Do a research and make a PowerPoint about Insulation for architecture
· What is Insulation?
· units of measurement and formulas
· Types of insulation and location of use
· Dew point
· Show examples for each type with pros and cons
· Sketch wall and detail sections and show each layer
· Provide some Research with links
Creative Commons Non Commercial CC-BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use,
reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and
Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 1
Blockchain in Finance
Jayanth Rama Varma
P E R S P E C T I V E S
KEY WORDS
Blockchain
Distributed Ledger
DLT
Crypto Currency
includes research articles
that focus on the analysis and
resolution of managerial and
academic issues based on
analytical and empirical or
case research
B
lockchain—the decentralized replicated ledger technology that underlies
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies—provides a potentially attractive alterna-
tive way to organize modern finance. Currently, the financial system depends
on a number of centralized trusted intermediaries: central counter parties (CCPs)
guarantee trades in exchanges; central securities depositories (CSDs) provide secu-
rities settlement; the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
(SWIFT) intermediates global transfer of money; CLS Bank handles the settlement
of foreign exchange transactions, a handful of banks dominate correspondent
banking, and an even smaller number provide custodial services to large invest-
ment institutions. Until a decade ago, it was commonly assumed that the finan-
cial strength and sound management of these central hubs ensured that they were
extremely unlikely to fail. More importantly, it was assumed that they were too big to
fail (TBTF), so that the government would step in and bail them out if they did fail.
The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 shattered these assumptions as many large
banks in the most advanced economies of the world either failed or were very reluc-
tantly bailed out. The Eurozone Crisis of 2010–2012 stoked the fear that even rich
country sovereigns could potentially default on their obligations. Finally, repeated
instances of hacking of the computers of large financial institutions is another factor
that has destroyed trust. When trust in the central hubs of finance is being increas-
ingly questioned, decentralized systems like the blockchain that reduce the need for
such trust become attractive.
It is no coincidence that Bitcoin was launched shortly after the failure of Lehman
that marked the peak of the global financial crisis. Over the subsequent decade,
cryptocurrenc ...
Scaling is one of the most interesting areas of innovation for blockchain. In this survey we took a first pass at a market landscape survey. We would love any edits/suggestions you may nave.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M M A.docxdomenicacullison
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprising savings of resources and ef-
fort) if other parts are cut away.
Because there is no single set of
technical specifications, some systems
that claim to be blockchain instances
will differ from the system described
here. Much of this description is taken
from the original blockchain paper.6
While details may differ, the main
ideas stay the same.
Goals of Blockchain
The original objective of the block-
chain system was to support “an elec-
tronic payment system based on cryp-
tographic proof instead of trust …”6
While the scope of use has grown con-
siderably, the basic goals and require-
ments have remained consistent.
The first of these goals is to ensure
the anonymity of blockchain’s users.
This is accomplished by use of a pub-
lic/private key pair, in a fashion that is
reasonably well known and not rein-
vented by the blockchain technology.
Each participant is identified by the
public key, and authentication is ac-
complished through signing with the
private key. Since this is not specific
to blockchain, it is not considered
further here.
The second goal is to provide a pub-
lic record or ledger of a set of transac-
tions that cannot be altered once veri-
fied and agreed to. This was originally
designed to keep users of electronic
currency from double-spending and to
allow public audit of all transactions.
The ledger is a record of what transac-
tions have taken place, and the order
of those transactions. The use of this
ledger for verification of transactions
other than the exchange of electronic
cash has been the main extension of
the blockchain technology.
The final core goal is for the system
A Hitchhiker’s
Guide to the
Blockchain
Un.
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for educationeraser Juan José Calderón
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education
Guang Chen1,2, Bing Xu1
, Manli Lu1 and Nian-Shing Chen3*
Abstract
Blockchain is the core technology used to create the cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin. As part of the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam engine, electricity, and information technology, blockchain technology has been
applied in many areas such as finance, judiciary, and commerce. The current paper focused on its potential educational applications and explored how blockchain technology can be used to solve some education problems. This article first introduced the features and advantages of blockchain technology following by exploring some of the current blockchain applications for education. Some innovative applications of using blockchain technology were proposed, and the benefits and challenges of using blockchain technology for education were also discussed.
Keywords: Blockchain, Educational evaluation, Instructional design, Learning is earning
This slide is about 'Blockchain Technology'. Blockchain is a method of recording information that makes it impossible or difficult for the system to be changed, hacked, or manipulated. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that duplicates and distributes transactions across the network of computers participating in the blockchain. Blockchain helps verify and trace multistep transactions needing verification and traceability. Cryptocurrencies are usually built using blockchain technology. Blockchain describes the way transactions are recorded into "blocks" and time stamped. It's a fairly complex, technical process, but the result is a digital ledger of cryptocurrency transactions that's hard for hackers to tamper with.
Scaling is one of the most interesting areas of innovation for blockchain. In this survey we took a first pass at a market landscape survey. We would love any edits/suggestions you may nave.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M M A.docxdomenicacullison
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprising savings of resources and ef-
fort) if other parts are cut away.
Because there is no single set of
technical specifications, some systems
that claim to be blockchain instances
will differ from the system described
here. Much of this description is taken
from the original blockchain paper.6
While details may differ, the main
ideas stay the same.
Goals of Blockchain
The original objective of the block-
chain system was to support “an elec-
tronic payment system based on cryp-
tographic proof instead of trust …”6
While the scope of use has grown con-
siderably, the basic goals and require-
ments have remained consistent.
The first of these goals is to ensure
the anonymity of blockchain’s users.
This is accomplished by use of a pub-
lic/private key pair, in a fashion that is
reasonably well known and not rein-
vented by the blockchain technology.
Each participant is identified by the
public key, and authentication is ac-
complished through signing with the
private key. Since this is not specific
to blockchain, it is not considered
further here.
The second goal is to provide a pub-
lic record or ledger of a set of transac-
tions that cannot be altered once veri-
fied and agreed to. This was originally
designed to keep users of electronic
currency from double-spending and to
allow public audit of all transactions.
The ledger is a record of what transac-
tions have taken place, and the order
of those transactions. The use of this
ledger for verification of transactions
other than the exchange of electronic
cash has been the main extension of
the blockchain technology.
The final core goal is for the system
A Hitchhiker’s
Guide to the
Blockchain
Un.
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for educationeraser Juan José Calderón
Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education
Guang Chen1,2, Bing Xu1
, Manli Lu1 and Nian-Shing Chen3*
Abstract
Blockchain is the core technology used to create the cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin. As part of the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam engine, electricity, and information technology, blockchain technology has been
applied in many areas such as finance, judiciary, and commerce. The current paper focused on its potential educational applications and explored how blockchain technology can be used to solve some education problems. This article first introduced the features and advantages of blockchain technology following by exploring some of the current blockchain applications for education. Some innovative applications of using blockchain technology were proposed, and the benefits and challenges of using blockchain technology for education were also discussed.
Keywords: Blockchain, Educational evaluation, Instructional design, Learning is earning
This slide is about 'Blockchain Technology'. Blockchain is a method of recording information that makes it impossible or difficult for the system to be changed, hacked, or manipulated. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that duplicates and distributes transactions across the network of computers participating in the blockchain. Blockchain helps verify and trace multistep transactions needing verification and traceability. Cryptocurrencies are usually built using blockchain technology. Blockchain describes the way transactions are recorded into "blocks" and time stamped. It's a fairly complex, technical process, but the result is a digital ledger of cryptocurrency transactions that's hard for hackers to tamper with.
Bitcoin has been a hot topic in the technology industry since its boom in 2017. The underlying technology of bitcoin is the blockchain that has impressed many of the onlookers due to its transparency and usability in this globalized world. In cryptocurrencies, a ledger is operated which contains all the data regarding the transactions and contracts that are to be executed. These ledgers are maintained on multiple nodes around the world. Every node has to maintain a full copy of the ledger which currently is 15 GB for bitcoin. As more and more transactions are carried on the blockchain, this approach becomes slow. Scaling is the only solution to counter this problem, that's where the sharding technology comes into play. In sharding, rather than each node maintaining the full ledger, the ledger is divided or sharded into multiple fragments. So, in short, each node consists of a small part of the ledger rather than the whole ledger which is easy to maintain and in turn helps in scaling the blockchain. So rather than a full blockchain, we have shard chains that consist of multiple node or validator networks which are then assigned multiple tasks like verifying transactions or operations.
Blockchain and its Use in the Public Sector - OECDOECD Governance
Presentation on the OECD Working Paper "Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its use in the Public Sector". This guide aims to equip public servants with the necessary knowledge to understand what the Blockchain architecture is, the implications it could have on government services, and the opportunities and challenges governments may face as a result. For more information see oe.cd/blockchain
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reprodu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reproducibility crisis ?
PD Dr. med. Sönke Bartling (@soenkeba,soenkebartling@mailbox.org)
Associate researcher at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Benedikt Fecher (benedikt.fecher@hiig.de)
German Institute for Economic Research and Alexander von Humboldt Institute for internet and society.
Abstract:
Blockchain technology has the capacity to make digital goods immutable, transparent,
externally provable, decentralized, and distributed. Besides the initial experiment or data
acquisition, all remaining parts of the research cycle could take place within a blockchain
system. Attribution, data, data postprocessing, publication, research evaluation,
incentivisation, and research fund distribution would thereby become comprehensible, open
(at will) and provable to the external world. Currently, scientists must be trusted to provide a true and useful representation of their research results in their final publication; blockchain would make much larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific selfcorrection. This bears the potential to be a technical solution to the current reproducibility crisis in science, and could ‘reduce waste and make more research results true’.
Pg. 04Question Three Assignment 3Deadline THURS.docxJUST36
Pg. 04
Question Three
Assignment 3
Deadline: THURSDAY 9/4/2020 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 6]
Decision support systems
IT445
College of Computing and Informatics
Question One
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO3
Use some DSS and demonstrate the database working with DSS and statistical models
ABC chocolate manufacturing company needs to decide on how many chocolate bars should they produce each month to maximize the company profit. ABC consider two types of chocolate bar ‘dark' and 'salted caramel’. Dark chocolate bar required $20 of raw ingredients and take 2 day to make and salted caramel chocolate bar required $30 of raw ingredients and take 4 working days to make. The profit contribution of each dark chocolate bar is $2 and salted caramel chocolate bar is $5. The Manufacture has capacity of 100,000 working days per month and ingredients budget of $10,000 per month. Using linear programming modelling for ABC company problem, answer the following questions.
a) Identify decision, constraint and result variables, and objective function.
b) Represent the model in excel sheet, run the model and show the result. Provide a screenshot of your solution. [Hint: using excel solver].
Question Two
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO2
Analyze various industrial applications of DSS and their limitations.
Give the name and a brief discussion of any four major types of models used in DSS?
Question Three
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
Write the differences between Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining also list some suitable application areas for both.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprisi.
Pg. 04Question Three Assignment 3Deadline THURS.docxkarlhennesey
Pg. 04
Question Three
Assignment 3
Deadline: THURSDAY 9/4/2020 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 6]
Decision support systems
IT445
College of Computing and Informatics
Question One
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO3
Use some DSS and demonstrate the database working with DSS and statistical models
ABC chocolate manufacturing company needs to decide on how many chocolate bars should they produce each month to maximize the company profit. ABC consider two types of chocolate bar ‘dark' and 'salted caramel’. Dark chocolate bar required $20 of raw ingredients and take 2 day to make and salted caramel chocolate bar required $30 of raw ingredients and take 4 working days to make. The profit contribution of each dark chocolate bar is $2 and salted caramel chocolate bar is $5. The Manufacture has capacity of 100,000 working days per month and ingredients budget of $10,000 per month. Using linear programming modelling for ABC company problem, answer the following questions.
a) Identify decision, constraint and result variables, and objective function.
b) Represent the model in excel sheet, run the model and show the result. Provide a screenshot of your solution. [Hint: using excel solver].
