just kind or ethical behavior. It aims to establish a socialist "new world order" and destroy traditional Western civilization and Christianity.
3. Schools are serving as change agents that seek to destroy the status and structure of the family in order to weaken the
The document discusses the history and current state of climate change research. It notes that scientific consensus has formed around the occurrence of climate change due to human activity like fossil fuel burning. The document warns that climate change poses risks to natural and human systems and that limiting global warming requires substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of the history of natural science from antiquity through the modern era. It discusses:
1) Natural science in antiquity flourished in Greece, with thinkers like Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus, and Aristotle making important early contributions, but most of their work was later lost.
2) During the medieval period, Aristotle's works were the main source of scientific knowledge in the Western world. Innovation was limited during this time.
3) The modern era of science began with thinkers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, who used observation and mathematics to develop new theories of physics, establishing the foundations of classical or Newtonian physics. However, discoveries in
This document provides context about Godfrey Higgins' book "Anacalypsis". It discusses that this is a reprint of the first complete reprinting of "Anacalypsis" since its initial publication in 1833-1836. It also includes biographical information about Higgins, explaining that he was a gentleman from Yorkshire who devoted many years to studying ancient religions, languages and origins of nations. He learned Hebrew and other languages to aid his research. The introduction provides background on Higgins' motivations and methods for writing "Anacalypsis" and argues that ancient myths and histories were generally misunderstood prior to his work.
The document discusses the responsibility of psychiatry in reestablishing peacetime society after World War 2. It notes that wars have persisted throughout human history and the most recent war has made every nation interdependent, yet humanity continues engaging in warfare. It outlines 3 possible courses: 1) return to pre-war society and risk future enslavement, 2) prepare constantly for the next war, or 3) take steps to prevent future wars. While preventing war has never succeeded, its exploration is preferable to the first two fatalistic options. Considering war's toll and humanity's new capabilities for mass destruction, continuing warfare cannot be justified and alternative means must be found to reduce global tensions and population pressures.
This document contrasts America's level of preparedness and understanding of war in 1914 versus 1939 when World War I and II broke out respectively.
In 1914, America had little experience with or preparation for a modern world war. The economic, military, diplomatic and psychological fronts were unready. By 1939, America had learned from World War I and set up mechanisms to better cushion the shock of war and regulate strategic industries and food supplies.
The document highlights specific differences in how the Treasury Secretary and financial leaders responded in the two times of crisis, showing much more coordination and planning by 1939 compared to the disorganized response in 1914 when the stock market had to be closed for months.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. The document then explains how chocolate became popularized as a drink in Europe in the 17th century and how its production and consumption expanded globally over subsequent centuries.
A message from_the_secretary-goals_2000-ghw bush-lamar alexander-1991-66pg-eduRareBooksnRecords
President Bush unveiled the AMERICA 2000 education strategy to help achieve six national education goals and transform American schools. The strategy involves making existing schools more accountable, creating a new generation of American schools, and establishing a nation of lifelong learners. It will spur changes to outdated school practices and assumptions through initiatives like developing national standards and tests, encouraging school choice, funding the development of innovative new school designs, and strengthening communities' role in education. The strategy aims to revolutionize American education over the long term to better prepare students and the workforce for the future.
Development administration emerged in the 1950s-1960s as a response to the needs of developing countries undergoing rapid social and economic changes. It aimed to implement development programs and increase administrative capabilities to manage change. Key figures like Riggs emphasized adapting administration to facilitate development and improving areas like planning, participation, and technological adoption. The field evolved from a technical assistance approach criticized as ineffective to emphasize empirical studies of administrative strategies and requirements for development. It remains an important framework for public sector management in developing nation contexts like the Philippines.
The document outlines the evolution of paradigms in public administration from 1900 to the present. It discusses 6 paradigms: 1) politics/administration dichotomy from 1900-1926, 2) the principles of administration from 1926-1937, 3) public administration as a political science from 1950-1970, 4) public administration as management from 1956-1970, 5) public administration as public administration from 1970 onward, and 6) from government to governance from 1990 onward. Each paradigm represented shifts in the conceptualization and study of public administration.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of development administration from the 1960s to present. It began as a way to apply public administration principles to achieving development goals in developing countries. Development administration aims to guide government action toward development objectives and ensure administrative innovation. It focuses on providing key inputs like skilled manpower, finances, infrastructure, information, citizen participation, and legitimate power to drive development. There is no consensus model as administrative needs vary between cultures and stages of development. The field of development administration rose in popularity post-WWII but declined as other development paradigms emerged.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
International accounting regulation by the united nations a accounting2010
The document discusses international efforts by the United Nations to regulate accounting standards for transnational corporations since the 1970s. It analyzes these efforts through the political power framework of Robert Dahl. A majority of UN member nations sought to impose binding accounting regulations on TNCs via the UN, while a small minority of developed nations resisted increased regulation and supported corporate interests. Despite intensive negotiations over 18 years, the change-seeking nations did not succeed in implementing their reform agenda, with the minority status quo defenders prevailing instead. The document aims to explain this paradox by analyzing the decision-making process and behaviors of participants using Dahl's pluralist power model focused on observable conflicts, behaviors, and outcomes.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
This document discusses the development of public administration as an academic discipline. It describes two frameworks for understanding the field's evolution: Golembiewski's development phases and Henry's paradigms. Golembiewski's phases analyze the conceptual focus and context of the field over time. Henry identifies five overlapping paradigms in public administration's intellectual development. The document then examines several influential early scholars and schools of thought that helped shape public administration, including scientific management and bureaucracy theory.
La Historia Del Consenso De Washington Por John Williamsonneiracar
The document provides a history of the term "Washington Consensus" which was coined by the author in 1989 to describe 10 specific economic policies that were widely accepted as necessary reforms for Latin American countries. The term became controversial as it was seen as implying reforms were being imposed by Washington rather than adopted voluntarily. While the policies aimed to achieve goals like fiscal discipline, the term downplayed remaining disagreements and failed to capture the broader convergence of views beyond Washington. It also overstated the consensus on some issues like exchange rates.
The document discusses the development of public administration as an academic discipline from the late 19th century to the present. It describes six paradigms that have shaped the field over time: 1) the politics-administration dichotomy from 1900-1926; 2) principles of administration from 1926-1937; 3) public administration as a political science from 1950-1970; 4) public administration as management from 1956-1970; 5) public administration as public administration from 1970 onward; and 6) the shift from government to governance. Key figures and ideas that influenced each paradigm are discussed, such as Woodrow Wilson, Max Weber, and Herbert Simon. The paradigms reflected the changing nature of government and society and ongoing debates within
Welfare state retrenchment is widely seen as a highly unpopular endeavor and, therefore, as politically difficult to pursue. This assumption has underpinned most of the political science research on this issue, notably Paul Pierson‘s seminal contributions about the ‗new politics of the welfare state‘. Yet, the question remains why and under what circumstances cutbacks take place in highly developed welfare states despite these formidable political obstacles. This article reviews the literature on the politics of retrenchment, namely on the impact of socioeconomic problem pressure, political parties, political institutions, welfare state structures and ideas. Most authors agree that socio-economic problems – particularly domestic problems – contribute to an atmosphere of ‗permanent austerity‘ which inspires cutbacks. Moreover, according to most scholars, the extent of retrenchment possible depends on the specific institutional configuration of a political system and the path dependence of existing welfare state structures. The debate on the relevance of political parties and ideas, by contrast, is still far from settled. Further unresolved issues include the nature of the dependent variable in retrenchment studies. Also, the exact motives for cutbacks are theoretically still little understood, as are the political mechanisms through which they are realized. I argue that, because of the nature of these persisting issues, the pluralistic dialogue between different methods and approaches – as well as their combination – remains the most promising way forward in the study of welfare state politics.
