IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides the code of practice for constructing reinforced concrete shell roofs in India. It defines key terms related to shell roof construction such as chord width, radius, rise, semi-centred angle, and span. It describes different types of shell roofs including barrel shells, butterfly shells, continuous cylindrical shells, corrugated shells, and shells of revolution. It also outlines the necessary information that must be provided by the designer to the builder, including working drawings, formwork details, and reinforcement details. The document discusses design considerations for shell roofs such as appropriate slope and minimum thickness.
This document provides definitions and terminology related to reinforced concrete shell structures and folded plates. It begins with an overview of shells and folded plates as stressed-skin structures that carry loads primarily through in-plane stresses. It then defines various types of shell structures like cylindrical, barrel, butterfly, and north-light shells. It also defines folded plates and provides examples of common shapes. The document establishes notations and terminology used in the design of these structures according to the Indian standard.
Experimental and FE Analysis of Funicular ShellsHARISH B A
Shells belong to the class of stressed skin
structures which, because of their geometry and small
flexural rigidity, tend to carry loads primarily by direct
stresses acting in their plane. Concrete funicular shells of
square ground plan, double curvature with 80 mm rise are
analysed for uniformly distributed load (One-way action).
Specimens of size 1080 mm x 1080 mm in plan with
rectangular edge beam of 50 mm x 40 mm are prepared
using cement concrete of grade M20 for which the mix
design is carried by Indian Standard method. The
precasting of the Concrete shallow funicular shell
specimens is carried by masonry mould method. The
specimens are prepared with thickness of 25 mm and 20
mm. The specimens are moist cured for 28 days before
testing. The uniformly distributed load over the shell
specimen is applied and the corresponding deflections,
strains are measured. The coordinates of funicular shells
are determined by developing a computer program. To
relate experimental results to theory, the finite element
technique (SAP 2000 Program) is utilized to analyse a
similar model in the elastic range. Finite element models
of funicular shells are developed by discretizing the shell
specimens into 20 elements along x direction and 20
elements along y direction. Behaviour of funicular shells
under uniformly distributed load is carried out.
Conclusions are made by comparing the experimental and
analytical results.
Parametric study of rcc staging (support structure) for overhead water tanks ...Issar Kapadia
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) support structures for overhead water tanks according to Indian standards. It describes the components and types of overhead water tanks, including circular, rectangular, Intze, and spherical tanks. Circular tanks are commonly used for large capacities. The document outlines design requirements for liquid retaining structures to prevent cracking and stresses in steel and concrete. It examines two common types of support structures: hollow circular shafts and braced column staging. Design criteria are provided for column foundations, shaft-type staging, bracing and columns. Forces and moments on columns are also addressed. The conclusion compares different staging patterns and notes hollow circular shafts are vulnerable to earthquakes while frame-type staging experiences more base
This document provides an overview of pile foundations, including different types of piles classified by material, length, orientation, and installation method. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper firm soil layers when the top soil is loose, soft, or swelling. Piles are long slender columns that can be driven, bored, or cast in place using materials like concrete, steel, or timber. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil to increase capacity, while cast-in-place piles are constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete to avoid disturbing soil. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
This document discusses different types of caisson foundations, including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. It provides details on how each type is constructed and sunk into place. The thickness of the concrete seal in open caissons is also discussed, with equations provided to calculate the minimum required thickness based on factors like inside radius, unit bearing pressure, and concrete strength. An example problem demonstrates calculating the seal thickness and checking it against perimeter shear and buoyancy requirements for a given open caisson.
This document provides the code of practice for constructing reinforced concrete shell roofs in India. It defines key terms related to shell roof construction such as chord width, radius, rise, semi-centred angle, and span. It describes different types of shell roofs including barrel shells, butterfly shells, continuous cylindrical shells, corrugated shells, and shells of revolution. It also outlines the necessary information that must be provided by the designer to the builder, including working drawings, formwork details, and reinforcement details. The document discusses design considerations for shell roofs such as appropriate slope and minimum thickness.
This document provides definitions and terminology related to reinforced concrete shell structures and folded plates. It begins with an overview of shells and folded plates as stressed-skin structures that carry loads primarily through in-plane stresses. It then defines various types of shell structures like cylindrical, barrel, butterfly, and north-light shells. It also defines folded plates and provides examples of common shapes. The document establishes notations and terminology used in the design of these structures according to the Indian standard.
Experimental and FE Analysis of Funicular ShellsHARISH B A
Shells belong to the class of stressed skin
structures which, because of their geometry and small
flexural rigidity, tend to carry loads primarily by direct
stresses acting in their plane. Concrete funicular shells of
square ground plan, double curvature with 80 mm rise are
analysed for uniformly distributed load (One-way action).