Question Two
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO2
Analyze various industrial applications of DSS and their limitations.
Give the name and a brief discussion of any four major types of models used in DSS?
Question Three
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
Write the differences between Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining also list some suitable application areas for both.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprisi ...
In this post, you will see the top Blockchain trends that you must follow as a developer. Check them out now and share your experience with us in the comments.
Sidechain is nothing but a separate chain as like blockchain, connected to the main blockchain via two-way-peg. Sidechains are considered as sub-chains or child chains and the first build blockchain are considered as a main chain or parent chain.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Public, private, and consortium blockchains are three different types of blockchain networks that differ in terms of their accessibility and the level of control exercised over them.
Public blockchains: Public blockchains are open to anyone who wishes to join and participate in the network. These blockchains are decentralized and are not controlled by any single entity. Examples of public blockchains include the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks.
Private blockchains: Private blockchains are restricted networks that are only accessible to certain approved participants. These blockchains are typically owned and operated by a single entity or organization, and access to the network is granted based on the discretion of the owner. Private blockchains are often used by organizations to securely and privately record transactions within their own operations.
Consortium blockchains: Consortium blockchains are hybrid networks that are partially decentralized and partially controlled by a group of pre-approved entities. These blockchains are often used in industries where multiple parties need to collaborate and share information, but may not fully trust each other. Consortium blockchains allow for the sharing of information and transactions in a secure and transparent manner, while still maintaining some level of control over access to the network.
Which type of blockchain is right for you will depend on your specific needs and goals. Public blockchains offer the highest level of decentralization and are generally considered to be the most secure, but they may not be suitable for all use cases due to their open nature. Private and consortium blockchains offer a more controlled environment and may be better suited for certain types of applications and organizations. It's important to carefully consider the trade-offs between decentralization, security, and control when deciding which type of blockchain is right for your use case.
DiscussionThe vast majority of the population associates Blockch.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion
The vast majority of the population associates Blockchain with cryptocurrency Bitcoin; however, there are many other uses of blockchain; such as Litecoin, Ether, and other currencies. In this discussion, please describe at least two cryptocurrencies with applicable examples. Discuss some similarities and differences. Lastly, discuss if you have any experience using any cryptocurrencies.
Please make your initial post and two response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least TWO of the following:
· Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic
· Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor
· Provide extensive additional information on the topic
· Explain, define, or analyze the topic in detail
· Share an applicable personal experience
· Provide an outside source that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA)
· Make an argument concerning the topic.
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your readings and other sources. Use proper citations and references in your post.
300 words and 2 references.
Attached all the required documents.
computerweekly.com 10-16 September 2019 21
Industry experts believe blockchain is a technology that has the potential to affect the business of most IT profession-als in the next five years. Analyst Gartner has forecast that by 2023, blockchain will support the global movement and
tracking of $2tn of goods and services.
It is regarded by many industry watchers as a disrupting force
in the financial world. A PwC global financial technology (fintech)
survey found that 56% of respondents recognise the importance
of blockchain. At the same time, however, 57% admit to being
unsure about or unlikely to respond to this trend.
Start witH tHe HaSH
Blockchain is effectively a shared ledger between a group of
people – for example, a group of companies that work together
to produce a service or product. What makes blockchain differ-
ent is the fact that the history of the changes – past transactions,
for example – are immutable.
Essentially, the historical entries become read-only and
unchangeable. This is due to the fact that each blockchain
entry relies on the hash – a computed value including part of a
previous block as part of its hashing calculation for the current
block. This means that if a previous block is somehow modi-
fied or corrupted, its hash value will change and therefore the
values after that point become broken, making the tampering
evident for all to see.
One example where blockchain technology can be used is
where several companies come together to provide or consume
Blockchain:
hype vs reality
Regarded by many as a
disruptive force in finance
and beyond, blockchain
technology presents a number
of complex challenges that
must be overcome before
it can truly ...
Blockchain Technology Explained
You must have heard about the term “blockchain,” in reference to Bitcoin and othercryptocurrencies.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/blockchain-technology-explained/
blockchain, Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, blockchain developers
#blockchain #Bitcoin #cryptocurrencies #blockchaintechnology #blockchaindevelopers
Blockchain Technology - By Dennis Loos.pdfdennis loos
Blockchain is one of the most significant assets that truly disrupt our day-to-day lives. It’s not just cryptocurrencies. “But Dennis Loos, isn’t blockchain just cryptos?” Oh, no, it’s much, much, MUCH more than that.
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO BLOCKCHAIN - JOEL SUMANTH RAJ.pdfJOELCONTACTS
Blockchain Technology is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible (intellectual property, documents, contracts, patents, copyrights, branding).
How does the Blockchain Work?
A blockchain is a distributed, peer-to-peer database that hosts a continuously growing number of transactions. Each transaction, referred to as a “block,” is secured through cryptography, timestamped, and validated by every authorized member of the database using consensus algorithms (i.e., a set of rules). A transaction that is not validated by all members of the database is not added to the database. Every transaction is attached to the previous transaction in sequential order, creating a chain of transactions (or blocks). A transaction cannot be deleted or edited, thereby creating an immutable audit trial. A transaction can only be changed by adding another transaction to the chain.
There is increasing interest in the potential impact of Blockchain globally, across the business world. Blockchain is transforming data storage, security, digital property management, transactions in a variety of forms, and much, much, more. And the impact will be felt across a number of industries, including manufacturing, insurance, healthcare, retail, logistics, and more.
We believe Blockchain presents a unique opportunity for enterprises to leverage a revolutionary new technology and redefine how they function. The Blockchain Landscape Report 2019 by [X]cubeLABS discusses everything Blockchain ranging from its history, mechanism, and industry-wide adoption to its future potential.
Your new clientsThe Wagner’s – Scott and Ella are a young marri.docxDustiBuckner14
Your new clients:
The Wagner’s – Scott and Ella are a young married couple who just purchased a
townhome in the Heights area of Houston. He works in finance, and she is a Dr. They
prefer clean lines, not a lot of “fluff” but want their home to be comfortable and inviting.
The bedroom and bathroom need to have a relaxing “get away” feel as they both work
long hours. They have no children.
Develop and Prepare (3) Written Design Concepts for a Master Bedroom Suite - You
must use the “What, Why & How” Method presented in class
project will have its own unique Design Concept
You will use your Design Concepts to make selections and provide an overall design
scheme for each client
You will find images of all of your selections and include in your presentation
You will create (3) Schemes and present in a digital format.
Design/Presentation requirements are below:
Bedroom Materials/Finishes: Ceiling/Walls/Floors/Window Treatments
Bedroom Furniture Selections: Bed, Nightstands, Dresser, Art/Accessories, TV
Bedroom Light Fixtures
Bathroom Materials/Finishes: Ceiling/Walls/Floors/Millwork (counter & cabinets)
Bathroom FF&E Selections: Tub, Sinks, Shower & Sink Fittings, Lighting
Remember, you need to think about how you would like the bedroom to function,
and what your “concept” would be. Think about seating areas, sleeping area,
storage, dressing area, etc. This is your opportunity to be creative!
What is your concept statement? What is the programming? (Here are some questions
to ask)
What size bed?
What types of furniture needed? (Headboard, dresser, lounge chair, rug, etc.)
Comfort level and design style (contemporary, traditional, transitional)
Lighting and TV requirements?
Accessories?
You will:
Take the plan that was given to you and research and decide what furnishings
you would like to propose for each client.
Create a Programming slide identifying needs and requirements and your
solutions.
Create a brief Concept Statement slide summarizing your design intent. This
statement should also communicate the mood or feel you are attempting to
evoke.
Create a “working” presentation of your suggestions to review. This will consist of
several slides with your suggestions.
.
Writing Conclusions for Research PapersWhat is the purpose.docxDustiBuckner14
Writing Conclusions for Research Papers
What is the purpose of a conclusion?
A conclusion is supposed to provide the “final verdict,” or the “moral of the story” for the essay.
It is the writer’s last attempt at providing a memorable ending to the paper.
It explains why the topic is important and what the reader should learn from it.
A conclusion is not…
A repetition of the thesis statement and its points
Only a summary of the paper’s main points
A paragraph so detailed is resembles a body paragraph
A paragraph that goes into a new or unrelated topic
Two or three sentences long (i.e. “two sentences plus a catchy quote.”
Example of good conclusions
Making a recommendation or offering a solution to the problem
In conclusion, social media is not only responsible in many cases for ruining a marriage, sometimes it is responsible for ruining the entire family balance. These social platforms affect the stability of the couple creating a detachment in the everyday life; once the stability is broken and the distance starts to increase, most likely a sense of jealousy will generate and possibly lead to infidelity. It is easy for many users to blame social media for the end of their marriage, and because of this, it is important to use social media for a limited time with non-malicious intentions. The responsible use of the platforms may protect marriages from being permanently damaged and give a couple the possibility to live a much happier life together.
Painting a picture of the future if the problem is solved or handled correctly
Modern technology continues to prove its merit within the medical field furthering our understanding of ADHD as well as providing invaluable resources available to the public and educational institutions in which to simplify the management of this troublesome condition. It’s used to aid children throughout their academic endeavors, which, will dictate how they enter society and cope with symptoms that will be with them until future technology can find a cure. Data collection will only grow as technology is further implemented in ADHD treatment and is the key to developing the individual treatment plans that will help future generations thrive. The benefits of modern technology towards adolescents suffering from ADHD are plentiful and may one day eliminate the condition. This future is welcomed and one with great promise.
Painting a picture of the future if the problem is NOT solved or handled correctly
All in all, technology is growing at an extraordinarily exponential pace allowing us to be more connected and in tune than ever before. However, while we grow more connected online, we grow more apart in real life which in turn hurts our social skills, disconnects us from each other, degrades our interpersonal skills, makes it easier to commit crimes, and pulls friends and family apart. With almost everything in life there is undoubtedly an equal number of cons.
More Related Content
Similar to Do a research and make a PowerPoint about Insulation for architect
Bitcoin has been a hot topic in the technology industry since its boom in 2017. The underlying technology of bitcoin is the blockchain that has impressed many of the onlookers due to its transparency and usability in this globalized world. In cryptocurrencies, a ledger is operated which contains all the data regarding the transactions and contracts that are to be executed. These ledgers are maintained on multiple nodes around the world. Every node has to maintain a full copy of the ledger which currently is 15 GB for bitcoin. As more and more transactions are carried on the blockchain, this approach becomes slow. Scaling is the only solution to counter this problem, that's where the sharding technology comes into play. In sharding, rather than each node maintaining the full ledger, the ledger is divided or sharded into multiple fragments. So, in short, each node consists of a small part of the ledger rather than the whole ledger which is easy to maintain and in turn helps in scaling the blockchain. So rather than a full blockchain, we have shard chains that consist of multiple node or validator networks which are then assigned multiple tasks like verifying transactions or operations.
Blockchain and its Use in the Public Sector - OECDOECD Governance
Presentation on the OECD Working Paper "Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its use in the Public Sector". This guide aims to equip public servants with the necessary knowledge to understand what the Blockchain architecture is, the implications it could have on government services, and the opportunities and challenges governments may face as a result. For more information see oe.cd/blockchain
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reprodu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain for science and knowledge creation. A technical fix to the reproducibility crisis ?
PD Dr. med. Sönke Bartling (@soenkeba,soenkebartling@mailbox.org)
Associate researcher at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Benedikt Fecher (benedikt.fecher@hiig.de)
German Institute for Economic Research and Alexander von Humboldt Institute for internet and society.