Conquest through immigration-george_w_robnett-1968-404pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "Conquest Through Immigration: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State". The summary includes:
1) The book aims to document how political Zionism used immigration, politics, and military action to establish Israel as a Jewish state in Palestine despite Arab opposition.
2) It outlines 20 chapters that will examine the roles of Zionism, Britain, the US, and other forces in the Zionist-Arab conflict over Palestine from the late 19th century to the 1948 war.
3) The introduction explains that the book seeks to shed light on important historical events that have been "swept under the carpet", including the plight of Palestinian
This document provides a bibliography of references on regional and world federation compiled by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace library in 1940. It contains bibliographies, periodicals devoted to problems of a new world order, and books, pamphlets and magazine articles on topics such as an American league of nations, plans for European unity, proposals for a federated world, and analyses of organizations like the League of Nations. The references suggest ideas for reorganizing the international system after World War II to establish lasting peace.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and happiness.
This document discusses the dimensions of the problem with the current state of education. It defines key terms like humanism, socialism, and change agents. Some of the main points made are:
1. Government schools are not truly "public" as they are controlled by government entities and not local communities. Their goal is facilitating social change rather than academic learning.
2. Humanism promoted in schools is a religious philosophy outlined in the Humanist Manifesto, not just kind or ethical behavior. It aims to establish a socialist "new world order" and destroy traditional Western civilization and Christianity.
3. Schools are serving as change agents that seek to destroy the status and structure of the family in order to weaken the
The document discusses the history and current state of climate change research. It notes that scientific consensus has formed around the occurrence of climate change due to human activity like fossil fuel burning. The document warns that climate change poses risks to natural and human systems and that limiting global warming requires substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of the history of natural science from antiquity through the modern era. It discusses:
1) Natural science in antiquity flourished in Greece, with thinkers like Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus, and Aristotle making important early contributions, but most of their work was later lost.
2) During the medieval period, Aristotle's works were the main source of scientific knowledge in the Western world. Innovation was limited during this time.
3) The modern era of science began with thinkers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, who used observation and mathematics to develop new theories of physics, establishing the foundations of classical or Newtonian physics. However, discoveries in
This document provides context about Godfrey Higgins' book "Anacalypsis". It discusses that this is a reprint of the first complete reprinting of "Anacalypsis" since its initial publication in 1833-1836. It also includes biographical information about Higgins, explaining that he was a gentleman from Yorkshire who devoted many years to studying ancient religions, languages and origins of nations. He learned Hebrew and other languages to aid his research. The introduction provides background on Higgins' motivations and methods for writing "Anacalypsis" and argues that ancient myths and histories were generally misunderstood prior to his work.
The document discusses the responsibility of psychiatry in reestablishing peacetime society after World War 2. It notes that wars have persisted throughout human history and the most recent war has made every nation interdependent, yet humanity continues engaging in warfare. It outlines 3 possible courses: 1) return to pre-war society and risk future enslavement, 2) prepare constantly for the next war, or 3) take steps to prevent future wars. While preventing war has never succeeded, its exploration is preferable to the first two fatalistic options. Considering war's toll and humanity's new capabilities for mass destruction, continuing warfare cannot be justified and alternative means must be found to reduce global tensions and population pressures.
This document contrasts America's level of preparedness and understanding of war in 1914 versus 1939 when World War I and II broke out respectively.
In 1914, America had little experience with or preparation for a modern world war. The economic, military, diplomatic and psychological fronts were unready. By 1939, America had learned from World War I and set up mechanisms to better cushion the shock of war and regulate strategic industries and food supplies.
The document highlights specific differences in how the Treasury Secretary and financial leaders responded in the two times of crisis, showing much more coordination and planning by 1939 compared to the disorganized response in 1914 when the stock market had to be closed for months.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. The document then explains how chocolate became popularized as a drink in Europe in the 17th century and how its production and consumption expanded globally over subsequent centuries.
A message from_the_secretary-goals_2000-ghw bush-lamar alexander-1991-66pg-eduRareBooksnRecords
President Bush unveiled the AMERICA 2000 education strategy to help achieve six national education goals and transform American schools. The strategy involves making existing schools more accountable, creating a new generation of American schools, and establishing a nation of lifelong learners. It will spur changes to outdated school practices and assumptions through initiatives like developing national standards and tests, encouraging school choice, funding the development of innovative new school designs, and strengthening communities' role in education. The strategy aims to revolutionize American education over the long term to better prepare students and the workforce for the future.
This document provides an overview of Daniel Logan's book "America Bewitched" which examines the rise of black magic and spiritism in America. It discusses how Charles Manson harnessed evil powers through his study of the occult in prison, forming a cult-like "family" and instructing them to commit brutal murders. The introduction notes how many young people are turning to mysticism and the occult due to disillusionment with materialism and modern society. It aims to help readers distinguish good and evil forces in the supernatural realm.
This document discusses a book that examines the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and its plan to undermine U.S. national sovereignty and establish a socialist-dominated world government. It claims the CFR advocates foreign policies like weakening national borders through regional agreements like NATO and the European Common Market in order to build a "new international order." It also alleges that giant tax-free foundations are interconnected with the CFR and influence government personnel and policies.
The document summarizes the agenda and notes for the Annual Meeting of the International Board of Trustees of the Aspen Institute held on July 3-4, 1978 in Aspen, Colorado. The agenda includes welcoming new trustees, approving previous meeting minutes, electing trustees and officers, and receiving reports from the Chairman and President on the Institute's programs, activities, fellows, and participants for 1977 and 1978.
Christ was not_a_jew-jacob_elon_conner-1936-178pgs-relRareBooksnRecords
This document is the introduction and first chapter of a book arguing that Christ was not a Jew. It claims that Galileans, where Christ was from, were a distinct race from Jews in Judea. The author believes Christianity should not be tied to Judaism and aims to show through history, anthropology and archaeology that Galileans and Judeans were different races. The introduction criticizes those who say Christ's race doesn't matter and argues the truth of his background demands recognition to prevent harm.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been steady, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of intelligence remains an ongoing challenge that researchers are still working to achieve.
This document provides an overview of an initiative by the Center for the Study of the Presidency (CSP) to strengthen U.S. communications with Muslim communities. It summarizes a plenary meeting held by CSP in June 2003 that brought together experts to discuss challenges and recommendations. The meeting addressed how to improve understanding between Americans and Muslims through best practices in communications, messaging, and understanding different perspectives. Overall, the document outlines CSP's efforts to enhance U.S. public diplomacy and address rising anti-Americanism through more effective engagement with Muslim audiences worldwide.
This document discusses think tanks, their proliferation in the modern world, and how they perform their roles. It defines think tanks as institutions that pursue research in public policy, are largely funded by endowments and grants, and aim to improve public awareness of issues and influence government policy. The document then examines factors behind the growth of think tanks, such as distrust in government and a need for independent expertise. It also classifies think tanks based on their affiliations and orientations, such as academic, advocacy, or contract research organizations. The document concludes by looking at how think tanks like Brookings Institution perform their roles through staff, funding, and pursuing rigorous independent academic research to analyze and influence public policy.
The document summarizes the proceedings of the first session of the Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. It includes the opening statement of Chairman Carroll Reece who outlined the purpose and scope of the committee's investigation. The committee adopted rules of procedure with a minor modification to refer to representation of both the majority and minority parties. The proceedings also included introduction of the resolution that created the committee and established its investigative authority.
