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1. DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
PAPER PRESENTED BY
A.M.K.GUNAL
R.SHANMUGAVEL

2. DNA DIGITAL DATA
STORAGE

3. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Why we need another storage technology ?
 What is DNA ?
 Structure of DNA
 How DNA as storage technology ?
 Process
 DNA vs other storage devices
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Applications

4. INTRODUCTION
 Human being have always been fond of accessing more and more
information in minimum possible time and space.
 To handle big data, the present data storage technology is not enough.
 An urgent need for a proper medium for information archival and
retrieval purposes.
 So they develop a research for data storage in DNA.
 Its main idea is to store data in base sequence of DNA.

5. WHY WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY?
 The demand for data storage devices is increasing day by day as
more and more data is generated every day.
 Presently devices such as optical discs, portable hard drives and
flash drives are used to store data.
 All these non-biodegradable materials used in data storage pollute
the environment.
 As the data increases, the current storage technology would not be
enough to store data in future as data is growing everyday.

6. WHAT IS DNA ?
 Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) is a
molecule that carries the genetic
information.
 It is a hereditary material in all
living organisms.
 It consists of two biopolymer
strands coiled around each other to
form a double helix.
 The information in DNA is stored as
a code made up of four chemical
bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine,
Thymine.

7. STRUCTURE OF DNA

8. STRUCTURE OF DNA
• DNA is a two-stranded molecule.
• DNA has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, like a twisted ladder.
• Each strand is composed of long sequences of the four bases- A, C,
G and T.
• The bases always pair together in the same way , A with T and C
with G.
• Each base pair is joined by hydrogen bonds.
• Each strand of DNA has a beginning and an end , 5’ (five prime)
and 3’(three prime) respectively.
• The strands are separated during DNA replication.

9. HOW DNA AS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY?
• Source data in form of binary bits (0 and 1) was converted to a tertiary bit
code (0,1 and 2) to decrease chances of encoding errors.
• Following the conversion, the digital data is encoded into the nucleobases
of DNA .
• By altering the positions of nucleobases A,T,G and C, the tertiary code can
be mapped onto the nucleobases codes , thus making a repetitive blocks of
nucleobases that encode data.
• The encoded DNA then can be sequenced and read back to tertiary and
then to binary data using technologies similar to those map the human
genome.

10. PROCESS
1) CODING
Any digital file –a movie,
medical records can be converted to a
“genetic file” and stored as strands of
DNA. First the digital file’s binary
code is translated into the four letter
genetic code , composed of the As ,
Cs, Gs and Ts that represent the
chemical building blocks of DNA
strands.

11. CODES FOR ENCRYPTING DATA IN DNA
 Huffman Coding (varying the length of symbols used for representing
a character)
 The Comma Code (Frames are separated with comma’s)
 The Alternating code
 Comma-Free Code (Frames are not separated with comma’s)
 Improved Huffman Coding Scheme
 DNA secret writing algorithm

12. 2) SYNTHESIS
Then a synthetic-biology
company manufactures the
strands to the customer’s
specifications.
3) STORAGE
A Test tube containing the
genetic file can be stashed away
in cold storage until someone
wants to retrieve the information.
We can store 215 petabytes in one
gram of DNA.

14. DNA vs OTHER STORAGE DEVICES

15. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Long life.
 Small size & high density.
 Very high data storage capacity.
 Portable .
 Secure as invisible to human eye
 Effective power usage .
 Very high cost of production.
 The retrieval process slower than
that of a personal computers.

16. APPLICATIONS
• National security for
information hiding
purposes and for data
stenography.
• Preserve safely the
personal information of
a person such as
medical information.
• Storage of archival
documents.