Abstract:
Blockchain technology has the capacity to make digital goods immutable, transparent,
externally provable, decentralized, and distributed. Besides the initial experiment or data
acquisition, all remaining parts of the research cycle could take place within a blockchain
system. Attribution, data, data postprocessing, publication, research evaluation,
incentivisation, and research fund distribution would thereby become comprehensible, open
(at will) and provable to the external world. Currently, scientists must be trusted to provide a true and useful representation of their research results in their final publication; blockchain would make much larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific selfcorrection. This bears the potential to be a technical solution to the current reproducibility crisis in science, and could ‘reduce waste and make more research results true’.
Pg. 04Question Three Assignment 3Deadline THURS.docxJUST36
Pg. 04
Question Three
Assignment 3
Deadline: THURSDAY 9/4/2020 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 6]
Decision support systems
IT445
College of Computing and Informatics
Question One
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO3
Use some DSS and demonstrate the database working with DSS and statistical models
ABC chocolate manufacturing company needs to decide on how many chocolate bars should they produce each month to maximize the company profit. ABC consider two types of chocolate bar ‘dark' and 'salted caramel’. Dark chocolate bar required $20 of raw ingredients and take 2 day to make and salted caramel chocolate bar required $30 of raw ingredients and take 4 working days to make. The profit contribution of each dark chocolate bar is $2 and salted caramel chocolate bar is $5. The Manufacture has capacity of 100,000 working days per month and ingredients budget of $10,000 per month. Using linear programming modelling for ABC company problem, answer the following questions.
a) Identify decision, constraint and result variables, and objective function.
b) Represent the model in excel sheet, run the model and show the result. Provide a screenshot of your solution. [Hint: using excel solver].
Question Two
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO2
Analyze various industrial applications of DSS and their limitations.
Give the name and a brief discussion of any four major types of models used in DSS?
Question Three
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
Write the differences between Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining also list some suitable application areas for both.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprisi.
Pg. 04Question Three Assignment 3Deadline THURS.docxkarlhennesey
Pg. 04
Question Three
Assignment 3
Deadline: THURSDAY 9/4/2020 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 6]
Decision support systems
IT445
College of Computing and Informatics
Question One
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO3
Use some DSS and demonstrate the database working with DSS and statistical models
ABC chocolate manufacturing company needs to decide on how many chocolate bars should they produce each month to maximize the company profit. ABC consider two types of chocolate bar ‘dark' and 'salted caramel’. Dark chocolate bar required $20 of raw ingredients and take 2 day to make and salted caramel chocolate bar required $30 of raw ingredients and take 4 working days to make. The profit contribution of each dark chocolate bar is $2 and salted caramel chocolate bar is $5. The Manufacture has capacity of 100,000 working days per month and ingredients budget of $10,000 per month. Using linear programming modelling for ABC company problem, answer the following questions.
a) Identify decision, constraint and result variables, and objective function.
b) Represent the model in excel sheet, run the model and show the result. Provide a screenshot of your solution. [Hint: using excel solver].
Question Two
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO2
Analyze various industrial applications of DSS and their limitations.
Give the name and a brief discussion of any four major types of models used in DSS?
Question Three
2 Marks
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
Write the differences between Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining also list some suitable application areas for both.
38 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M | M A R C H 2 0 1 9 | V O L . 6 2 | N O . 3
practice
I T I S D I F F I C U LT these days to avoid hearing about
blockchain. Blockchain is going to be the foundation
of a new business world based on smart contracts.
It is going to allow everyone to trace the provenance of
their food, the parts in the items they buy, or the ideas
they hear. It will change the way we work, the way the
economy runs, and the way we live in general.
Despite the significant potential of blockchain, it is
also difficult to find a consistent description of what
it really is. A recent Google search for “blockchain
technical papers” returned nothing but white
papers for the first three screens; not a single paper
is peer-reviewed. One of the best discussions of the
technology itself is from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, but at 50-plus pages, it is a
bit much for a quick read.9
The purpose of this article is to look
at the basics of blockchain: the indi-
vidual components, how those com-
ponents fit together, and what changes
might be made to solve some of the
problems with blockchain technology.
This technology is far from monolithic;
some of the techniques can be used (at
surprisi ...
In this post, you will see the top Blockchain trends that you must follow as a developer. Check them out now and share your experience with us in the comments.
Sidechain is nothing but a separate chain as like blockchain, connected to the main blockchain via two-way-peg. Sidechains are considered as sub-chains or child chains and the first build blockchain are considered as a main chain or parent chain.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Review, Current Trends, Applications, an...AlAtfat
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Public, private, and consortium blockchains are three different types of blockchain networks that differ in terms of their accessibility and the level of control exercised over them.
Public blockchains: Public blockchains are open to anyone who wishes to join and participate in the network. These blockchains are decentralized and are not controlled by any single entity. Examples of public blockchains include the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks.
Private blockchains: Private blockchains are restricted networks that are only accessible to certain approved participants. These blockchains are typically owned and operated by a single entity or organization, and access to the network is granted based on the discretion of the owner. Private blockchains are often used by organizations to securely and privately record transactions within their own operations.
Consortium blockchains: Consortium blockchains are hybrid networks that are partially decentralized and partially controlled by a group of pre-approved entities. These blockchains are often used in industries where multiple parties need to collaborate and share information, but may not fully trust each other. Consortium blockchains allow for the sharing of information and transactions in a secure and transparent manner, while still maintaining some level of control over access to the network.
Which type of blockchain is right for you will depend on your specific needs and goals. Public blockchains offer the highest level of decentralization and are generally considered to be the most secure, but they may not be suitable for all use cases due to their open nature. Private and consortium blockchains offer a more controlled environment and may be better suited for certain types of applications and organizations. It's important to carefully consider the trade-offs between decentralization, security, and control when deciding which type of blockchain is right for your use case.
DiscussionThe vast majority of the population associates Blockch.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion
The vast majority of the population associates Blockchain with cryptocurrency Bitcoin; however, there are many other uses of blockchain; such as Litecoin, Ether, and other currencies. In this discussion, please describe at least two cryptocurrencies with applicable examples. Discuss some similarities and differences. Lastly, discuss if you have any experience using any cryptocurrencies.
Please make your initial post and two response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least TWO of the following:
· Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic
· Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor
· Provide extensive additional information on the topic
· Explain, define, or analyze the topic in detail
· Share an applicable personal experience
· Provide an outside source that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA)
· Make an argument concerning the topic.
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your readings and other sources. Use proper citations and references in your post.
300 words and 2 references.
Attached all the required documents.
computerweekly.com 10-16 September 2019 21
Industry experts believe blockchain is a technology that has the potential to affect the business of most IT profession-als in the next five years. Analyst Gartner has forecast that by 2023, blockchain will support the global movement and
tracking of $2tn of goods and services.
It is regarded by many industry watchers as a disrupting force
in the financial world. A PwC global financial technology (fintech)
survey found that 56% of respondents recognise the importance
of blockchain. At the same time, however, 57% admit to being
unsure about or unlikely to respond to this trend.
Start witH tHe HaSH
Blockchain is effectively a shared ledger between a group of
people – for example, a group of companies that work together
to produce a service or product. What makes blockchain differ-
ent is the fact that the history of the changes – past transactions,
for example – are immutable.
Essentially, the historical entries become read-only and
unchangeable. This is due to the fact that each blockchain
entry relies on the hash – a computed value including part of a
previous block as part of its hashing calculation for the current
block. This means that if a previous block is somehow modi-
fied or corrupted, its hash value will change and therefore the
values after that point become broken, making the tampering
evident for all to see.
One example where blockchain technology can be used is
where several companies come together to provide or consume
Blockchain:
hype vs reality
Regarded by many as a
disruptive force in finance
and beyond, blockchain
technology presents a number
of complex challenges that
must be overcome before
it can truly ...
Blockchain Technology Explained
You must have heard about the term “blockchain,” in reference to Bitcoin and othercryptocurrencies.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/blockchain-technology-explained/
blockchain, Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, blockchain developers
#blockchain #Bitcoin #cryptocurrencies #blockchaintechnology #blockchaindevelopers
Blockchain Technology - By Dennis Loos.pdfdennis loos
Blockchain is one of the most significant assets that truly disrupt our day-to-day lives. It’s not just cryptocurrencies. “But Dennis Loos, isn’t blockchain just cryptos?” Oh, no, it’s much, much, MUCH more than that.
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO BLOCKCHAIN - JOEL SUMANTH RAJ.pdfJOELCONTACTS
Blockchain Technology is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible (intellectual property, documents, contracts, patents, copyrights, branding).
How does the Blockchain Work?
A blockchain is a distributed, peer-to-peer database that hosts a continuously growing number of transactions. Each transaction, referred to as a “block,” is secured through cryptography, timestamped, and validated by every authorized member of the database using consensus algorithms (i.e., a set of rules). A transaction that is not validated by all members of the database is not added to the database. Every transaction is attached to the previous transaction in sequential order, creating a chain of transactions (or blocks). A transaction cannot be deleted or edited, thereby creating an immutable audit trial. A transaction can only be changed by adding another transaction to the chain.
There is increasing interest in the potential impact of Blockchain globally, across the business world. Blockchain is transforming data storage, security, digital property management, transactions in a variety of forms, and much, much, more. And the impact will be felt across a number of industries, including manufacturing, insurance, healthcare, retail, logistics, and more.
We believe Blockchain presents a unique opportunity for enterprises to leverage a revolutionary new technology and redefine how they function. The Blockchain Landscape Report 2019 by [X]cubeLABS discusses everything Blockchain ranging from its history, mechanism, and industry-wide adoption to its future potential.
Similar to Do a research and make a PowerPoint about Insulation for architect (20)
Your new clientsThe Wagner’s – Scott and Ella are a young marri.docxDustiBuckner14
Your new clients:
The Wagner’s – Scott and Ella are a young married couple who just purchased a
townhome in the Heights area of Houston. He works in finance, and she is a Dr. They
prefer clean lines, not a lot of “fluff” but want their home to be comfortable and inviting.
The bedroom and bathroom need to have a relaxing “get away” feel as they both work
long hours. They have no children.
Develop and Prepare (3) Written Design Concepts for a Master Bedroom Suite - You
must use the “What, Why & How” Method presented in class
project will have its own unique Design Concept
You will use your Design Concepts to make selections and provide an overall design
scheme for each client
You will find images of all of your selections and include in your presentation
You will create (3) Schemes and present in a digital format.
Design/Presentation requirements are below:
Bedroom Materials/Finishes: Ceiling/Walls/Floors/Window Treatments
Bedroom Furniture Selections: Bed, Nightstands, Dresser, Art/Accessories, TV
Bedroom Light Fixtures
Bathroom Materials/Finishes: Ceiling/Walls/Floors/Millwork (counter & cabinets)
Bathroom FF&E Selections: Tub, Sinks, Shower & Sink Fittings, Lighting
Remember, you need to think about how you would like the bedroom to function,
and what your “concept” would be. Think about seating areas, sleeping area,
storage, dressing area, etc. This is your opportunity to be creative!
What is your concept statement? What is the programming? (Here are some questions
to ask)
What size bed?
What types of furniture needed? (Headboard, dresser, lounge chair, rug, etc.)
Comfort level and design style (contemporary, traditional, transitional)
Lighting and TV requirements?
Accessories?
You will:
Take the plan that was given to you and research and decide what furnishings
you would like to propose for each client.
Create a Programming slide identifying needs and requirements and your
solutions.
Create a brief Concept Statement slide summarizing your design intent. This
statement should also communicate the mood or feel you are attempting to
evoke.
Create a “working” presentation of your suggestions to review. This will consist of
several slides with your suggestions.
.
Writing Conclusions for Research PapersWhat is the purpose.docxDustiBuckner14
Writing Conclusions for Research Papers
What is the purpose of a conclusion?