The document summarizes the proceedings of the first session of the Special Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. It includes the opening statement of Chairman Carroll Reece who outlined the purpose and scope of the committee's investigation. The committee adopted rules of procedure with a minor modification to refer to representation of both the majority and minority parties. The proceedings also included introduction of the resolution that created the committee and established its investigative authority.
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Long Term Academic Goals (400 Words) - PHDessay.com. Dreaded Academic Goals Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 010 Essay Example Academic Goals Lochhaas ~ Thatsnotus. Get Education Goals Essay Examples PNG - Exam. 009 Educational And Career Goals Essay Examples Example Graduate School .... Essay Writing Services Available : r/Essayprowriter. Career Goals Essay Examples Scholarship Pdf - irene-montero. 020 Graduate School Personal Statements Professional Goals Essay For L .... 017 Goals Essay Graduate School Personal Statement Format Header .... 004 Essay Example Goal Essays Setting Delp Ip Resear On Worksheet Time .... Essay For Academic Writing | PDF. College Essay About Educational Goals – Telegraph. Academic Goal Essay – Telegraph. 021 Essay Example About Goals Graduate School Personal Statement .... How to write a professional goals essay for scholarship by .... How To Write An Educational Goals Essay - Ackman Letter. 004 Essay Example Professional Goals Career Goal Personal Statement .... What Are Your Educational Goals Essay Examples - dipolodesign. Research paper: Goals essay. 024 Personal Goals Essay Goal Essays Career And Educational Examples .... 011 Academic And Career Goals Essay Goal Example Personal On Examples .... Business Paper: Academic goals essay. Goals Essays – Telegraph. Analytical Essay: Goal essay sample. College Essay Career Goals – Career goals essay example #2 Academic Goals Essay
Model for a_new_constitution-rexford_guy_tugwell-1970-162pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document introduces a model constitution created by Rexford Guy Tugwell for a modern United Republics of America. It aims to address shortcomings Tugwell saw in the existing US Constitution. Specifically, Tugwell felt that the Constitution had become more of a myth than reality, with its meaning determined more by Supreme Court opinions than its actual text. Additionally, it no longer adequately defined the relationship between citizens and the government. Thus, Tugwell drafted this model constitution to better express the principles of democracy and clearly define the rights and responsibilities of citizens and government for the current era. The introduction provides background on Tugwell's reasons for undertaking this project at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions.
Survival Of The Fittest Essay. Survival of the Fittest Lesson - Teaching with...Heather Green
Survival Of The Fittest Essay Example - PHDessay.com. Survival of the Fittest Definition amp; Examples Britannica. Essay on survival of the fittest. Survival of the Fittest, Essay .... Survival of the Fittest. Survival of the Fittest: Parable of the Sower Theme Essay - Burch .... Essay on survival of the fittest. Charles Darwin Survival Of The .... Survival of the fittest seminar: Essay Example, 494 words EssayPay. Survival of the Fittest: Definition and Examples of this Useful Idiom .... Essay about survival of the fittest - sanjran.web.fc2.com. survival of the fittest Definition, Applications, amp; Examples Britannica. Essay About Survival Of The Fittest. Survival of the Fittest Skeptical Science. Survival Of The Fittest Poem by James Mcintyre. Survival Of The Fittest - Survival Of The Fittest Poem by v.m .... Essay on survival of the fittest. Survival Of The Fitte
The document summarizes recent developments from the PBRC, including two task forces. The first task force addressed partnerships between environmental NGOs and corporations, and their findings will be shared through an article. The second task force is establishing a working group on internal migration governance. The working group will examine how governments and communities should address the political, economic, and humanitarian challenges of internal migration. They will write case studies and meet in early 2017.
Name_________________________________Virgin Mobile USA Identify.docxroushhsiu
Name_________________________________
Virgin Mobile USA: Identifying a Target Market
Richard Branson enlisted Dan Schulman to become the CEO of Virgin Mobile USA, a newly formed start-up in highly competitive and mature industry.
One of the first tasks that Dan had to accomplish was to choose his target market. After getting loads of data from IDC and Salomon Smith Barney, and studying it for several weeks, he noticed that among consumers aged 15-29 penetration rate was around 45% versus about 50% for general population. Also the growth rate for this particular group was predicted to be strong in the next 5 years.
“Why haven’t the big players targeted this market?” Dan asked himself. One reason was that young consumers often didn’t have good credit history and didn’t pass the credit checks required by cell phone contracts. Another reason was that the cell phone companies were wary to acquire low value subscribers, because their average cost of acquiring customers was about $370 per customer and they were afraid that this group would be unprofitable for them.
Despite these challenges, Dan’s team decided that this segment of the market represented the greatest opportunity. Schulman explained: “This is a market that has been underserved by the existing carriers. They have specific needs that haven’t been met.”
After more marketing research, Dan’s team was able to compile an average profile of their target customer:
A lot of the consumers in this age group are in flux in their lives. They are either in college, they are just leaving their home, or they may be getting their first cell phone. Their usage is probably inconsistent. One month, they may not use the phone at all, and another month, they may use it quite a bit, depending on whether they are on vacation or in school.
Their calling patterns are different from the typical businessperson. They are more open to new things, like text messaging and downloading information using their phones. And they are more likely to use ring tones, faceplates, and graphics. Phones are more than a tool for these young people; they are a fashion accessory and a personal statement.
Questions:
1. What factors did Dan’s team use to choose a target segment?
2. Did they consider the ‘fit’ factor? Why?
Adapted from: Gail McGovern (2007) “Virgin Mobile USA: Pricing for the Very First Time” HBS Case 9-504-028, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA.
PUB 503 ML:Theories, Principles, & Practice of Public Administration Questions & Key Terms [Day Two]
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What is Policy? Is it taken for granted or does it have to be written down somewhere? Is it subjective or objective? How does the term apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals? Give at least three examples.
2. Why is Woodrow Wilson consider the father of public administration in the United States? How did future President Wilson influence the development of political “think tanks” in Amer ...
This document summarizes and critiques points made in a report by Mr. Earl regarding the tax-exempt status of the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). It makes the following key points:
1) The LID began as the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, a purely educational discussion group not committed to any political party or doctrine. It stimulated constructive thinking on social issues.
2) Mr. Earl selectively quotes from old LID publications to portray an imbalanced view. The LID is not responsible for all opinions expressed at forums it sponsors.
3) The LID's educational conferences discussed important issues like welfare states and involved experts from different fields. Mr. Earl again selectively quotes out of context to
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This document provides an executive summary for a three-year research project studying the concept and practice of "soft power" from a global historical perspective. The project aims to move beyond the traditional Western framework and introduce cases from Brazil, China, and Turkey. It will bring together scholars from different fields to develop indicators for understanding how nations use culture and persuasion in foreign relations. The principal activities are conferences at Columbia University centers in these three regions. The goals are to produce a collaborative global history of soft power, student research, an open-access website, and a summer institute to disseminate the results in higher education.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxnovabroom
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
Cultural Analysis Essay Topics. Essay on Culture UnderstandingJessica Turner
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Its up to_us-james_p_warburg-roosevelt_new_deal-1934-256pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
The New Deal policies are inconsistent and contradictory, attempting to pursue inflation and planned economy simultaneously. Monetary policy aims to raise prices through currency devaluation, while agricultural programs cut production to raise prices. Industrial recovery through NRA failed to stimulate durable goods industries and employment. NRA aspects of reform threaten free enterprise system and permanent bureaucratic control. Unless a consistent goal is defined, the unintended consequences of policies may take hold and be difficult to undo.