Specimens of size 1080 mm x 1080 mm in plan with
rectangular edge beam of 50 mm x 40 mm are prepared
using cement concrete of grade M20 for which the mix
design is carried by Indian Standard method. The
precasting of the Concrete shallow funicular shell
specimens is carried by masonry mould method. The
specimens are prepared with thickness of 25 mm and 20
mm. The specimens are moist cured for 28 days before
testing. The uniformly distributed load over the shell
specimen is applied and the corresponding deflections,
strains are measured. The coordinates of funicular shells
are determined by developing a computer program. To
relate experimental results to theory, the finite element
technique (SAP 2000 Program) is utilized to analyse a
similar model in the elastic range. Finite element models
of funicular shells are developed by discretizing the shell
specimens into 20 elements along x direction and 20
elements along y direction. Behaviour of funicular shells
under uniformly distributed load is carried out.
Conclusions are made by comparing the experimental and
analytical results.
Parametric study of rcc staging (support structure) for overhead water tanks ...Issar Kapadia
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) support structures for overhead water tanks according to Indian standards. It describes the components and types of overhead water tanks, including circular, rectangular, Intze, and spherical tanks. Circular tanks are commonly used for large capacities. The document outlines design requirements for liquid retaining structures to prevent cracking and stresses in steel and concrete. It examines two common types of support structures: hollow circular shafts and braced column staging. Design criteria are provided for column foundations, shaft-type staging, bracing and columns. Forces and moments on columns are also addressed. The conclusion compares different staging patterns and notes hollow circular shafts are vulnerable to earthquakes while frame-type staging experiences more base
This document provides an overview of pile foundations, including different types of piles classified by material, length, orientation, and installation method. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper firm soil layers when the top soil is loose, soft, or swelling. Piles are long slender columns that can be driven, bored, or cast in place using materials like concrete, steel, or timber. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil to increase capacity, while cast-in-place piles are constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete to avoid disturbing soil. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
This document discusses different types of caisson foundations, including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. It provides details on how each type is constructed and sunk into place. The thickness of the concrete seal in open caissons is also discussed, with equations provided to calculate the minimum required thickness based on factors like inside radius, unit bearing pressure, and concrete strength. An example problem demonstrates calculating the seal thickness and checking it against perimeter shear and buoyancy requirements for a given open caisson.
The document compares the design of an Intze water tank using membrane design and continuity analysis methods. Membrane design assumes members act independently and are only subjected to direct stresses, while continuity analysis considers restraint at edges causing secondary stresses. For a 9 lakh liter tank, continuity analysis results in higher hoop forces, moments, and steel reinforcement compared to membrane design. A similar trend is seen for a 6 lakh liter tank, with continuity analysis giving higher stresses and reinforcement.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
1. A caisson foundation is a type of foundation constructed by sinking a watertight chamber into the ground and filling it with concrete.
2. There are three main types of caissons: open caissons which are open on both ends, box caissons which are open at the top and closed at the bottom, and pneumatic caissons which use air pressure inside a sealed chamber.
3. Pneumatic caissons are constructed by building a sealed working chamber, excavating the soil inside while maintaining air pressure equal to outside water pressure, and repeatedly sinking the chamber to the desired depth before filling it with concrete.
There are two main types of cofferdams: single wall and double wall. A single wall cofferdam uses a single line of sheet piles and is suitable for small, shallow work areas up to 25 meters deep. A double wall cofferdam uses two lines of sheet piles tied together with the space between filled with sand or clay. It is used for larger, deeper work areas. Both types are constructed by driving guide piles, installing horizontal beams, and securing sheet piles to create the barrier to pump water out of the enclosed area.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure constructed around an area where construction is to occur underwater. There are several types of cofferdams depending on material and construction method including sandbag, earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, and cellular cofferdams. Cellular cofferdams are suitable for large enclosures and come in circular and diaphragm styles, with circular allowing independent filling of cells.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to exclude water from an area where permanent structures will be constructed. They allow construction to occur in dry conditions. There are several types of coffer dams depending on the depth of water, soil conditions, and available materials. Earthfill coffer dams use earthen embankments for shallow water, while more complex designs like braced sheet pile or cellular coffer dams are needed for deeper waters. Properly designed coffer dams prevent leakage and ensure the enclosed area remains dry for construction work.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
This document discusses the design of an overhead circular water tank with a flat base. It begins with introducing water tanks and the different types, including based on placement and shape. It then lists the objectives of studying the analysis and design of elevated water tanks according to design codes. Various support systems for rectangular and circular tanks are described, including using masonry shafts, reinforced concrete towers, or columns. The key components of an elevated water tank design are outlined as the cover slab, top ring beam, cylindrical wall, and base slab. Design of the staging and foundation are also considered.