A conclusion is supposed to provide the “final verdict,” or the “moral of the story” for the essay.
It is the writer’s last attempt at providing a memorable ending to the paper.
It explains why the topic is important and what the reader should learn from it.
A conclusion is not…
A repetition of the thesis statement and its points
Only a summary of the paper’s main points
A paragraph so detailed is resembles a body paragraph
A paragraph that goes into a new or unrelated topic
Two or three sentences long (i.e. “two sentences plus a catchy quote.”
Example of good conclusions
Making a recommendation or offering a solution to the problem
In conclusion, social media is not only responsible in many cases for ruining a marriage, sometimes it is responsible for ruining the entire family balance. These social platforms affect the stability of the couple creating a detachment in the everyday life; once the stability is broken and the distance starts to increase, most likely a sense of jealousy will generate and possibly lead to infidelity. It is easy for many users to blame social media for the end of their marriage, and because of this, it is important to use social media for a limited time with non-malicious intentions. The responsible use of the platforms may protect marriages from being permanently damaged and give a couple the possibility to live a much happier life together.
Painting a picture of the future if the problem is solved or handled correctly
Modern technology continues to prove its merit within the medical field furthering our understanding of ADHD as well as providing invaluable resources available to the public and educational institutions in which to simplify the management of this troublesome condition. It’s used to aid children throughout their academic endeavors, which, will dictate how they enter society and cope with symptoms that will be with them until future technology can find a cure. Data collection will only grow as technology is further implemented in ADHD treatment and is the key to developing the individual treatment plans that will help future generations thrive. The benefits of modern technology towards adolescents suffering from ADHD are plentiful and may one day eliminate the condition. This future is welcomed and one with great promise.
Painting a picture of the future if the problem is NOT solved or handled correctly
All in all, technology is growing at an extraordinarily exponential pace allowing us to be more connected and in tune than ever before. However, while we grow more connected online, we grow more apart in real life which in turn hurts our social skills, disconnects us from each other, degrades our interpersonal skills, makes it easier to commit crimes, and pulls friends and family apart. With almost everything in life there is undoubtedly an equal number of cons.
What Is Septic TankSeptic or septic typically is used t.docxDustiBuckner14
What Is Septic Tank?
"Septic" or "septic" typically is used to describe the anaerobic bacteria environment that was created in Tank and decomposes to mineralizes domestic wastewater in the tank.
What exactly is septic tank Septic tank? It is a constructed in a scientifically sound underground chamber typically made of rcc, fiberglass, plain concrete, steel, or plastic. the domestic water, wastewater and fecal materials, excretory and toilet products flow into it to treat the primary source of waste material , which decomposes and transform into semi-solid or solid settleable liquid sludge.
In the United States, there are several types of ready-made Septic tanks that are available in the market. They include concrete septic tank plastic septic tank, as well as fibreglass septic tanks. Most well-known and widely used are concrete septic tanks for homes, based on the state and local rules and regulations.
When it comes to "what is a concrete septic tanks?", concrete septic tank is a basic design, water-tight container constructed from RCC or plain concrete typically rectangular or circular in shape and available in one chamber, two chambers, or three chambers that are that are used to treat primary liquid waste.
The typical capacity ranges from 500 to 1250 gallons 500 gallon or 750 gallon tanks are adequate for a two-bedroom home or a 1000 gallon concrete tank is sufficient for a three bedrooms, and a 1250 gallon septic tank is sufficient for a four bedroom house or a family of four.
In this regard, "what is the septic tank?", the septic tank is a single chamber or multi-chamber underground compartment that is composed out of RCC concrete fiberglass, plastic or steel used for the first-class treatment for domestic wastewater and fecal material as well as excretory products and toilets that
Also Read:
Rooftop Design Ideas
What Are Septic Tank?
What is the septic tanks? Septic tank is an submerged sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of household waste and fecal materials via the process of bioanaerobic digestion, or decomposition, which results in semi-solid or solid sludge that can be settled.
The majority of septic tanks for homes can hold between 4000 and 7500 millilitres or 1,000 - 2000 gals of effluent, or semi-solid sludge.
What Size of Septic Tank Do I Need
?
In this article, we'll be talking about underground septic tanks and the size is a reference to the tank's total capacity for handling. Read our article about above ground septic tanks to get additional information about these tanks and the systems.
The minimum requirements for capacity of a septic tank are based on various variables. The state, county or city guidelines may require approved sizes , as can the material used for tank construction and its installation.
The local geography and soil conditions play a significant role in the effectiveness of the system, which could affect the size of drain fields and the size of the septic tank.
The type of septic .
· You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, r.docxDustiBuckner14
· You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.)
· All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
# 1
Hearing & Eye Age-Related Diseases
Presbycusis, also known as age-related hearing loss, is a debilitating disease with a complicated etiology that affects tens of millions of people worldwide and roughly half of those over 65 in the United States (Say et al., 2021). The loss is usually bilateral, causing difficulty hearing high-pitched tones and conversational speech (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The causes of age-related hearing loss are thought to be genetic and environmental. Men are more affected by this condition than women. This condition's origin is yet unknown.
Some signs and symptoms that could be seen in patients with this condition are not answering when spoken to, talking loudly, paying attention to the speaker's lips, turning up the radio or TV volume, putting one palm over one ear, and tilting the head to one side when someone is speaking (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). The causes of presbycusis are multifaceted. In addition to physiologic and anatomical alterations brought on by aging-related deterioration, genetic factors are among the additional contributing elements (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022). It is believed that glutamate signaling, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones all contribute to it. Hearing loss occurs more frequently in postmenopausal women who use progestin and a combination of hormone replacement therapy. Presbycusis has also been linked to exposure to loud noises and ototoxic substances such as salicylates, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, and some chemotherapeutic drugs. Ototoxicity has also been linked to certain occupational and environmental exposures to toxins such as toluene, styrene, lead, carbon monoxide, mercury, and other toxins (Cheslock & De Jesus, 2022). This problem has also been associated to a history of ear infections and the presence of several systemic disorders.
Studies aimed at establishing a clear association for the cause have not been successful. As a result, the diagnosis entails eliminating other potential causes of hearing loss, such as infections, head trauma, metabolic disorders, vascular diseases, and heart disease (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). It is important for nurses when caring for patients with this condition to speak clearly and use a normal tone of voice. Patients and their families need to be instructed on how to use and where to obtain assistive listening devices (Meiner & Yeager, 2019). Nurses must educate patients and family members that when using hearing aids, they need to perform daily listening and battery checks. These devices must be stored in a hearing aid drying container with batteries removed.
Vision is an important sense that is needed to complete ADLs. Age-related changes and macular or.
You are a medical student working your way throughcollege and ar.docxDustiBuckner14
You are a medical student working your way through
college and are assigned to a hospital given background information on a patient.
You were provided the chief complaint and long-term history of the patient
outlined below. You are asked by the nurse in charge to read the following case,
investigate the topic (Diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure) and complete a
written report in MLA format including references addressing each of the
questions identified below.
.
[removed]THIS IEP INCLUDES FORMCHECKBOX Transitions.docxDustiBuckner14
[removed]
THIS IEP INCLUDES:
FORMCHECKBOX
Transitions
FORMCHECKBOX
Interim Service Plan
NEW YORK CITY
BOARD OF EDUCATION
INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Using the Integrated Model of Work Motivation Figure 12.1 (Latham, 2.docxDustiBuckner14
Using the Integrated Model of Work Motivation Figure 12.1 (Latham, 2011), describe specific practices that may or may not have a positive effect on workplace attitudes, motivation, and job satisfaction. Evaluate the possible future directions and potential of leadership practices for positive workplace attitudes, motivation, and job satisfaction within the current workplace.
.
What We Can Afford” Poem By Shavar X. Seabrooks L.docxDustiBuckner14
“What We Can Afford”
Poem By: Shavar X. Seabrooks
Like the rice fields of Charleston, the wind blows limitlessly.
The slaves give peace to the land that hands they have touch.
In the mist of blood, sweat and tears, still the heartbeat sticks in the sweetgrass of mercy.
Gathered near the Stono River, they earned for freedom press against time which is not a
companion.
Fort Mose just in their reach, still time is not their companion.
Looking back to the Ancient Civilization, were Dark Skin People were King and Queens.
Wear Kenta cloths adorning the skin like silk.
And were the land being harvest for love and not for gain.
The children to grow and not wanting to be enslaved and the lips of the masters impales
the dreams.
Yet, the circle that remains the same, but the horizon is just to come.
The wind shall tell the truth and the African Experiences will be a drum of remembrance.
References
Higginbotham, R. D., Wickwire, F., & Wickwire, M. (1970). Cornwallis: The American
adventure. The Journal of Southern History, 36(4), 591. doi:10.2307/2206317
Morgan, E. S. (1972). Slavery and freedom: The American paradox. The Journal of American
History, 59(1), 5. doi:10.2307/1888384
Video clips on Ancient African Civilizations, Kente Cloth
Miranda Isabella Hurt
20 October 2020
Haiku about Emmett Till
Just a young black boy
Stripped of all his life and dreams
Where is the justice
Cinquain about the Civil Rights Movement
A movement ignited by Parks
A peaceful dream promoted by Dr. King
An education organized by Clark
A call to let freedom ring
The first poem is about the murder of Emmett Till. Till’s tragic tale is described in the Eyes on the Prize:
Awakenings and in the study guide. On August 28, 1955, “Emmett Till, a black boy from Chicago visiting
his uncle Moses Wright in Mississippi, is murdered for inappropriately addressing a white woman (page
14).” Even though Till’s murderers eventually confessed to the crime, they were never charged for his
murder (because of the no double jeopardy clause in the fifth amendment of the Constitution). This is
one of many instances of injustice against African Americans in the south during the Civil Rights
Movement. However, even now in the 21st century, African Americans are still facing prejudices and
being killed by cops, the people who are supposed to protect them.
The second poet highlights three big names of the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr, and Septima Clark. The Eyes on the Prize videos mention King a lot, because he was quite a
significant man, and The Awakenings and Ready from Within discusses Rosa Parks. Rosa Parks sparked
the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white person. Septima Clark’s impact
on the Civil Rights Movement with her citizenship schools was the main topic of Ready from Within.
Clark played a crucial role in educating many African American.
What are the techniques in handling categorical attributesHow.docxDustiBuckner14
What are the techniques in handling categorical attributes?
How do continuous attributes differ from categorical attributes?
What is a concept hierarchy?
Note the major patterns of data and how they work.
What is K-means from a basic standpoint?
What are the various types of clusters and why is the distinction important?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of K-means?
What is a cluster evaluation?
.
University of the CumberlandsSchool of Computer & Information .docxDustiBuckner14
University of the Cumberlands
School of Computer & Information Sciences
ISOL-536 - Security Architecture & Design
Chapter 8: Business Analytics
Chapter 8: Business Analytics
8.1 Architecture
8.2 Threats
8.3 Attack Surfaces
8.3.1 Attack Surface Enumeration
8.4 Mitigations
8.5 Administrative Controls
8.5.1 Enterprise Identity Systems (Authentication and Authorization)
8.6 Requirements
8.1 Architecture
Data science is a set of fundamental principles that guide the extraction of knowledge from data. Data mining is the extraction of knowledge from data via technologies that incorporate these principles.
Like many enterprises, Digital Diskus has many applications for the various processes that must be executed to run its business, from finance and accounting to sales, marketing, procurement, inventory, supply chain, and so forth. A great deal of data is generated across these systems. But, unfortunately, as a business grows into an enterprise, most of its business systems will be discreet. Getting a holistic view of the health of the business can be stymied by the organic growth of applications and data stores.
8.1 Architecture – Cont.
Figure 8.1 Business analytics logical data flow diagram (DFD).