The Glass Castle Essay. . NYTimes Best Seller - The Glass Castle - Test, Essa...Sara Carter
"The Glass Castle" by Jeannette Walls - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Independence and Self-Sufficiency in "The Glass Castle" by Jeannette .... The Glass Castle Essays. ⇉Analysis of Glass Castle Essay Example | GraduateWay. The Glass Castle Exemplar/Revision Page - Perry Service Learning.
Similar to Dodd report to_the_reese_committee_on_foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-pol (20)
This document provides background on the historiography of Treblinka and outlines the key debates regarding whether it functioned as an extermination camp or a transit camp. According to official history, 700,000-3,000,000 Jews were gassed at Treblinka between 1942-1943. However, revisionist historians argue this narrative is untenable given a lack of documentation and the technical feasibility of mass gassings and cremations. The document examines different perspectives on Treblinka and sets up an analysis of the camp's likely function in later chapters.
The leuchter-reports-critical-edition-fred-leuchter-robert-faurisson-germar-r...RareBooksnRecords
This document contains the first of four technical reports authored by Fred Leuchter between 1988-1991 regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers at Nazi camps. The First Leuchter Report provides an engineering analysis of the facilities at Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Majdanek and concludes there were no execution gas chambers at those locations based on forensic evidence. It is accompanied by introductions, critical remarks addressing the report's claims, and supporting documents. The subsequent Leuchter Reports examine other camps and critique a book supporting the gas chamber narrative. This edition aims to make the reports accessible again while addressing their claims through additional commentary.
The hoax-of-the-twentieth-century-the-case-against-the-presumed-extermination...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and summary of Arthur R. Butz's book "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century". The book argues that the presumed extermination of European Jews during World War II has not been proven and may be a hoax. Butz, a professor of electrical engineering, conducted a detailed analysis of Holocaust claims and evidence. Over 500 pages, he examines testimony from war crimes trials, demographic data, and technical aspects of the alleged gas chambers. Butz concludes that no solid evidence exists to confirm Nazi plans to exterminate Jews, and questions key pillars of the Holocaust narrative. The book caused major controversy upon publication for challenging mainstream views on the Holocaust.
The giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the-ho...RareBooksnRecords
This document is a book review that critiques Raul Hilberg's seminal work "The Destruction of the European Jews". The review finds that while much of Hilberg's work rests on reliable sources, its title of "Destruction" is inaccurate and should have been "The Persecution of the European Jews". Additionally, the review notes inconsistencies in eyewitness testimony and a lack of documentation of an overarching Nazi policy of annihilation. The review aims to provide a reliable account of how the Holocaust allegedly occurred while also revealing the questionable evidence underlying the accepted narrative.
The gas-vans-ii-a-critical-investigation-santiago-alvarez-holocaust-handbooks...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of a book titled "The Gas Vans: A Critical Investigation" by Santiago Alvarez with contributions from Pierre Marais. The book examines claims that Nazis used mobile gas chambers mounted on trucks to murder victims. It scrutinizes all known wartime documents, photos, and witness statements on this topic from over 30 trials. The result of the research is described as "mind-boggling." The book asks whether witness statements are reliable, documents are genuine, the claimed vehicles could have operated as described, and where physical evidence of victims and vehicles might be. It aims to get to the truth of the gas van claims through a critical analysis of all available evidence and testimony.
The gas-vans-a-critical-investigation-by-santiago-alvarez-and-pierre-maraisRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and summary of a book titled "The Gas Vans: A Critical Investigation" by Santiago Alvarez with contributions from Pierre Marais. The book examines claims that Nazis used mobile gas vans to exterminate victims during the Holocaust. It scrutinizes wartime documents, photos, witness statements from over 30 trials. The book asks whether evidence is reliable, documents genuine, and whether claimed operations could actually occur as described. It finds major issues with evidence that gas vans were used as mobile gas chambers to systematically murder people.
The extermination-camps-of-aktion-reinhardt-carlo-mattogno-thomas-kues-jurgen...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an analysis and refutation of claims made by bloggers on the "Holocaust Controversies" blog regarding the "Aktion Reinhardt" camps - Bełzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. It is presented in two parts. Part one introduces the authors and their perspective, examines sources used by opponents to claim mass killings occurred at these camps, and outlines the propaganda origins of the "extermination camps" narrative. It questions official versions of events and Nazi policy. Part two will continue examining evidence for gas chambers and alleged mass killings through archeological evidence, witness testimony and evaluation of claims made by opponents. The authors aim to show flaws in arguments claiming mass killings took place.
The central-construction-office-of-the-waffen-ss-and-police-in-auschwitz-carl...RareBooksnRecords
The document outlines the reorganization of SS construction offices in June 1941, requiring them to be named "Central Construction Office of the Waffen-SS and Police [location]" and standardizing their organization and reporting structures, with the goal of providing continuous oversight of construction work across offices.
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This document examines the alleged homicidal gas chambers known as the "Bunkers" at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. It argues that the story of the Bunkers originated from wartime rumors within the camp that were later transformed into propaganda by resistance groups. Historians then uncritically accepted witness testimony as fact. A thorough examination of tens of thousands of documents from the Auschwitz construction office finds no evidence that the Bunkers ever existed, contradicting their portrayal in historical accounts. The document aims to fill gaps in the official historiography by analyzing archival documents, construction reports, maps, and logistical considerations regarding the alleged Bunkers.
Special treatment-in-auschwitz-origin-and-meaning-of-a-term-carlo-mattognoRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and background to the study of the term "special treatment" as it was used in documents related to the Auschwitz concentration camp. It discusses how the term has traditionally been interpreted by historians as being a code word referring to the killing of inmates. However, the author argues that the term had a variety of meanings depending on the context, and was not always a reference to killing. The document outlines how the author will analyze original documents to understand the actual meaning of "special treatment" and related terms, rather than relying on predetermined assumptions. It aims to show that "special treatment" was a normal bureaucratic concept rather than a code word for murder.
This document provides a summary of a book that critically analyzes claims about the Sobibor camp. It questions the mainstream historiography of Sobibor and argues that evidence does not support the claim that it was an extermination camp where 170,000-250,000 Jews were gassed and buried in mass graves. The book examines eyewitness testimony, documents, archeological evidence, and material evidence like fuel requirements for mass cremations. It concludes that Sobibor was likely a transit camp where Jews were temporarily housed before being deported east, challenging the notion that it was a site of industrialized mass murder.
This document is a book that presents lectures on controversial issues related to the Holocaust. It aims to introduce readers to Holocaust revisionist arguments and counterarguments in an accessible dialogue format. Over 500 pages, it examines topics such as Holocaust propaganda, missing Jews, survivor testimonies, documentary evidence from camps like Auschwitz, and censorship of revisionist ideas. The editor's preface discusses why Holocaust revisionism remains an important subject that powerful groups seek to suppress.
The document discusses Jewish emigration from Germany in the 1930s. It makes three key points:
1) Jewish emigration was welcomed and supported by German authorities as a way to remove Jews from Germany, partly in response to declarations of war against Germany by Zionist groups.
2) Emigration occurred through a lawful, regulated process with cooperation between German and Jewish authorities, not as a clandestine flight as sometimes portrayed. Jews received help and advice from both sides.
