Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Molecular MarkersPGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Molecular MarkersPGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
إذا ماهى الشفرة الوراثية ولماذا تسمى شفرة الحياة؟
الحمض النووي جزئ معقد ولكن تركيبه منظم
يتكون من عدد محدود من الوحدات البنائية
لو قارنا الحمض النووي مع لغة
يمكننا أن نفكر في تلك الوحدات
البنائية بالحروف الهجائية للغة
Diversity Array Technology حلقة بحث عن تقنية
و هي أول حلقة بحث تتحدث عن هذا الموضوع باللغة العربية .
في هذه الممقالة تم تقديم تعريف بالتقنية و فوائدها و مراحلها و تطبيقاتها وفي النهاية تطبيق .من جامعة أكسفوردعلى نبات الرز
. البحث تم بجمع المعلومات من مراجع انكليزية متعددة و تنسيقها و ترجمتها بجهد شخصي
This document provides an overview of DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips. It discusses the principles and techniques used to prepare DNA microarrays, including photolithography. There are two main types of DNA chips: cDNA-based chips and oligonucleotide-based chips. DNA microarrays have various applications, including gene expression profiling, drug discovery, and diagnostics. They provide the advantage of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously but also have disadvantages such as high costs and complex data analysis.
Microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression levels across thousands of genes simultaneously. DNA microarrays work by hybridizing fluorescently-labeled cDNA or cRNA to complementary DNA probes attached to a solid surface. This technology has applications in gene expression profiling, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research. While microarrays provide high-throughput analysis, their limitations include not reflecting true protein levels, complex data analysis, expense, and short shelf life of DNA chips.
DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, allow simultaneous measurement of gene expression levels for every gene in a genome. They detect mRNA levels by hybridizing cDNA to arrays of gene probes spotted on glass slides or other surfaces. Differences in gene expression between cell types or conditions can be measured and analyzed to answer biological questions.
DNA Microarray introdution and applicationNeeraj Sharma
DNA microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression levels across thousands of genes simultaneously. A DNA microarray contains many DNA probes attached to a solid surface in a regular pattern. Researchers isolate mRNA from samples, convert it to cDNA, and label the cDNA with fluorescent dyes. They then hybridize the labeled cDNA to the probes on the microarray. A scanner detects the fluorescence at each probe location, allowing researchers to compare gene expression levels between samples by the intensity and color of fluorescence. Microarrays have applications in medicine, agriculture, forensics and toxicology by enabling the comparison of gene expression in different tissues or in response to different conditions.
Microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. DNA probes are arrayed on a small glass or nylon slide, and labeled mRNA from samples is hybridized to the probes. Fluorescent scanning detects which genes are expressed. Data analysis includes normalization, distance metrics, clustering, and visualization to group genes with similar expression profiles and identify patterns of co-regulated genes. Microarrays enable functional genomics studies of development, disease, response to drugs or environmental factors, and more.
Microarray technology allows researchers to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously using DNA probes attached to a solid surface. There are two main types of microarrays: glass cDNA microarrays which involve spotting pre-fabricated cDNA fragments on glass slides; and high-density oligonucleotide arrays which involve the in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides on a chip. The key steps in a microarray experiment are sample preparation and labeling, hybridization of labeled cDNA to the probes, washing, and image analysis to quantify gene expression levels. Microarrays have numerous applications including gene expression profiling, comparative genomics, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research.
DNA microarray:
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as gene or genome chip, DNA chip, or gene array) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots, commonly representing single genes, arrayed on a solid surface by covalent attachment to a chemical matrix. DNA arrays are different from other types of microarray only in that they either measure DNA or use DNA as part of its detection system. Qualitative or quantitative measurements with DNA microarrays utilize the selective nature of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization under high-stringency conditions and fluorophore-based detection. DNA arrays are commonly used for expression profiling, i.e., monitoring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously.
1. A DNA microarray contains thousands of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in defined locations. Each probe represents a single gene.
2. Sample mRNA is converted to fluorescently labeled cDNA and hybridized to the DNA microarray. The level of fluorescence indicates the expression level of each gene.
3. After washing, the microarray is scanned and analyzed to determine changes in gene expression between control and test samples. This allows high-throughput analysis of gene expression profiles.
DNA microarrays are solid supports with organized grids of DNA probes that represent genes. Each DNA spot allows comparison of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray technology uses DNA chip probes to bind complementary DNA in samples, studying gene expression across entire genomes. Microarrays evolved from Southern blotting and were first used for eukaryotic gene expression profiling in 1995. Microarrays exploit DNA hybridization between nucleotide sequences to screen genomic sequences. They are used for gene expression profiling, drug discovery, diagnostics, and more.
DNA microarrays contain thousands of DNA probes attached to a solid surface that allow for the simultaneous analysis of gene expression across many genes. The core principle is based on DNA hybridization, where fluorescently labeled cDNA or RNA samples are hybridized to complementary probes on the array. By detecting which probes light up after hybridization and washing, researchers can determine which genes are expressed or detect genetic variations in the sample. Microarrays have numerous applications, including gene expression analysis, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research. They provide a fast way to study thousands of genes but results require further validation and correlations do not necessarily indicate causation.