8.1 Architecture – Cont.
Figure 8.2 Business analytics data interactions.
Figure 8.2 is a drill down view of the data gathering interactions of the business analytics system within the enterprise architecture. Is the visualization in Figure 8.2 perhaps a bit easier to understand? To reiterate, we are looking at the business analysis and intelligence system, which must touch almost every data gathering and transaction-processing system that exists in the internal network. And, as was noted, business analytics listens to the message bus, which includes messages that are sent from less trusted zones.
5
8.2 Treats
Figure 8.3 Business analytics system architecture.
As we move to system specificity, if we have predefined the relevant threats, we can apply the threats’ goals to the system under analysis. This application of goals leads directly on to the “AS” of ATASM: attack surfaces. Understanding your adversaries’ targets and objectives provides insight into possible attack surfaces and perhaps which attack surfaces are most important and should be prioritized.
It’s useful to understand a highly connected system like business analytics in situ, that is, as the system fits into its larger enterprise architectural context. However, we don’t yet have the architecture of the system itself. Figure 8.3 presents the logical components of this business analytics system.
There are five major components of the system:
1. Data Analysis processing
2. Reporting module
3. Data gathering module
4. Agents which are co-located with target data repositories
5. A management console
6
8.3 Attack Surfaces
In this context, where several components share the same host, how would you treat the communications between them? Should.
Theresa and Mike fully support creating a code of conduct for th.docxDustiBuckner14
Theresa and Mike fully support creating a code of conduct for the newly merged JEANSTYLE organization. They have asked you to recommend how they should approach the development of the code of conduct, especially given the need to merge the companies into one team with a shared mission, vision, and values. They are interested in knowing how the code of conduct will help establish the new organizational culture of JEANSTYLE.
Review the
scenario
( https://class.coloradotech.edu/CbFileShareCommon/ctu/INTD670/Assignment_Assets/ProblemB.pdf ) for this course, and address the following questions:
What set of steps should be used to create the
code of conduct
?
What topics should be included in the code of conduct?
What impact does a code of conduct have on an organization's culture?
Access the
assignment template
.
4-6 PAGES NEEDED
.
Unit VII 1. Suppose a firm uses sugar in a product tha.docxDustiBuckner14
Unit VII
1. Suppose a firm uses sugar in a product that you purchase. The firm vertically integrates by purchasing sugar farms that produce the sugar organically and in a way that makes it also sustainable for the environment. How would that influence your demand for that product? What other purpose than profitability might cause the firm to make this decision to vertically integrate in this way? 200 words min
2.
Identify a skill that you learned in this course, and explain how you can apply it to increase success in your career in a real-world scenario. 200 words3.
Instructions
Your assignment is to provide a final report for Ruby Red Movie Theater in which you address the concerns that have been outlined in the previous six units of this class, indicating any outsourcing or vertical integration options Ruby Red Movie Theater may be able to implement.
Be specific regarding the analysis you performed in each area of study. Your recommendations for improvements for the theater should be based on economic theory and your analysis. Your complete analysis of the theater, the industry, and opportunities that may exist are crucial for the future profitability of the theater.
Revise the information from previous assignments as needed and pull everything together to create a cohesive, comprehensive report. What this means is that this final report should be original updated work, though it is based on your previous assignments. Do not just copy and paste your previous assignments into one paper. Also, be sure to incorporate any suggestions your instructor made in your previous assignments.
New information will be added for Unit VII, which will focus on the information provided in this unit. The topics for this section will include why firms exist, the factors that create a situation where vertical integration is desirable, and why firms would use outsourcing, as well as how this information can be applied to the Ruby Red Movie Theatre.
The following is a list of items and sections you should include in your final report. Replace the unit numbers with appropriate titles for the information in each section.
· Title page
· Table of contents
· Introduction
· Unit I
· Results write-up from Unit I, including recommendations
· Unit II
· Results write-up from Unit II, including recommendations
· Unit II Tables
· Unit II Graphs
· Unit III
· Results write-up from Unit III, including recommendations
· Unit IV
· Results write-up from Unit IV, including recommendations
· Unit IV Tables
· Unit V
· Results write-up from Unit V, including recommendations
· Unit V Tables
· Unit VI
· Results write-up from Unit VI, including recommendations
· Unit VII
· Results write-up from Unit VII, including recommendations
· Conclusions and final recommendations
· Reference page
· Insert labeled tables after the reference page
Adhere to APA Style (APA 7th edition) when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources t.
Title If a compensation system works well for one business, that .docxDustiBuckner14
Title:
If a compensation system works well for one business, that same compensation system should not work well for other businesses.”
Company we choose : FEDEX & STARBUCKS
Introduction:
Contextual variables (Firm A and Firm B)
Based on the Title above and the companies provided just provide the overall introduction in the report and the contextual variables where we tell about the companies ( FEDEX & STARBUCKS)
.
Review the Article Below Keller, J. G., Miller, C., LasDulce, C.docxDustiBuckner14
Review the Article Below:
Keller, J. G., Miller, C., LasDulce, C., & Wohrle, R. G. (2021). Using a community-based participatory research model to encourage parental involvement in their children’s schools.
Children & Schools
,
43
(3), 149–158.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdab015
The article takes a participatory action approach. The text lists 7 criteria for participatory action research. How does the project described in the article you selected meet these 7 criteria?
Social phenomena are influenced by macro-level social influences.
Social structures and dynamics are contextualized by history
Theory and practice are simultaneously engaged.
Dialogue between the subject and the object is transformed into a single subject–subject
Research and action become a single process
Community and researcher produce knowledge together for social transformation
Research results should be immediately applied to a concrete state of affairs.
.
Teachers reach diverse learners by scaffolding instruction in ways t.docxDustiBuckner14
Teachers reach diverse learners by scaffolding instruction in ways that support content literacy and learning.
Think back when you were a student or during your own field experiences in which culturally or linguistically diverse learners were part of a classroom.
1. How did these students participate in the class? How did the teacher respond? Were modifications made for them? If so, describe the nature of those modifications.
2.
Language and culture are inextricably connected
. What are the implications of this statement for classroom practice?
Search entries or author
.
ScenarioThe HIT Innovation Steering Committee of a large.docxDustiBuckner14
Scenario
The
HIT Innovation Steering Committee
of a large, integrated healthcare system is in the process of examining the potential impact for new emerging technologies. The Committee is aware that HIT is rapidly changing and that they need to proactively plan for upcoming changes. As a member of this committee, select an emerging technology discussed in the module readings and lectures. Research how this new technology could affect patients, healthcare delivery and data analytics. Based on your learnings, write a White Paper for the Committee describing your findings and recommendations.
Instructions
Create a WHITE PAPEr that includes:
Discussion on why emerging technology poses a challenge for healthcare organizations
Discussion of the chosen emerging technology including reason(s) for selection
Discussion on the potential impact on patients, healthcare delivery, and healthcare organizations
Provide insight into how extracting and analyzing the potential data (administrative, financial, and clinical) benefits or poses challenges for healthcare organizations
Provide recommendations on how the organization can strategically plan for emerging technology
Reference page of resources utilized
A - 4 - Mastery
Clear and thorough discussion on why emerging technology poses a challenge for healthcare organizations, including multiple examples and supporting details.
A - 4 - Mastery
Clear and thorough discussion of the chosen emerging technology including reason(s) for selection, including multiple examples and supporting details.
A - 4 - Mastery
Clear and thorough discussion on potential impact to patients, healthcare delivery, and healthcare organizations, including multiple examples and supporting details
A - 4 - Mastery
Clear and thorough explanation of how extracting and analyzing the potential data (administrative, financial, and clinical) benefits or poses challenges for healthcare organizations.
A - 4 - Mastery
Clear and thorough recommendations on how the organization can strategically plan for emerging technology, including multiple examples and supporting details.
.
Space ... the final frontier. So, as I am sure everyone knows, .docxDustiBuckner14
Space ... the final frontier. So, as I am sure everyone knows, the National Aeronautical Space Administration (NASA) is located right here in H-town. OK, well, technically in Clear Lake. One rarely thinks of space exploration as an extension of government, but remember, one of President John F. Kennedy's challenges promises to the nation was sending an American to the moon.
Well recently, with the call to put an astronaut on Mars by President George W. Bush, and with the founding of SpaceX by Elon Musk, the discussion about space exploration has re-emerged. I would like you to address the following debate. What extent should the government use tax-payer dollars to fund space exploration? Should we leave space travel up to the private sector, or should the government invest more NASA mission. Perhaps there is a healthy balance between the two? What are your thoughts.
Below are some recent (and old) articles about this subject. In addition, I have also linked a report that NASA contributed to about the benefits of space exploration, and a finding by the Congressional Budget Office suggesting how money could be spent elsewhere.
you must reference at least one article correctly in the body of the post (not simply cutting and pasting the URL after your post), respond respectfully to one-classmate, use college level grammar and sentence structure, and be at least 250 words long.
Selected Articles:
https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2018/06/06/majority-of-americans-believe-it-is-essential-that-the-u-s-remain-a-global-leader-in-space/
https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/2018/54771
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/mars-nasa-science.html
https://abcnews.go.com/Business/spacex-ula-score-multi-million-dollar-military-launch/story?id=72280019
https://www.planetary.org/articles/cost-of-perseverance-in-context
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Benefits-Stemming-from-Space-Exploration-2013-TAGGED.pdf
https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/21/trump-signs-nasa-bill-aimed-landing-mars/
https://newrepublic.com/article/60759/case-cutting-nasas-budget
.
The Internal EnvironmentInstitutionStudent’s name.docxDustiBuckner14
The Internal Environment
Institution:
Student’s name:
Date:
Part 1.
In business, "corporate culture" refers to the rules, customs, and beliefs that all employees follow and are taught (Wheelen, Thomas., & Hunger, J. David, 2014). However, in today's world, the CEO, CFO, and other top executives' actions and attitudes have a direct impact on the company's culture. FedEx has a culture that demonstrates to its employees and customers how much they are valued. FedEx prioritizes service, people, honesty, innovation, responsibility, safety, and loyalty (FedEx, 2019). FedEx understands the importance of a positive work environment and a strong corporate culture in order to achieve operational success and provide excellent customer service. As a result, FedEx has implemented a "People-Service-Profit strategy" (P-S-P) and continues to promote a high-performance culture. (FedEx, 2019). Frederick Smith, the company's current CEO and founder, came up with this idea because he believed that investing in employees would result in better work and, as a result, financial success. This philosophy emphasizes the importance of treating employees with respect and dignity, as well as rewarding team members based on how well they perform their duties.
FedEx believes that its employees are the best way to make big decisions, and it attributes its success to its innovative culture. Because service providers' employees are the ones who directly interact with customers, this philosophy is especially important in the service industry. Training, giving employees power, and providing incentives are all critical in a company whose culture is based on this philosophy (Peoplematters, 2019). FedEx Corporation's plan to make more money, in my opinion, is consistent with its core value of putting people first. People who are enthusiastic about their jobs are always more creative and productive. On the review site Glassdoor, current FedEx employees gave CEO Frederick Smith an 84% approval rating, and 73% said they would recommend working there to a friend (Glassdoor, 2019). FedEx is the company most likely to hire these individuals as a result of this. In addition, some FedEx freight drivers chose not to join a union in 2017, indicating a favorable work environment (Dcvelocity, 2017). FedEx Corporation employs approximately 300,000 people in over 250 countries and territories. As a result, there are numerous programs in place to thank employees for their efforts. This demonstrates how much FedEx cares about and values its employees.
There is a list of awards and recognition programs on the main website, including "The Humanitarian Award," "The Five Star," "Bravo Zulu," and "Purple Promise" (FedEx, 2019). A five-star rating is the highest you can achieve at FedEx. The manager gives the staff theater tickets and quick cash bonuses in the form of Bravo Zulu. Pilots, couriers, customer service representatives, and meteorologists are among those who benefit from the "purple promise.