3) Many German Jews originally felt integrated into German culture and society. Jewish organizations had a variety of political stances, but some, like the Union of National German Jews, strongly identified as Germans rather than seeing themselves as a separate ethnic group
This document is Germar Rudolf's address to the Mannheim District Court from November 15, 2006 to January 29, 2007. It discusses Rudolf's peaceful resistance against what he sees as an unjust prosecution for his scientific work questioning aspects of the Holocaust narrative. The document covers scientific, judicial, and legal considerations and argues that resistance against an oppressive state is obligatory. It includes appendices with expert assessments supporting Rudolf's work, documentation of the court proceedings, and illustrations.
This document provides an overview of the historiography surrounding Stutthof concentration camp. It summarizes that Polish historians claim Stutthof became a makeshift extermination camp in 1944, gassing many Jewish inmates. However, some Western historians who acknowledge the Holocaust make no claim of extermination at Stutthof. The document aims to investigate the claims of gassing and function of Stutthof through analysis of original documents from Polish and other archives.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the concentration camp at Majdanek in Poland. It discusses how Majdanek has been portrayed in official Western historiography, Polish historiography, and revisionist literature. Official Western sources claim Majdanek served as both a labor and extermination camp, where Jews were gassed upon arrival if deemed unfit for work. However, Western historiography has largely neglected detailed study of Majdanek. Polish sources also claim mass murder occurred at Majdanek through gassing and other means. Revisionist literature disputes claims of mass extermination and argues the camp functioned primarily as a labor camp. The document aims to provide an objective, evidence-based study of Majdanek through analysis
The document discusses the origins and development of claims about the methods of murder allegedly used at the Belzec extermination camp. It notes that early accounts described fantastical methods like toxic fluids, mobile gas chambers, steam chambers, and vacuum chambers. Over time, the stories evolved to describe diesel gas chambers. The number of alleged victims also increased dramatically over time, from 600,000 to up to 3 million. Witness accounts of other camps like Sobibor and Treblinka also described implausible methods using chlorine gas, sliding floors, and outdoor furnaces. This narrative evolution reveals the unreliable nature of the sources and suggests the need for a critical analysis of how the historical understanding of Belzec developed.
Mainstream historians claim that the very first gassing of human beings at Auschwitz occurred on September 3, 1941 in the basement of Block 11. However, Carlo Mattogno's analysis of sources finds the accounts of this event to be contradictory and confusing regarding key details like the date, victims, and method. Mattogno argues there is no clear historical evidence that it took place as described.
This document provides an analysis and critique of two previous works on the gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz: Jean-Claude Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and Robert Jan van Pelt's "Convergence of Evidence". The author Carlo Mattogno examines Pressac and van Pelt's arguments and evidence regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers and cremation of bodies at Auschwitz. Mattogno analyzes technical documents and plans related to the crematoria and questions Pressac and van Pelt's interpretations. The document is divided into two volumes, with the first volume focusing on Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and the second planned to analyze witness testimonies
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book "Auschwitz: Plain Facts" which aims to critique the works of Jean-Claude Pressac on the Auschwitz concentration camp. It summarizes that Pressac attempted to refute Holocaust revisionists using technical documents but failed to do so as he violated scientific principles by making claims he could not prove and contradicted facts. The book aims to rebut Pressac's works through a detailed critique by leading revisionist scholars and argues Pressac revealed a technical incompetence such that his works belong in the category of novels rather than history. It positions the book as a must-read for those wanting to argue against the lies and half-truths of established Holocaust historiography
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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2. t
THE REPORT
of
NORMAN DODD, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH
covering his direction of the Staff
of
THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE
of
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
to
INVESTIGATE TAX EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
for
the six months' period
November 1, 1953-April 30, 1954
Prepared in accordance with the suggestion which the Director of Research
made to the Committee at its meeting in Washington, D . C. on Thursday,
the 29th of April, 1954 for submission to:
RON. B. CARROLL REECE (TENN.), CHAIRMAN
HON. JESSE P. WOLCOTT (MICH .)
HON . ANGIER L. GOODWIN (MASS .)
HON. WAYNE L HAYS (OHIO)
HON. GRACIE PFOST (IDAHO)
This is the original Dodd Report, in full .
It ends with the following word,& :
"I assume it is the purpose of this inquiry
to gather and weigh the facts ."
t
COPYRJG1lT 1914
THE LONG Hot `E . INC.
ICEw TORK, N )'.
Library of Cougrese Catalog Card Ncmber : 5411180
•
• a
Printed and bound in the United states of America
i
3. 6
FOREWORD
As the report which follows may appear to have stressed one
aspect of Foundation-giving to the exclusion of others, I take this
opportunity to call attention to the fact that innumerable public
benefits are traceable to the philanthropy in which Foundations have
been engaged. Both in volume and kind these benefits must appear
to any student of this subject to have been without parallel . And in
the vast majority of instances they must be regarded as beyond
question either from the standpoint of their conformity to the in-
tentions of their donors or from the standpoint of the truly Amer-
ican quality of their consequences.
I also wish to acknowledge the cooperation which, without ex-
ception, has been extended by Foundations to the staff whenever it
was found necessary to solicit information from them either di-
rectly or in writing.
Finally, I take this opportunity to state that in the degree the
following report appears to be critical, I sincerely hope it will be
deemed by the Committee, Foundations, and the public alike to be
epnstructively so . It was in this spirit that the work of which this
report is a description was undertaken and completed .
Norman Dodd
~
Research D}ireqcr
4. I.
I
1.
Finally, I found that the subject included a myriad of Fellow-
ships awarded to scholars and artists active in fields too numerous
to mention, let alone classify for the purpose of accurate evaluation .
DEFINITIONS
These studies also enabled me to settle upon the following defi-
nitions
Foundations-Those organizations resulting from the capitalization
of the desire on the part of an individual, or a group
of individuals, to divert his or their wealth from private use to
public purpose .
Un-American and Subversive-Any action having as its purpose
the alteration of either the prin-
ciple or the form of the United States Government by other than
constitutional means . (This definition is derived from a study of
this subject made by the Broukings Institute at the request of the
House Un-American Activities Committee .)
Political-Any action favoring either a candidacy for public office,
or legislation or attitudes normally expected to lead to
legislative action.
Propaganda-Action having as its purpose the spread of a particu-
lar doctrine or a specifically identifiable system of
principles. (In use this word has come to infer half-truths, incom-
plete truths, as well as techniques of a covert nature.)
CHARTER PROVISIONS
The purposes of Foundations were revealed by these studies
to be generally of a permissive, rather than a mandatory character .
Customarily, they were expressed to place the burden of interpre-
tation on either trustees or directors. Such words as "educational",
"charitable", "welfare", "scientific", "religious", were used pre-
dominantly to indicate the areas in which grants were permitted .
Phrases such as "for the good of humanity" and "for the benefit of
mankind" occurred frequently. The advancement of such general
concepts as "peace" and either "international accord" or "interna-
tional understanding" was noticeable as a purpose for which Foun-
dations had been established .
To illustrate the extent to which the burden of interpretation
is frequently placed upon trustees of Foundations, I cite the
following
" . . . administered and operated by the trustees exclusively
for the benefit of, . . . [the] income therefrom shall be dis-
tributed by the trustees exclusively in the aid of, such re-
ligious, educational, charitable and scientific uses and pur-
poses as, in the judgment of the trustees, shall be in
furtherance of the public welfare and tend to assist,
4
5. I f
`
encourage and promote the well-doing or well-being of man-
kind, or of any community."
COX COMMITTEE CRTTICISMS
There were eight criticisms leveled at the Cox Committee :
1) Time and facilities were inadequate.