This document provides an overview of DNA microarray technology. It discusses the historical background beginning in the 1970s with Southern blotting and the development of microarrays in the 1980s. The key principles are that DNA microarrays allow analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously and efficiently through orderly arrangement of DNA sequences on a solid surface like glass. The main steps involve preparing the microarray slide through various methods, performing experiments with sample mRNA, fluorescence scanning, and data analysis to understand gene expression patterns. DNA microarray technology has wide applications in studying diseases, toxicology, and stem cell research.
Tilling and Ecotilling High throughput discovery of SNP variationFAO
Tilling and Ecotilling are reverse genetics techniques for discovering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) in mutagenized plant populations. Tilling involves creating a mutagenized library, using locus-specific PCR and an endonuclease like CELI to detect mutations compared to a reference sequence. Ecotilling detects natural variation among individuals. Both techniques have been used in many species to discover novel genetic diversity and rare haplotypes. High throughput methods like DArT arrays can also discover polymorphisms across many individuals and loci simultaneously.
إذا ماهى الشفرة الوراثية ولماذا تسمى شفرة الحياة؟
الحمض النووي جزئ معقد ولكن تركيبه منظم
يتكون من عدد محدود من الوحدات البنائية
لو قارنا الحمض النووي مع لغة
يمكننا أن نفكر في تلك الوحدات
البنائية بالحروف الهجائية للغة
Diversity Array Technology حلقة بحث عن تقنية
و هي أول حلقة بحث تتحدث عن هذا الموضوع باللغة العربية .
في هذه الممقالة تم تقديم تعريف بالتقنية و فوائدها و مراحلها و تطبيقاتها وفي النهاية تطبيق .من جامعة أكسفوردعلى نبات الرز
. البحث تم بجمع المعلومات من مراجع انكليزية متعددة و تنسيقها و ترجمتها بجهد شخصي
This document provides an overview of DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips. It discusses the principles and techniques used to prepare DNA microarrays, including photolithography. There are two main types of DNA chips: cDNA-based chips and oligonucleotide-based chips. DNA microarrays have various applications, including gene expression profiling, drug discovery, and diagnostics. They provide the advantage of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously but also have disadvantages such as high costs and complex data analysis.
Microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression levels across thousands of genes simultaneously. DNA microarrays work by hybridizing fluorescently-labeled cDNA or cRNA to complementary DNA probes attached to a solid surface. This technology has applications in gene expression profiling, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research. While microarrays provide high-throughput analysis, their limitations include not reflecting true protein levels, complex data analysis, expense, and short shelf life of DNA chips.
DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, allow simultaneous measurement of gene expression levels for every gene in a genome. They detect mRNA levels by hybridizing cDNA to arrays of gene probes spotted on glass slides or other surfaces. Differences in gene expression between cell types or conditions can be measured and analyzed to answer biological questions.
DNA Microarray introdution and applicationNeeraj Sharma
DNA microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression levels across thousands of genes simultaneously. A DNA microarray contains many DNA probes attached to a solid surface in a regular pattern. Researchers isolate mRNA from samples, convert it to cDNA, and label the cDNA with fluorescent dyes. They then hybridize the labeled cDNA to the probes on the microarray. A scanner detects the fluorescence at each probe location, allowing researchers to compare gene expression levels between samples by the intensity and color of fluorescence. Microarrays have applications in medicine, agriculture, forensics and toxicology by enabling the comparison of gene expression in different tissues or in response to different conditions.
Microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. DNA probes are arrayed on a small glass or nylon slide, and labeled mRNA from samples is hybridized to the probes. Fluorescent scanning detects which genes are expressed. Data analysis includes normalization, distance metrics, clustering, and visualization to group genes with similar expression profiles and identify patterns of co-regulated genes. Microarrays enable functional genomics studies of development, disease, response to drugs or environmental factors, and more.
Microarray technology allows researchers to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously using DNA probes attached to a solid surface. There are two main types of microarrays: glass cDNA microarrays which involve spotting pre-fabricated cDNA fragments on glass slides; and high-density oligonucleotide arrays which involve the in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides on a chip. The key steps in a microarray experiment are sample preparation and labeling, hybridization of labeled cDNA to the probes, washing, and image analysis to quantify gene expression levels. Microarrays have numerous applications including gene expression profiling, comparative genomics, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research.
DNA microarray:
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as gene or genome chip, DNA chip, or gene array) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots, commonly representing single genes, arrayed on a solid surface by covalent attachment to a chemical matrix. DNA arrays are different from other types of microarray only in that they either measure DNA or use DNA as part of its detection system. Qualitative or quantitative measurements with DNA microarrays utilize the selective nature of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization under high-stringency conditions and fluorophore-based detection. DNA arrays are commonly used for expression profiling, i.e., monitoring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously.