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL BUS8100 8Chapter 2 - Literature ReviewTh.docxDustiBuckner14
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL BUS8100 8
Chapter 2 - Literature Review
The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine whether relationships
exist among job performance, transformational leadership style, and employee turnover intention
in the United States. Interest grew in the past 30 years, combining transformational leadership
and employee turnover intention, based on the assumptions that employees are likely to be
influenced by their leader’s behavior (Gyensare et al., 2016). Gyensare et al. (2016) noted
transformational leadership style was a key variable in lowered employee turnover intention and
enhanced employee well-being. Buil et al. (2019) stated job performance was an organizational
benefit deriving from transformational leadership style.
This literature review was structured to provide key concepts and related factors to the
research variables. In the first section, the researcher defined job performance and measurements
related to this performance. This included the 360-feedback and performance appraisal. The next
section discussed and measured transformational leadership style followed by employee turnover
intention. The fourth section covered contrasting and supporting theories relative to my
theoretical framework. The final section entailed profitability and a discussion of the auto
manufacturing industry.
The existing research in the literature review focused on the relationships between the
variables of employee turnover intention, transformational leadership style, and job performance.
The top journals used include the International Journal of Academic Research in Business and
Social Sciences, International Journal of Productivity and performance management, Journal of
Managerial Psychology, International Journal of Business and Management, Journal of Human
Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, International Journal of Business Administration,
International Journal of Selection & Assessment, SAM advanced management journal, and
Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research.
To locate research for this study, EbscoHosts and Education Resources Information
Center (ERIC) were used. The keywords used in the searches include employee turnover
intention, transformational leadership style, factors of employee turnover intention, job
performance impact, employee turnover and job performance, transformational and
transactional leadership style, the cost of employee turnover intention, LMX theory, measuring
job performance, employee turnover and profit, transformational leadership theory, and
measuring employee turnover intention.
The Automotive Industry
In the early days, the majority of U.S. manufacturing was centered in a small part of the
Northwest and eastern side of the Midwest (Krugman, 1991). The early automotive
manufacturers primarily put together the completed product by components and parts brought
from outside suppliers (Peterson, 1987). Henry Ford established a vision of the automobile by
introducing the Model T .
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Do a research and make a PowerPoint about Insulation for architect
1. Do a research and make a PowerPoint about Insulation for
architecture
· What is Insulation?
· units of measurement and formulas
· Types of insulation and location of use
· Dew point
· Show examples for each type with pros and cons
· Sketch wall and detail sections and show each layer
· Provide some Research with links
Creative Commons Non Commercial CC-BY-NC: This article is
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-
NonCommercial 3.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which
permits non-commercial use,
reproduction and distribution of the work without further
permission provided the original work is attributed as specified
on the SAGE and
Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-
access-at-sage).
VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 1
Blockchain in Finance
Jayanth Rama Varma
P E R S P E C T I V E S
KEY WORDS
2. Blockchain
Distributed Ledger
DLT
Crypto Currency
includes research articles
that focus on the analysis and
resolution of managerial and
academic issues based on
analytical and empirical or
case research
B
lockchain—the decentralized replicated ledger technology that
underlies
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies—provides a potentially
attractive alterna-
tive way to organize modern finance. Currently, the financial
system depends
on a number of centralized trusted intermediaries: central
counter parties (CCPs)
guarantee trades in exchanges; central securities depositories
(CSDs) provide secu-
rities settlement; the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication
(SWIFT) intermediates global transfer of money; CLS Bank
handles the settlement
of foreign exchange transactions, a handful of banks dominate
correspondent
3. banking, and an even smaller number provide custodial services
to large invest-
ment institutions. Until a decade ago, it was commonly assumed
that the finan-
cial strength and sound management of these central hubs
ensured that they were
extremely unlikely to fail. More importantly, it was assumed
that they were too big to
fail (TBTF), so that the government would step in and bail them
out if they did fail.
The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 shattered these
assumptions as many large
banks in the most advanced economies of the world either failed
or were very reluc-
tantly bailed out. The Eurozone Crisis of 2010–2012 stoked the
fear that even rich
country sovereigns could potentially default on their
obligations. Finally, repeated
instances of hacking of the computers of large financial
institutions is another factor
that has destroyed trust. When trust in the central hubs of
finance is being increas-
ingly questioned, decentralized systems like the blockchain that
reduce the need for
such trust become attractive.
It is no coincidence that Bitcoin was launched shortly after the
failure of Lehman
that marked the peak of the global financial crisis. Over the
subsequent decade,
cryptocurrencies have grown rapidly: as of early November
2018, Bitcoin alone
had a market cap exceeding that of India’s most valuable listed
company (and
Bitcoin was only around half the value of all cryptocurrencies).
However, even a
5. and commercial. It could take many years to overcome
these legal/commercial barriers, and mainstream
financial intermediaries could use this time window
to rebuild their lost trust quickly enough to stave off
the blockchain challenge. However, whether they are
successful in rebuilding the trust, or why will they be
disrupted by the new technology remains to be seen.
BENEFITS OF THE BLOCKCHAIN
The blockchain is a decentralized, replicated, tamper
resistant (immutable), append-only ledger of trans-
actions (see Box 1A for a brief description of the
technology, and Box 1B for blockchain software and
implementation issues).
Box 1A. What Is the Blockchain?
Instead of relying on a central trusted institution to
maintain the authoritative record, the blockchain allows
all interested parties to maintain their own copy of the
ledger that is therefore decentralized and replicated.
Cryptographic integrity checks are used to ensure that
nobody is able to corrupt or tamper with their copy of the
ledger. This is needed because unlike a paper ledger where
any overwriting or alteration would be quite visible, digital
records can be edited without leaving any visible trails.
The blockchain ensures integrity by chaining blocks of
transactions together in such a way that altering any block
breaks the link with the next block. It is impossible to
change one block without changing the next block, which
in turn forces a change in the next and so on till the very
last block. This ensures that while new blocks can be added
at the end, older blocks remain immutable: the ledger
6. is append-only. The chaining of blocks is obviously not
physical, but is based on a cryptographic hash.
The hash is a digital fingerprint that uniquely identifies a
piece of text. For example, the SHA-1 hash of the Project
Gutenberg Full Text of The Complete Works of William
Shakespeare (which contains nearly a million words) is
6799e461c8177d88b6e0c782242642d3450c8b34.
If we edit the file and add a space at the beginning of
line 5,000, the hash changes to 5d960169ea490568abf
4ec69c127ae12d57cedc2.
If instead, the first occurrence of ‘The’ in the file is changed
to ‘the’, the hash changes to 65a835f4845395c929d5076029c
a818f614a4119.
It is evident that even tiny changes in a large file cause
major changes in the hash, making it suitable for use as a
digital fingerprint.
The mathematical properties of hashes that make it a good
digital fingerprint are discussed in standard cryptography
text books like Handbook of Applied Cryptography (Menezes,
van Oorschot, & Vanstone [1996]). The most important
properties are that (a) it is computationally infeasible to
find two distinct texts that have the same hash, and (b) that
given a specific hash-value, it is computationally infeasible
to find a text with that hash.
The blockchain is a set of blocks that have been chained
together with cryptgraphic hashes. Each block (except the
first) contains the hash of the previous block. If a crook alters
an old block, say block 1000, the blockchain would fail the
integrity check because the hash of block 1000 would no
longer match the hash stored in the next block (block 1001).
7. So the crook has to alter block 1001 so that the hash of the
previous block stored there matches the hash of the altered
block 1000. But this changes the hash of block 1001, and
so the crook has to correct the hash stored in block 1002.
This process goes on until the last block is reached. If all
participants in the blockchain keep track of the last block,
VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 3
they are indirectly guarding the integrity of the entire chain
even if it has grown to millions and billions of blocks.
While cryptgraphic integrity checks protect older blocks
from being altered, every blockchain needs rules (‘consensus
mechanisms’) that govern how new blocks are added at
the end. There are two main categories of blockchains—
permissioned and permissionless—that differ in terms
of their consensus mechanisms. Cryptocurrencies use
permissionless chains that are open to the whole world,
and in which there are no privileged participants with
special rights. Participants in these chains are also typically
anonymous (or more precisely, pseudonymous). Managing
consensus in these chains is a very difficult technical challenge
because no kind of majority rules can be implemented in an
environment where there is no list of voters and where it is
hard to prevent impersonation. Nakamoto used the idea of
proof-of-work to solve this problem:
The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining
representation in majority decision-making. If the majority
were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be
subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-
work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote. (See Nakamoto
[2008] for further details of how this works)
8. Most applications of the blockchain in mainstream finance
use a permissioned blockchain. First of all, only the
participants in the system are able to even read the data in
the blockchain. Second, not all of these participants might
have the privilege of adding new transactions to the chain.
Third the identity of participants is typically verifiable.
It is quite straightforward to implement consensus
mechanisms based on majority votes in these chains
because the voters are identifiable: usually a majority or
super-majority of privileged participants is required for
every new transaction.
For readers who want to understand blockchains in greater
detail, Chokshi, Dixon, Nazarov, Walden, and Yahya (2018)
provide a comprehensive list of resources and reading
material organized into various categories.
Box1B. Blockchain Software and Implementation
Almost all of the software used in blockchain applications
is open source and is actively maintained and developed.
However, most of these are designed to run on the Linux
operating systems, and the preferred way to run this
software on Windows machines is to use virtual machines
or Docker containers that provide a Linux environment in
which they can run. This is not a constraint for business
applications because financial service companies already
run a large number of Linux machines for other applications.
For permissioned blockchain applications, the most
common software platforms are Hyperledger Fabric, an
open source collaborative effort by a consortium of large
technology companies and banks, and R3 Corda, an
open source platform with a commercial version (Corda
9. Enterprise).
While permissionless blockchains have found it
challenging to achieve high throughput because of the
inherent limitations of proof-of-work, the permissioned
systems have no difficulties on this score. Depository Trust
& Clearing Corporation (2018) report that during their
tests, distributed ledgers were able to ‘perform at levels
necessary to process an entire trading day’s volume at peak
rates, which equates to 115,000,000 daily trades, or 6,300
trades per second for five continuous hours’ (see also GFT
Technologies, 2018).
From an application point of view, the blockchain
provides the following features: First, decentralization
and replication means that a full audit trail is available
to all participants. Moreover, the inbuilt cryptographic
integrity checks ensure that this audit trail is verified by
all of them. The result is a significantly lower need for
trust in central hubs.
Second, the blockchain is partition resistant: if a few
nodes fail or are disconnected from the network, the
rest of the nodes can continue to function because they
all have a copy of all the data. In traditional finance,
on the other hand, if the central trusted institution is
temporarily down for any reason, the whole system
grinds to a halt. For example, on 20 October 2014, the
real time gross settlement system (RTGS) of the United
Kingdom experienced an outage of approximately nine
hours (Deloitte, 2014). Though all banks and other
entities were functioning, high-value payments could
not happen during this period. In its subsequent consul-
tation on building a new RTGS for the UK, the central
bank described the advantages of using a distributed
ledger: “the chief potential benefit when applied to
10. core settlement in an RTGS system is resilience” (Bank
of England, 2016).
4 Blockchain in Finance
The third benefit of the blockchain is Byzantine fault
tolerance. While partition resistance deals with nodes
that cease to function, Byzantine fault tolerance deals
with nodes that malfuncti on and function maliciously.
This has come to prominence with the rise of hacking
and cyber-attacks. While criminal gangs might be
content to steal money, terrorist group and nation state
adversaries might seek to inflict catastrophic damage
by corrupting or destroying data. The blockchain
provides strong defence against this attack because of
(a) replication of the data across large number of nodes
running on completely different computer networks
and (b) cryptographic integrity checks.