2) Excuses concerning grants to Communists were too
readily acceptable.
_
3) Trustees and officers were not under oath .
4) Only a few Foundations were investigated .
5) The propaganda activities of Foundations were not in-
vestigated.vestigated.
6) Foundations were not asked why they did not support
projects of a pro-American type.
7) Extensive evidence was not used .
8) The Ford Foundation was not investigated .
FOUNDATION CRITICISMS .
Our studies indicated very clearly how and why a critical atti-
tude could have developed from the assumption that Foundations
operating within the sphere of education had been guilty of fav-
oritism in making their grants. After having analyzed responses
relating to this subject from nearly 1,000 colleges in the United
States, it became evident that only a few have participated in the
grants made.
However, when the uniqueness of the projects supported by
Foundations was considered, it became understandable why insti-
tutions such as Columbia, Harvard, Chicago and the University of ,
California had received monies in amounts far greater than had
been distributed to others. Originally, scholars capable of handling
these unique subjects were few . Most of them were members of
these seemingly favored institutions .
Now that these subjects no longer appear to be regarded as
unique and sufficient time has elapsed within which to train such
competent specialists, the tendency of Foundations to distribute
grants over a wider area has become ndticeable .
The purported deterioration in scholarship and in the tech-
niques of teaching which, lately, has attracted the attention of the
American public, has apparently been caused primarily by a prema-
ture effort to reduce our meagre knowledge of social phenomena
to the level of an applied science .
APPROACH
As this report will hereafter contain many statements which
appear to be conclusive, I emphasize here that each one of them
must be understood to have resulted from studies which were essen-
tially exploratory . In no sense should they be considered proved . I
mention this in order to avoid the necessity of qualifying each as
made.
5
6. Confronted with the foregoing seemingly justifiable conclusions
and with the task of assisting the Committee to discharge its duties
as set forth in H. Res. 217, within the seventeen month period,
August 1, 1953-December 31, 1954, it became obvious to me that it
would be impossible to perform his task if the staff were to con-
centrate on the internal practices and the grant-making policies of
Foundations themselves. It also became obvious that if the staff
was to render the service for which it had been assembled, it must
expose those factors which were common to all Foundations, and
reduce them to terms which would permit their effects to be com-
pared with the purposes set forth in Foundation charters, the
principles and the form of the United States Government, and the
means provided by the Constitution for altering either these prin-
ciples or this form .
In addition, these common factors would have to be expressed
in terms which would permit a comparison of their effects with the
activities and interests connoted by the word "political", and also
with those ordinarily meant by the word "propaganda".
Our effort to expose these common factors revealed only one,
namely--"the public interest" . It further revealed that if this find-
ing were to prove useful to the Committee, it would be necessary to
define "the public interest". We believe this would be found in the
principles and form of the Federal Government, as expressed in
our Constitution and in our other basic founding documents .
This will explain why subsequent studies were made by the
staff of the size, scope, form and functions of the Federal Govern-
ment for the period 1903-1953, the results of which are set forth
in detail in a report by Thomas M . McNiece, Assistant Research
Director, entitled, The Economics of the Public Interest .
These original studies of "the public interest" disclosed that
during the four years, 1933-1936, a change took place which was so
drastic as to constitute a "revolution" . They also indicated conclu-
sively that the responsibility for the economic welfare of the Amer-
ican people had been transferred heavily to the Executive Branch of
-the Federal Government ; that a corresponding change in education
had taken place from an impetus ou
of the local community,
-and that this "revolution" had occurred without violence and with
the full consent of an overwhelming majority of the electorate .
EDUCATION
In seeking to explain this unprecedented phenomenon, subse-
quent studies pursued by the staff clearly showed it could not have
Qccurred keacefully, or with the consent of the majority, unless
education in the_United States had been prepared in advance to en- .
Morse it.
These findings appeared to justify two postulates :
1) that the policies and practices of institutions purporting
or obliged by statute to serve "the public interest" would
reflect this phenomenon, and
6
c
f
7. 2
r
2) that Foundations whose trustees were empowered to
make grants for educational purposes would be no ex-
ception,
on the basis of which, after consultation with Counsel, I directed
the staff to explore Foundation practices, educational procedures, and
the operations of the Executive branch of the Federal Government
since 190;3 for reasonable evidence'.df a purposeful relationship be-
tween them.
Its ensuing studies disclosed such a relationship and that it
had existed continuously since the beginning of this 50-year period .
In addition, these studies seem to give evidence of a response to our
involvement in international affairs . Likewise, they seemed to re-
veal that grants had been made by Foundations (chiefly by Car-
negie and Rockefeller) which were used to further this purpose by :
Directing education in the United States towardan inter-,
national view-point and discrediting the traditions to which,
jt [formerly) had been dedicated.*
Training individuals and servicing agencies to render ad-
vice to the Executive branch of the Federal Government.
Decreasing the dependency of education upon the resources
of the local community and freeing it from many of the
natural safeguards inherent in this American tradition .
Changing both school and college curricula to the point
where they sometimes denied the principles underlying the
American way of life.
Financing experiments designed to determine the most effec-
tive means by which education could be pressed into service
of a political nature.
At this point the staff became concerned with
Identifying all the elements comprising the operational re-
lationship between Foundations, education and government,
and determining the objective to which this relationship had
been dedicated and the functions performed by each of its
parts.
Estimating the costs of this relationship and discovering
how these costs were financed .
Understanding the administration of this relationship and
the methods by which it was controlled .
Evaluating the effect of this operational relationship upon
"the public interest" and upon the social structure of the
United States.
Comparing the practices of Foundations actively involved
in this relationship with the purposes for which they were
• This story . fully loruu enled, to toll In The Trr+iing of the Tides, by Paul trSbafer and Jobn Hovrlaul Fn(W (Tees LoN0 But-tic, INC., 1953. Library
Edlttuu, $3 .00. Paperbound, $!.W)
7
8. established and with the premises upon which their exemp-
tion from taxation by the Federal Government is based.
In substance, this approach to the problem of providing the
Committee with a clear understanding of Foundation operations
can best be described as one of reasoning from total effect to pri-
mary and secondary causes.
=
We have used the scientific method and included both inductive
and deductive reasoning as a check against the possibility that a
reliance upon only one of these might lead to-an erroneous set of
conclusions.
Neither the formal books and records maintained by Founda-
tions operating within the educational sphere, nor any of their sup-
plemental or less formal reports to the public, make it possible to
appraise the effect of their grants with any degree of accuracy. We
needed to turn to the grantees-rather than the grantors-for the
information required by the Committee to make the specific deter-
minations requested by the Congress in H. Res. 217, namely
Have Foundations-used their resources for purposes contrary
to those for which they were established?
-used their resources for purposes which can be classed as
,_.nn-American
---used their resources for purposes which can be regarded
as subversive?
-xtsed their resources for political purposes?,
-resorted to propaganda in order to achieve the objectives
. for which they have made grants? =
- -~ -* :To unsure these determinations bein~ Made on the basis of im-
"nal facts, I_ directed the staff to makg a study of the develon-
'
'dtii
th tf thtcan eucaon snceenmn oe cen f
the develo
cur-
*~
a res t.it
qa-.*i~..