1. A DNA microarray contains thousands of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in defined locations. Each probe represents a single gene.
2. Sample mRNA is converted to fluorescently labeled cDNA and hybridized to the DNA microarray. The level of fluorescence indicates the expression level of each gene.
3. After washing, the microarray is scanned and analyzed to determine changes in gene expression between control and test samples. This allows high-throughput analysis of gene expression profiles.
DNA microarrays are solid supports with organized grids of DNA probes that represent genes. Each DNA spot allows comparison of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray technology uses DNA chip probes to bind complementary DNA in samples, studying gene expression across entire genomes. Microarrays evolved from Southern blotting and were first used for eukaryotic gene expression profiling in 1995. Microarrays exploit DNA hybridization between nucleotide sequences to screen genomic sequences. They are used for gene expression profiling, drug discovery, diagnostics, and more.
DNA microarrays contain thousands of DNA probes attached to a solid surface that allow for the simultaneous analysis of gene expression across many genes. The core principle is based on DNA hybridization, where fluorescently labeled cDNA or RNA samples are hybridized to complementary probes on the array. By detecting which probes light up after hybridization and washing, researchers can determine which genes are expressed or detect genetic variations in the sample. Microarrays have numerous applications, including gene expression analysis, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicology research. They provide a fast way to study thousands of genes but results require further validation and correlations do not necessarily indicate causation.
This document provides an overview of DNA microarray technology. It discusses the historical background beginning in the 1970s with Southern blotting and the development of microarrays in the 1980s. The key principles are that DNA microarrays allow analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously and efficiently through orderly arrangement of DNA sequences on a solid surface like glass. The main steps involve preparing the microarray slide through various methods, performing experiments with sample mRNA, fluorescence scanning, and data analysis to understand gene expression patterns. DNA microarray technology has wide applications in studying diseases, toxicology, and stem cell research.
Tilling and Ecotilling High throughput discovery of SNP variationFAO
Tilling and Ecotilling are reverse genetics techniques for discovering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) in mutagenized plant populations. Tilling involves creating a mutagenized library, using locus-specific PCR and an endonuclease like CELI to detect mutations compared to a reference sequence. Ecotilling detects natural variation among individuals. Both techniques have been used in many species to discover novel genetic diversity and rare haplotypes. High throughput methods like DArT arrays can also discover polymorphisms across many individuals and loci simultaneously.
Transposable elements, also known as jumping genes, are DNA sequences that can move within genomes. They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and make up over 50% of some genomes. There are three main types: DNA transposons which move DNA directly; retrotransposons which move via an RNA intermediate; and poly-A retrotransposons which encode reverse transcriptase. Transposition occurs through excision of the element from one site and insertion into another, sometimes disrupting genes and causing mutations. While causing mutations, transposons also contribute to genetic diversity.
This document provides an overview of the TILLING (Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genome) technique. TILLING combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR screening to identify point mutations in genes of interest. It has been used successfully in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana and Lotus japonicus to generate allelic series and study gene function. The document discusses the TILLING methodology, including EMS mutagenesis to generate populations, DNA pooling, PCR amplification of target regions, detection of mutations via CEL1 enzyme cleavage, and sequencing. Advantages of TILLING include its applicability to any organism and ability to saturate genes with mutations without excessive DNA damage. Eco-TILLING is also
Course: Bioinformatics for Biomedical Research (2014).
Session: 3.2- Basic Aspects of Microarray Technology and Data Analysis.
Statistics and Bioinformatisc Unit (UEB) & High Technology Unit (UAT) from Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (www.vhir.org), Barcelona.
This document discusses hematopoiesis and hematological cancers. It provides information on stem cells, growth factors, diagnostic methods for hematological cancers including peripheral blood tests, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy and lymph node biopsy. Specific cancers discussed include leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorders and multiple myeloma. Acute leukemias focused on are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), describing their clinical features, classification, diagnosis and testing methods.
This document discusses patterns of genetic inheritance including autosomal recessive and dominant traits as well as sex-linked traits. It prompts the reader to write out genotypes of family members to determine which pattern fits based on which relatives have or do not have the trait. For one example, it is determined that the trait is autosomal recessive based on both parents being heterozygous and having an affected child.
This document discusses differential expression analysis in RNA-Seq. It begins with an introduction that defines key concepts like expression levels, sequencing depth, and differential expression. It then covers normalization methods to account for biases in RNA-Seq data. The main method discussed is NOISeq, a non-parametric approach that does not require replicates. NOISeq compares signal distributions between conditions to noise distributions within conditions to identify differentially expressed genes. The document concludes with exercises to run NOISeq on sample data.
The document discusses several examples of genetic disorders including Marfan's syndrome, albinism, hairy ears, and hemophilia. For each example, it provides information on inheritance patterns, assigns genetic codes for alleles, describes how to genotype affected and normal individuals, and analyzes parent-offspring relationships to determine genotypes. The examples are used to illustrate autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and Y-linked inheritance.