Fourth, the blockchain provides an excellent foundation
for smart contracts—contracts embedded in computer
code instead of legal language. By automating contract
negotiation and enforcement, smart contracts reduce
transaction costs and make small value transactions
economically viable. Smart contracts can achieve
efficiency gains by automating one or more of the key
contractual phases of search, negotiation, commitment,
performance, and adjudication (see Box 2).
Box 2. Smart Contracts
Nick Szabo coined the term smart contract two decades ago
when the internet was still in its infancy.
11. Smart contracts combine protocols with user interfaces
to formalize and secure relationships over computer
networks.…These protocols, running on public networks
such as the Internet, both challenge and enable us to
formalize and secure new kinds of relationships in this
new environment, just as contract law, business forms,
and accounting controls have long formalized and secured
business relationships in the paper-based world.…The
contractual phases of search, negotiation, commitment,
performance, and adjudication constitute the realm of
smart contracts. (Szabo, 1997)
It is possible to have smart contracts without the blockchain,
just as it is possible to have computer databases without the
blockchain. The problem in both cases is that of trust. Two
parties may use the blockchain because neither is willing
to trust the other to record the data faithfully. Similarly,
neither may be willing to let the smart contract software
run on the other’s computer. This is where the blockchain
helps: it is not only a shared database, but also a shared
computer. As Szabo puts it,
A block chain computer is a virtual computer, a computer
in the cloud, shared across many traditional computers and
protected by cryptography and consensus technology.…A
block-chain computer, in sharp contrast to a web server, is
shared across many such traditional computers controlled
by dozens to thousands of people. By its very design each
computer checks each other’s work, and thus a block chain
computer reliably and securely executes our instructions….
(Szabo, 2014)
A contract is a meeting of minds that was traditionally
reduced to long written documents in legal language.
However, many financial contracts are so complex that they
are better described by computer code than in natural/
12. legal language. In fact, many years ago, the US Securities
and Exchange Commission proposed to require that the
terms of most Asset Backed Securities be disclosed in
the form of computer code in the Python programming
language (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010) so
that investors could understand them better.
Smart contracts can also facilitate the search and negotiation
phase of contracts. Many financial transactions are today
automated, but they depend on a trusted third party to
accomplish the automation. Stock trading is today done
largely by algorithms that decide to buy or sell based on
price signals and other publicly available information. A
momentum or trend following algorithm might send a
buy order to the stock exchange, while another contrarian
algorithm might send a sell order. The stock exchange’s
order matching software might match these orders based
on highly complex rules (e.g., the orders might have price
limits and might be partially hidden as well). A stock trade
can thus happen without any human intervention at all. But
this works only because of the stock exchange that stands
in the middle between the two algorithms. Smart contracts
running on a blockchain can achieve something similar in
over the counter (OTC) markets where there is no exchange
in the middle.
Smart contracts can also automate the performance of
contracts. In derivative contracts, for example, both the final
settlement and the daily mark to market are governed by
well-defined rules. With smart contracts, these transactions
can be fully automated. If there is no need for human
intervention, then the costs of these transactions comes
down, and it is feasible to have OTC contracts of much
smaller ticket sizes. The International Swaps and Derivatives
Association (ISDA), which governs most OTC derivatives,
has carried out a great deal of work on smart contracts.
13. VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 5
In a recent consultation paper (International Swaps and
Derivatives Association [ISDA], 2018), ISDA states:
Smart contracts could help revolutionize the
derivatives market by creating much-needed
efficiencies that would benefit the entire industry. But
transforming smart contracts from an exciting concept
to practical use will present a number of challenges.…
For smart derivatives contracts to fulfill their potential,
it is important they are developed in a way that is
compatible and consistent with the technological,
commercial, regulatory and legal standards applicable
to both derivatives contracts and smart contracts.
This will require knowledge and experience from
different disciplines and domains. Expertise in the
technology used, the commercial context of its use, the
regulation that applies to it and the law that supports
its effectiveness, are all critical.
LEGAL/COMMERCIAL CHALLENGES
As mentioned earlier, non-cryptocurrency applica-
tions of the blockchain have to overcome some major
legal/commercial barriers. First, unlike cryptocurren-
cies that exist only on the blockchain, in most other
applications, assets that exist in the real world (dollars,
rupees, securities, real estate) have to be represented by
entries in the blockchain. Cryptocurrencies do not need
any off-chain (real world) jurisprudence at all; they are
able to go beyond the pragmatic idea that code is law to
the more radical notion that only code is law. When we
14. try to move real world finance to the blockchain, code
and law have to co-exist. Some real world law has to
recognize code as law at least to some limited extent
so that transactions on the blockchain can effect change
of ownership in the real world. Today’s mainstream
financial institutions operate under similar legal protec-
tion going back to the 19th century. For example, in the
United Kingdom, the Bankers’ Books Evidence Act of
1879 provided, “Subject to the provisions of this Act, a
copy of any entry in a banker’s book shall in all legal
proceedings be received as prima facie evidence of such
entry, and of the matters, transactions, and accounts
therein recorded.” A similar law was passed in India
a decade later. Some law of this kind will be needed
to give legal sanctity to the blockchain for assets other
than cryptocurrencies.
Second, most blockchain applications in finance will
need to ensure regulatory compliance on day one.
Regulators are not often clear in their regulatory stance
on the new technology, and obtaining their clearance
is not always easy. By contrast, for a long time, crypto-
currencies could operate outside the regulatory frame-
work entirely. In recent years, this has begun to change
as many cryptocurrency exchanges have become
licensed money changers, and as traditional exchanges,
securities brokers, and asset managers have begun to
offer cryptocurrency related products. For example,
in the United States, Cboe Futures Exchange launched
Bitcoin futures in December 2017 after obtaining requi-
site regulatory approvals.
Third, many blockchain applications in finance have
to ensure commercial viability in the face of compe-
tition from incumbent players who are not only rich
15. and powerful, but also well entrenched in the current
legal and regulatory framework. Cryptocurrencies, on
the other hand, were (in the initial years) dominated
by ideologically motivated computer professionals
(‘geeks’) and anarchists who were not too constrained
by commercial considerations. By staying outside the
regulatory framework, they also avoided direct confron-
tation with incumbents defending their monopoly/
oligopoly. Only after establishing themselves outside
the formal system, did cryptocurrencies become more
mainstream and start attracting speculators seeking
quick returns.
For the blockchain to succeed in mainstream finance,
these critical hurdles will have to be overcome. The
blockchain ventures that we have seen so far have been
driven by either (a) venture capitalists funding poten-
tial disruptors in the hope of large rewards if they
succeed or (b) the incumbents themselves launching
pilot projects to protect themselves from being
disrupted. It remains to be seen whether these projects
will achieve sufficient scale and traction to challenge
today’s entrenched business models.
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Since the blockchain is basically a technology for
recording transactions, it can potentially be applied to
most parts of finance. However, the following sections
describe applications that are most promising because
the current system is not working well enough, or
because blockchain pilots have been successful.
Fiat Money on the Blockchain
Finance is essentially about money, and much of the
16. financial system can run more easily on the blockchain
6 Blockchain in Finance
if fiat money (dollars, euros, and rupees) could be
transacted directly on the chain. There are many ways
of doing this, and it is reasonable to assume that one
or more of these mechanisms would achieve sufficient
liquidity and scale in the near future (see Box 3).
Box 3. Tokenization of Fiat Money
There are three main ways in which ordinary fiat money
(dollars or rupees) can be converted into tokens that live
on a blockchain. First, the central bank itself could issue
digital money that lives on a blockchain. Many central
banks around the world have been thinking about this, and
have discussed the matter in their reports and documents,
but none looks likely to take the plunge soon. The Bank for
International Settlements put it very tactfully: “the issuance
of a [Central bank digital currency] requires careful
consideration” (Bank for International Settlements, 2018).
Some market participants have been exploring the idea
of a temporary fiat money token that would be redeemed
and destroyed at the end of each day. The idea is that, for
example, a group of large European banks deposit a few
billion euros each with the European Central Bank (ECB)
before the markets open, and the ECB issues euro-coins of
equal value on the blockchain. During the day, the banks
can make euro payments to each other on the blockchain
using these euro-coins. At the end of the day’s trading, the
banks surrender their euro-coins to the ECB that redeems
them for euros. There may be less resistance to this idea,
but even this will be a bit of a leap into the unknown for the
17. central banks of the world.
Second, a large trusted institution could issue cryptocoins
fully convertible into fiat money with its promise backed
by a 100 per cent reserve of fiat money. The challenge is
to find a way for this institution to make money out of
this activity. When central banks issue money, they earn
seigniorage revenues because their money issuance does
not have to be backed by non-income earning assets.
Essentially, the central bank pays no interest on the
money that it issues, and is able to invest the proceeds in
government bonds that do earn interest. If the issuer of fiat
money tokens has to back the issuance with 100 per cent
reserves of highly liquid safe assets, the return earned on
these reserves might be limited. If the institution is subject
to banking regulations, it might be required to maintain
capital based on a leverage ratio. Until the issuance reaches
a sufficiently large scale (possibly billions of dollars), it
might not earn enough to cover its operational costs and
the return on its own capital. There is a coin called Tether
that claims to be backed 100 per cent with US dollars, but
there are questions about the trustworthiness of the issuer
(Griffin & Shams, 2018). In February 2019, one of the
largest banks in the world announced that it had created
and tested a digital coin representing the US dollar but its
usage is restricted to the bank’s large institutional clients
(Morgan, 2019).
Third, decentralized smart contracts can be used to create
a token that is pegged to a fiat currency. The Dai Stablecoin
(MakerDAO, n.d.) is pegged to the US dollar (1 Dai = 1
US dollar) through a smart collateralized debt contract.
Anybody can create new Dai coins by locking up sufficient
value of a cryptocurrency (ether) in a collateral contract.
For example, a person deposits $200 worth of ether into
18. a smart contract and issues 100 Dai (worth $100). At this
point, the contract is 200 per cent collateralized (the locked
up ether is worth 200% of the coins issued). The problem
is that as the value of the ether fluctuates, this excess
collateralization (the liquidation ratio) will also change. If
ether drops by more than 50 per cent, the Dai will no longer
be backed by adequate ether. To prevent this, the system
specifies a minimum degree of excess collateralizion.
Suppose the liquidation ratio is 150 per cent, and there is
drop of more than 25 per cent in the value of ether. The
value of the ether in the collateral contract will now be less
than the liquidation ratio, and the system sells the ether for
US dollars and uses the proceeds to buy back the 100 Dai
that were issued. After deducting a liquidation penalty, the
remaining collateral is returned to the original creator. In
a decentralized system, the question is who will perform
the liquidation, and the answer is that the sale of ether and
the buyback of Dai will both be done by smart contracts.
Any person can initiate the process of liquidation and earn
a small reward for doing this. It is expected that people
will set up smart contracts to monitor all the Dai collateral
contracts in real time and trigger liquidation as needed.
Of course, the creator of the contract can also choose to
top up the collateral to avoid the liquidation penalty. The
risk to the Dai-Dollar peg is that ether falls so sharply and
quickly that in the time between initiation and completio n
of the liquidation, the value of the collateral drops below
VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 7
the required 100 dollars. This risk can be reduced by high
liquidation ratios. The Dai Stablecoin is backed by further
lines of defence designed to minimize the risk of the peg
being broken. Details are available in the Dai Stablecoin
19. whitepaper (MakerDAO, n.d.). Again, the issue is whether
the economics will work well enough to motivate adequate
creation of Dai, particularly when the MakerDAO platform
on which the system runs wants to appropriate significant
seigniorage income for itself. The creator can sell the Dai
for dollars and earn interest on these dollars, but her ether
becomes a dead asset locked up in a collateral account.