,
ctu wo
ve to be enlarged to include the accessory agencies to
_: vhfrh these developments and trends had been traced. -~
J. - The work of the staff was then expanded to include an investi-
gation of such agencies as
'~
The
can Council of Learned Societies, the National
~Y=x
Research Council, the Social Science Research Council, the
American Council on Education, the National Education As-
sociation, the League for Industrial Democracy, the Progres-
sive Education Association, the American Historical Asso-
ciation, John Dewey Society, and the Anti-Defamation
8
9. PART 13
ACCESSORY AGENCIES
To characterize some of these briefly :
The American Council of Learned Societies was founded in 1919 to
encourage humanistic studies, including some which today are re-
garded as social sciences. It is comprised of 24 constituent member
associations . In its entirety, it appears to dominate this division of
scholarship in the United States .
The National Research Council was established in 1916, originally,
as a preparedness measure in connection with World War I. Its
charter was renewed in 1919, since which time, on behalf of its 8
member associations, it has been devoted to the promotion of re-
search within the most essential areas ordinarily referred to as the
exact and applied sciences .
The Social Science Research Council was established in 1923 to ad-
vance research in the social sciences . It acts as spokesman for 7
constituent member associations representing all of the subdivisions
of this new field of knowledge, i.e., history, economics, sociology,
psychology, political science, statistics, and anthropology.
The American Council on Education was founded in 1918 "to co-
ordinate the services which educational institutions and organiza-
tions could contribute to the Government in the national crisis
brought about by World War I." Starting with 14 constituent or
founding organizations, this formidable and influential agency has
steadily expanded until today its membership is reported to con-
sist of
79 constituent members (national and regional educational
associations),
64 associate members (national organizations in fields re-
lated to education),
954 institutional members (universities, colleges, selected
private school systems, educational departments of in-
dustrial concerns, voluntary associations of colleges and
universities within the states, large public libraries,
etc.)
The National Education Association was established in 1857 to ele-
vate character, advance the interests of the teaching profession and
to promote the cause of popular education in the United States .
Broadly speaking, this powerful entity concentrates on primary and
secondary schools . Its membership is reported to consist of 520,000
individuals who include in addition to teachers-superintendents,
school administrators and school secretaries. It boasts that it is
"the only organization that represents or has the possibility of rep-
resenting the great body of teachers in the United States", thus
inferring a monopolistic aim.
9
10. 6
The League for Industrial Democracy came into being in 1905,
when it was known as the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, for the
purpose of awakening the intellectuals of this country to the ideas
and benefits of socialism. This organization might be compared to
the Fabian Society in England, which was established in 1884 to
spread socialism by peaceful means.
The Progressive Education Association was established around
1880. Since then it has been active in introducing radical ideas to
education which are now being questioned by many . They include
the idea that the individual must be adjusted to the group as a re-
sult of his or her educational experience, and that democracy is
little more than a system for cooperative living .
The American Historical Association was established in 1889 to
promote historical studies . It is interesting to note that after giving
careful consideration, in 1926, to the social sciences, a report was
published under its auspices in 1934 which concluded that the day
of the individual in the United States had come to an end and that
the future would be characterized, inevitably, by some form of co1-
tectiviam and an increase in the authority of the State .
The John Dewey Society was formed in February 1936, apparently
for the two-fold purpose of conducting research in the field of edu-
cation and promoting the educational philosophy of John Dewey,
in honor of whom the society was named. It could be supposed that
those who were members of this organization would be devoted to the
premises upon which Dr. Dewey had based his experiments in edu-
cation since 1896. Basically, there were pragmatic and a stimulus
to empirical thinking. He held that ideas were instruments and
that their truth or falsity depended upon whether or not they
worked successfully .
The broad study which called our attention to the activities of
':these organizations has revealed pot only their support by Founda-
,1tions~ but has disclosed a degree of cooperation between them which
#hey have referred to as "an interlock", thus indicating a concen-
"tration of influence andpower By this phrase they indicate they. .
ire bound by a common interest rather than a dependency upon a
: Mingle source for capital funds. It is difficult,., to study their relation-
1hdp without confirming this. Likewise, it is difficult to avoid the
- 'feeling that their common interest has led them to cooperate closely
=-with one another and that this common interest lies in the planning
J~t and control of certain aspects of American life through a combina-
.
of-the_Federal_Governmentand education.
This may explain why the Foundations have played such an
active role in the promotion of the social sciences, why they have
favored so strongly the employment of social scientists by the Fed-
eral Government and why they seem to have used their influence to
transform education into an instrument for social change.
We wish to stress the importance of questioning change only
when it might involve developments .detrimental to the interests o
= the American people, or when it is promoted by a relatively small
10
11. and tightly knit group backed by disproportionately large amounts
of money which could threaten the American ideal of competition .
In summary, our study of these entities and their relationship
to each other seems to warrant the inference that they constitute a
highly efficient, functioning whole . Its product is apparently an,
educational curriculum desisrned to indoctrinate the American stu-
dent from matriculation to the consummation of his education. It
contrasts sharply with the freedom of the individual as the corner-
stone of our social structure . For this freedom, it seems to substi-
tute the group, the will of the majority, and a centralized power to
enforce this will-Presumably in the interest of all . lts develop-'
ment and production seems to have been largely the work of those
organizations engaged in research, such as the Social Science Re-
search Council and the National Research Council .
The demand for their product seems to come from such strong
and sizeable aggregations of interests as the National Education
Association and the American Council on Education, whose author-
ities seem to see in it the means by which education can render a
national service . They make frequent reference to this service as
synonymous with "the cause of education" and tend to criticize
strongly anyone who dares to doubt the validity of their conclusions .
Its promotion appears to have been managed by such organiza-
tions as the Progressive Education Association, the American His-
torical Association, the League for Industrial Democracy, the John
Dewey Society and the Anti-Defamation League . Supplementing
their efforts were others, such as : the Parent-Teachers Association, ~~~
the National Council of Churches, and the Committee for Economic
Development, each of which jhas, played some part in adjusting the
~~minds of American citizens to the idea of _planning and tothe
'
marked changes which have taken place in "the public interest" .
~eh~h d '$D^qS
Others, too, are engaged in the dissemination of this idea as be-
S
~r
ing essential to the security of this country. Neither time nor funds
have permitted me to direct the attention of the staff to the open-
tions and influence of any but a fees of these, beyond taking notice
of their existence and the purposes which they serve .
From our studies, it appears that the overall administration of
this functioning whole and the careful selection of its personnel
seem to have been the peculiar interest of the American Council
of Learned Societies . It is interesting to note that, by legislative
action recently, another entity has been brought into being known
as the National Science Foundation, whose purpose is to develop a
national policy with respect to science . Its additional purpose is to
serve our Government in an advisory capacity in connection with
the huge appropriations now being made for research in the inter-
est of effective controls. Evidence exists of close cooperation be-
tween privately endowed Ioundations, the agencies through which
they have operated and-the educational institutions throw
'Tis
which
they have been accustomed to make rant for I'his proc-
ess may contribute to an un esirable degree of concentrated power.
1 1
12. It is also interesting to note that by comparison with funds for
research provided by Foundations, those now flowing from our
Government are so large that they dwarf Foundation contributions.
This promises to be true for . some time to come and indicates that
Foundations may extend their influence over a wider area than in
the past.
The result of the development and :operation of the network in
which Foundations have played such a significant role seems to have
-provided this country with what is tantamount to a national system
of education under the tight control of organizations and persons,
littleTcnown to the American ublic. Its operations and ideas are
so complex as to be beyond pubic understanding or control . It also
seems to have resulted in an educational product which can be,
traced to research of a predominantly empirical character in the
inexact or social sciences.