Locking up ether might not matter much when credit
and money markets in ether are undeveloped and there
is no opportunity cost of locking up ether. As and when
cryptocurrency money markets develop, the economics
could become challenging. There is, however, the view
that cryptocurrencies with hard issuance caps might be
structurally deflationary and might therefore exhibit zero
or even negative interest rates. Meanwhile fiat currency
inflation and interest rates are rising from their post cr isis
lows, and this improves the economics of fiat currency
tokens by increasing the seigniorage income.
Micropayments and Micro Financial Services
Second level networks running on top of existing
cryptocurrencies are making it feasible to make very
low-value payments. For example, on the Lightning
Network (see Box 4), median fees of one Satoshi (less
than 0.01 US cents) are being reported. If these low
fees can be sustained as the network scales, it would
be possible for the first time to make micropayments
of 1 US cent or less between complete strangers in near
real time. For example, a web search may show you a
snippet of an article from a newspaper that you have
not even heard of and offer to display the entire article
on payment of 1 US cent. Or you might pay 2 US cents
for a music to be streamed to you. Micropayments and
smart contracts would also open the door to a lot of
micro-financial services (micro-lending, -insurance,
20. and -savings) that could facilitate financial inclusion.
Box 4. Lightning Network
From the point of view of mainstream finance,
cryptocurrencies appear to be very primitive payment
mechanisms that do not incorporate any of the financial
innovations that have occurred in payment systems over
several centuries. Clearing and netting are integral to
mainstream finance: only a small number of high-value
payments happen on the RTGS, while almost all retail
payments happen on a deferred net settlement that
periodically settles net on the RTGS. Real world RTGS’
depend on a number of liquidity facilities, queuing
mechanisms, and optimization algorithms, so that in actual
implementation, efficiency and liquidity economizing are
more important than a rigid enforcement of ‘real-time’ and
‘gross-settlement’. Similarly, mainstream payment systems
typically involve long chain of payments. For example, a
dollar payment by an Indian importer to a Korean supplier
will likely involve the Indian importer’s bank, the Korean
supplier’s bank and their respective correspondent banks
in the USA. It is only in 2018 that some of these ideas have
been applied to cryptocurrency payment systems with the
beta launch of the Lightning network on top of Bitcoin, and
some other coins. The same idea can be easily applied to any
other cryptocurrency including tokenized fiat currencies.
First, Lightning uses the idea that if two parties have to
make a series of payments to each other on an ongoing
basis, it is more convenient to settle the running account
periodically (say once a month) than to settle each payment
as it occurs. Second, if A and B do not have a running account
with each other, but both have a running account with C,
then they can route the payment via C without making any
immediate settlement. None of these ideas is anything new
21. to anybody conversant with mainstream finance. What is
new is the cryptography and smart contracts that are used
to implement them. The cryptographic checks eliminate the
need for any reconciliation that is the bane of all deferred
settlement systems in traditional finance. The automated
smart contracts reduce the cost of operations to levels that
are unimaginable in normal banking channels. While even
a small cross-border payment could cost several dollars
of banking fees, a payment over the Lightning network is
currently reporting fees of less than 0.01 cents.
Pre- and Post-trade Processes
Securities trading and settlement can be divided into
three stages: (a) pre-trade authorization and approval,
(b) trade execution, and (c) clearing and settlement. Of
these, trade execution is highly automated with stock
exchanges having invested huge amounts of money to
build technology infrastructure that can match trades
with latencies of microseconds. It would be hard for
any blockchain to achieve these speeds. Most of the
potential is in the pre- and post-trade processes that
involve inefficient and fragmented legacy systems.
Blockchains can provide complete transparency on the
cash and securities blockchains before and after the
8 Blockchain in Finance
trade. The whole set of legacy system and processes
(pre-trade checks and trade confirmations) that exist
to ameliorate the opaqueness of this ownership can
then be eliminated. Exchanges may still be needed,
but we may not need brokers and custodians. With
22. settlement happening on the blockchain on delivery
versus payment basis, and corporate actions (dividends
and stock splits) being handled by smart contracts, we
may not need a depository anymore. Or perhaps, the
depository could run the permissioned blockchain on
which the settlement happens. The novation provided
by the CCPs can be replicated by smart contracts. The
challenge will be to design smart contracts that can
replicate short selling, margin trading, and net settle-
ment. Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (2016)
and Euroclear (2016) discuss the challenges and oppor-
tunities in using blockchain in securities settlement.
Customized Investment Management
Mutual funds have, for long, allowed small inves-
tors to participate in asset markets provided they are
willing to accept a fixed menu of products. An investor
who wants to track a popular benchmark index is well
served by this market, but those who want exposure
to customized indices or desire non-linear payoffs need
a different vehicle. In Europe and other jurisdictions,
structured products have emerged as an attractive alter-
native for investors who seek something more complex
than a plain vanilla mutual fund. These customized
investment products might have an issuance size of
only a million dollars at which scale a mutual fund
or a bond issuance might be unviable. Turning these
into smart contracts on the blockchain might allow the
issuance size to be brought down much further, possibly
a thousand dollars or even less. Marex Spectron (2018)
describes a structured note (a principal protected note
linked to the FTSE 100 index) that was registered,
cleared, and settled on the Ethereum blockchain.
Data Registries and Repositories
23. Modern finance depends on a number of data regis-
tries and data repositories that provide verified data
needed for a variety of transactions. For example, credit
bureaus and loan registries are critical elements of the
infrastructure for providing credit. After the Global
Financial Crisis, trade repositories have been created
to ensure that regulators have data about the risk and
inter-connectedness of the financial system. While these
entities serve critical functions, they are beset with
several problems: duplication, lack of accountability,
loss of privacy, and excessive cost. Consumer groups
have highlighted the difficulties that consumers face
in correcting errors in their own credit information as
stored by the credit bureaus. The data breach at the US
credit bureau, Equifax, has been described as the worst
leak of personal info ever (Goodin, 2017). The block-
chain is probably part of the solution to the problems of
this kind of financial infrastructure.
TRADE FINANCE: AN INDUSTRY WIDE ERP
Organizations use an enterprise resource planning
(ERP) software to integrate the management of all
major business processes in an enterprise. At its core
is a common database that provides a single version
of the truth in real time throughout the organization
cutting across departmental boundaries. The block-
chain is very similar: it is a real time common database
that provides a single version of the truth to all partic-
ipants in an industry cutting across organizational
boundaries.
Within an organization, the ERP typically replaces a
bunch of much cheaper department level software,
24. and ERP deployments are often justified not on any
rigorous return on investment criterion, but on grounds
of internal controls and management. It is easy to see
this dynamic playing out with the blockchain as well.
There is a need for a single version of the truth across
all organizations involved in many complex processes.
Clearly, organizations do not trust each other and no
organization would like to accept the formats, stand-
ards, and processes of another organization. It is a lot
easier for everybody to adopt a neutral solution like the
blockchain.
One area where we are seeing this happen is in trade
finance that involves so many entities (exporter,
importer, their respective banks, the shipping company,
insurance companies, clearing and forwarding agents,
and so on) that it is very hard for all of them to have
a consistent view of the data. It is a lot easier to put
everything on the blockchain, and then everybody
sees the same version of the truth. Trade finance is
one area where the blockchain appears to be moving
from pilots to real world applications (D’Monte, 2018;
Sanghvi, 2018).
More generally, the entire area of cross-border payment
with its legacy systems, long chain of correspondent
VikalPa • VolUMe 44 • iSSUe 1 • JanUaRY-MaRch 2019 9
banks, and attendant fees, delays and unreliability is
an attractive target for blockchain technologies. Ripple
is a blockchain solution to this problem that boasts of
an impressive list of customers including several large
Indian banks.
25. VENTURE CAPITAL AND ALGORITHMIC
GOVERNANCE
During 2017, a large number of blockchain ventures
raised capital through sale of tokens in what came to
be known as initial coin offerings (ICOs). However,
securities regulators in the US have taken the view that
these tokens are securities and the ICOs need to fulfil
all the regulatory requirements of securities offerings:
ICOs are just IPOs. Some ICOs continue to be launched
that avoided these regulations by focusing on accred-
ited investors or raising money outside the US, but it is
doubtful whether ICOs will turn out to be a sustainable
form of financing.
Decades in the future, there may lie new forms of corpo-
rate governance that can be described as algorithmic
governance (DuPont, 2017) or enterprise without entities
(Verstein, 2017). The decentralized autonomous organi-
zation (DAO) is a new decentralized business model for
organizing both commercial and non-profit enterprises
that does not have a formal organizational structure or
legal entity and consists only of (smart) contracts (see
Box 5). It is too early to speculate on whether DAOs
will be viable and important.
Box 5. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
(DAOs)
The establishment of a large business enterprise typically
involves: (a) creation of a new legal entity (say a company),
(b) investors contributing a pool of funds to this company,
and (c) appointment of a group of managers to run the
company on behalf of the investors. A few centuries ago,
when businesses were much smaller, neither (a) nor (c)
26. might have been necessary as a few partners might have
pooled funds to create a business that they ran collectively.
Modern communication technology, blockchains and
smart contracts are making it theoretically possible for
thousands of investors to pool their money and invest
it without appointing a bunch of managers to actually
run the business. The DAO was a short-lived experiment
on these lines based on a smart contract running on the
Ethereum blockchain. In April 2016, The DAO raised about
$160 million worth of funding from several thousand
investors to be invested and managed by a smart contract
incorporating the following keys ideas. First, anybody
could submit a proposal for deploying the funds. This could
take the form of paying a contractor to provide a product or
service, or it could take the form of a venture capital type
of funding. Second, there were quorum and voting rules
specifying the majority requirements for acceptance of
proposals. Third, there was a provision for any group of
investors to split off from The DAO to create a Child DAO.
This was necessary because in a pure voting governance
system, the majority could appropriate the whole money for
themselves denying any share to the minority. To prevent
this problem, anybody could split off from the main DAO
into a child DAO that would receive its share of returns
on old investments and returns on its new investments; the
child DAO in turn could be split further as often as desired.
Finally, one level of filtering safeguard was provided for:
The DAO had some curators who would approve a white
list of addresses to which money can be sent, but the
splitting process could also be used to change the curator.
Unfortunately, there was a bug in the software code for
the splitting process, and one hacker exploited this bug
to steal money from The DAO. The Ethereum developers
resorted to some emergency measures to reverse this theft,
shut down The DAO and return the money to the original
27. investors (see DuPont, 2017 for further details). While this
particular experiment failed, it is quite possible, others will
build similar contracts with hopefully better tested code
to create totally new forms of business organization and
corporate governance.
CONCLUSION
Blockchain is still an evolving and therefore immature
technology; it is hard to predict how successful it would
be outside its only proven use domain of cryptocurren-
cies. History teaches us that radically new technologies
take many decades to realize their full potential. Thus
it is perfectly possible that blockchain would prove
revolutionary in the years to come despite its patchy
success so far. What is certain is that businesses should
be looking at this technology and understanding it
because its underlying ideas are powerful and likely to
be influential.
10 Blockchain in Finance
DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest
with respect to the research, authorship and/or publi-
cation of this article.
FUNDING
The author received no financial support for the
research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
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Jayanth Rama Varma is a Professor in the finance and
accounting area at the Indian Institute of Management
Ahmedabad (IIMA). His doctorate in management is
also from IIMA. His research interests include finan-
cial markets and their regulation, mathematical model-
ling, and computer simulation. He has been a full-time
member of the Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI). He was a member of the Raghuram Rajan
Committee on Financial Sector Reforms and of the
Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission.
e-mail: [email protected]