In these fields the specialists, more often than not, seem to have
been concerned with the production of empirical data and with its
application. Principles and their truth or falsity seem to have con-
cerned them very little.,
In what appears from our studies to have been zeal for a rad-
ically new social order in the United States, many of these social
science specialists apparently gave little thought to either the
opinions or the warnings of those who were convinced that,a whole-
sale acceptance of knowledge acquired almost entirely by empirical
methods would result in a deterioration of moral standards and a
for principles. Even past experience which indicated
t such an approach to the problems of society could lead to
tyranny, appears to have been disregarded.
'For these reasons, it has been difficult for us to dismiss the
suspicion that, latent in the minds of many of the social scientists
a
was lain the belief that,-given sufficient authority and enough funds,
humanbehavior can be controlled) and that this control can be ex-
_srcised without risk to either ethical principles or spiritual values
nd77 that therefore, the solution to all social problems should be
entrusted to them.
In the light of this suspicion and the evidence which supports
it,'-tt has been difficult to avoid the conclusion that social scientists
if the persuasion I have been discussing have been accepted by
Foundations, Government and education as though their claims
were true-this in the face of thefactthat their validity has been_.disputedby men well trained in these same disciplines .
In spite of this dispute within his own ranks, the social scien-
fist is gradually becoming dignified by the title "Social Engineer".
Thas title implies that the objective vie
int of the "re scientist
about to become obsole in avor o iouea n t
also suggests thaw onr itional concept o reedom as e unc-
,loon of natural and constitutional law has already been abandoned
22
13. 6
I
by the "social engineer" and brings to mind our native fear of con-
trola-however well intended.
In the face of this, it seems strange that Foundations made no
reference-intheir reportsto-Vie consequences to be expected from
ane-w science of soc~~founded upon empiricismand undisciplined
by-either a set of principles or proved experiments. Apparently
they were content to operate on the theory that they would produce
usable data for others to employ and rely upon them to account for
the effects . It may not have occurred to their trustees that the
power to produce data in volume might stimulate others to use it
in an undisciplined fashion without first checking it against prin-
ciples discovered through the deductive process .
Their position that they need not closely follow the effects of
their support of such grants also seems strange . Their reports
often show that they were supporting such a new "science" . The
descriptions, however, made it very difficult to judge the ultimate
purposes for which this support was being given .
To summarize, both the general and the specific studies pur-
sued by the staff during the past six months lead me to the tenta-
tive conclusion that, within the social science division of education,
the Foundations have neglected "the public interest" to a severe
In my judgment, this neglect may be found by the Committee
to have stemmed from
The willingness of Foundations-
•
support experiments in fields which defied control ;
•
support these uncontrollable experiments without first
having proved them to be "in the public interest" ; and
•
extend this support without reporting its purpose in lan-
guage which could be readily understood .
I suggest that the Committee give consideration to the ten-
dency of Foundation trustees to abdicate responsibility . To illus-
trate : The following statement has been taken from An American
Dilemma, The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, by Gunnar_
dvrdal, with the assistance of Richard Sterner and Arnold Rose,
Volume II :
"This study was made possible by funds granted by ar-
negie Corporation of New York . That corporation is not,
however, the author, owner, publisher, or proprietor of this
publication, and is not to be understood as approving by
virtue of its grant any of the statements made or views ex-
pressed therein."
While this refers to but one project out of many, it becomes signi-
ficant when it is realized that the project to which these books
relate involves some $250,000, andled to the publication of state-
ments which were most critical of our Constitution]
13
14. 6
i
The similar tendency to delegate responsibility will be seen in
the support given by Foundations to agencies such as the Social
Science Research Council, which disregards the legal concept : "He
who acts through an agent, acts himself."
r
THE FORD FOUNDATION
Finally, I suggest that the Committee give special consideration
to the Ford Foundation . This Foundation gives ample evidence of
having taken the initiative in selecting purposes of its own . Being
of recent origin, it should not be held responsible for the actions or
accomplishments of any of its predecessors . It is without precedent
as to size, and it is the first Foundation to dedicate itself openly to
"problem solving" on a world scale .
In a sense, Ford appears to be capitalizing on developments
which took place long before it was founded, and which have en-
abled it to take advantage of
the wholesale dedication of education to a social purpose-
the need to defend this dedication against criticism-
the need to indoctrinate adults along these lines-
the acceptance by the Executive branch of the Federal Gov -
ernment of nsibility for planning on a national and
internatio _scale-
the diminishing importance of the Congress and the states
and the growing power of the Executive branch of the Fed-
eral government-and
-the seeming indispensability of control_Qver human beha,v
-As if they had been influenced directly by these developments,
.Vie trustees established separate funds for use in the fields of edu--
cation, national ~lanai~, and politics. They set up a division de-
.,:joted to the,Behaviora Sciences, which includes a Center for Ad-
-,4anced Study, a program of research and Training Abroad, an In-.
Exchange Program, and miscellaneous grants-in-aid .
_Supplementing these major interests are such varied activities
IM : a TV Radio Work Shop, "external grants", inter-cultural pub-
beations, and an operation called the East European Fund, which
Is about to be terminated. -
When it is considered that the capital resources of this Founda-
tion approach, or may exceed, $500,000,000, and that its income
Approximates $30,000,000, each year, it is obvious that before em-
barking upon the solution of "problems", some effort should be
made by the trustees to make certain that their solution is "in the
public interest".
It is significant that the policies of this Foundation include
aeakiag fun available for certain aspects of secret Military re-
14
15. ,, search and for the education of the Armed Forces. It becomes even
more significant when it is realized that the responsibility for the
selection of the personnel engaged in these projects is known to rest
on the Foundation itself.-subject as it may be to screening by our
Military authorities .
In this connection, it has been interesting to examine what the
educational aspect of these unprecedented Foundation activities
can be expected to produce . The first example is a pamphlet in
which the Declaration of Independence is discussed as though its
Importance ay in e ac a i •raise wo as e unansw
questions
1) Are men equal? and do we demonstrate this equality?
2) What constitutes "the consent of the governed"? and
what does this phrase imply in practice?
By inference, the first question is subtly answered in the nega- .
tive. By direct statement; the second is explained as submitting to
majority rule-but the restriction of the majority by the Constitu-
tonis not mentioned. Only an abridged version of the Declaration
is printed. It is interesting that this should omit the list of griev-
ances which originally made the general concepts of this Document
reasonable.
CONCLUSION
It seems incredible that the trustees of typically American for-
tune-created foundations should have permitted them to be used
to finance ideas and practices incompatible with the fundamental
concepts of our Constitution. Yet there seems evidence that this
may have occurred.
I assume it is the purpose of this inquiry to gather and weigh
the facts.
Respectfully submitted,
Norman Dodd, Director of Research
SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE
TAX EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
May 10, 1954
15
16. 1.
THE NEED FOR A PERMANENT STANDING COMMIT IU
The effect of the Dodd Report was electric . Moves were
launched within a matter of hours to block an effective probe . On
Capitol Hill, the Committee found itself confronted with obstacles
at every turn ; the Nation itself. was deluged with stories which
openly or by inference suggested that the investigation was futile,
if not worse . The national board of Americans for Democratic
Action (the A .D .A .) formally urged the House to disband its own
committee-it was conducting "a frontal attack on learning itself ."
Many citizens, on the other hand, believe that such a commit-
tee should be made a permanent Standing Committee of the House
-"to gather and weigh the facto."
Two quick, effective steps can bring this about . These are :
1) Immediate, widespread reading of this Report-through
friends, clubs, organizations ;
2) A steady flood of mail to Congress, including, specifically,
formal Resolutions from organizations of every kind .
Address : Hon
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