This document provides information on coffer dams and caissons. It discusses different types of coffer dams such as braced, earth-type, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular coffer dams. It also discusses environmentally friendly portable coffer dams. A case study on coffer dam construction for the Taunsa Barrage Rehabilitation Project in Pakistan is presented. Caissons are described as prefabricated foundations sunk into the ground to form foundations. Different types of caissons including box, open, pneumatic, and monolith caissons are discussed. Construction methods and examples of caisson usage are also summarized.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
Chapter 4.2 coffer dam, well foundation-final1DYPCET
The document discusses cofferdams, which are temporary structures used to keep water and soil out of excavation sites. It describes the types of cofferdams, factors affecting their design, and advantages. It also covers well foundations, including definitions, components, construction sequences, design considerations, causes of tilts/shifts, and precautions to prevent them. Risks to workers from decompression sickness when working under pressure (caisson disease) are also outlined.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on shear walls. Shear walls are vertical structural elements that resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They distribute forces from floors, roofs, and exterior walls to the foundation. The presentation covers the purpose, types, construction process, advantages of shear walls, including how they are more stable and ductile than conventional walls. Shear walls are typically used in tall buildings and provide lateral strength and stiffness to resist horizontal seismic forces.
Cofferdams are temporary structures built around construction sites located underwater. They allow construction to take place in a dry environment by sealing off the work area from water. There are several types of cofferdams including earthen, single-walled, double-walled, cellular, and rock-filled varieties. Construction typically involves driving sheet piles into the ground to form the cofferdam walls, placing a concrete seal, and then pumping water out of the enclosed area. Cofferdams provide a safe, dry work area and allow re-use of construction materials, though they present hazards like falls and contaminated water.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses drilled pier foundations, which are similar to pile foundations but installed through excavation rather than driving. It describes the four main types of drilled piers: straight-shaft end-bearing, straight-shaft sidewall-friction, combination end-bearing and sidewall-friction, and underreamed or belled piers. The document also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of drilled pier foundations and discusses historical and modern methods of construction, including the dry method, casing method, and slurry method.
The document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints through various techniques like jacketing, case studies, and concludes with key findings. Specifically, it summarizes three case studies: 1) Retrofitting using reinforced concrete jacketing improved strength and ductility over the brittle original joint. 2) Using carbon fiber reinforced polymer on a damaged joint improved shear strength and ductility. 3) Glass fiber reinforced polymer wrapping a joint improved its shear and bond-slip resistance, producing more ductile failures in beams.
This document summarizes a study on the generalized thermoelastic problem of a semi-infinite thin rod subjected to a step in strain. The study obtained solutions for temperature distribution, strain, and stress for small time values using the Laplace transform method. The study formulated the problem using the equations of motion, energy, and constitutive relations for an isotropic linear elastic solid. Non-dimensional variables were introduced to simplify the governing equations.
The document presents a method for solving fuzzy assignment problems using triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. It formulates the fuzzy assignment problem into a crisp linear programming problem that can be solved using the Hungarian method. The paper also uses Robust's ranking method to transform fuzzy costs into crisp values, allowing conventional solution methods to be applied. It aims to provide a more realistic approach to assignment problems by considering costs as fuzzy numbers rather than deterministic values.
This document proposes integrating iris recognition with RFID cards to develop a high-security access environment. It discusses:
1) How iris recognition works, including iris segmentation, normalization, feature extraction using wavelets, and identification by comparing templates.
2) Details of the RFID card used, including its microcontroller and memory, and the design of an RFID card programmer.
3) The proposed method of integrating iris recognition by storing the extracted iris features and a signature in the RFID card, and comparing them during authentication.
4) Preliminary test results comparing combinations of wavelet coefficients to find the best approach. Performance metrics like reading time, writing time, and memory utilization are evaluated.
The document compares the design of an Intze water tank using membrane design and continuity analysis methods. Membrane design assumes members act independently and are only subjected to direct stresses, while continuity analysis considers restraint at edges causing secondary stresses. For a 9 lakh liter tank, continuity analysis results in higher hoop forces, moments, and steel reinforcement compared to membrane design. A similar trend is seen for a 6 lakh liter tank, with continuity analysis giving higher stresses and reinforcement.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
1. A caisson foundation is a type of foundation constructed by sinking a watertight chamber into the ground and filling it with concrete.
2. There are three main types of caissons: open caissons which are open on both ends, box caissons which are open at the top and closed at the bottom, and pneumatic caissons which use air pressure inside a sealed chamber.
3. Pneumatic caissons are constructed by building a sealed working chamber, excavating the soil inside while maintaining air pressure equal to outside water pressure, and repeatedly sinking the chamber to the desired depth before filling it with concrete.
There are two main types of cofferdams: single wall and double wall. A single wall cofferdam uses a single line of sheet piles and is suitable for small, shallow work areas up to 25 meters deep. A double wall cofferdam uses two lines of sheet piles tied together with the space between filled with sand or clay. It is used for larger, deeper work areas. Both types are constructed by driving guide piles, installing horizontal beams, and securing sheet piles to create the barrier to pump water out of the enclosed area.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure constructed around an area where construction is to occur underwater. There are several types of cofferdams depending on material and construction method including sandbag, earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, and cellular cofferdams. Cellular cofferdams are suitable for large enclosures and come in circular and diaphragm styles, with circular allowing independent filling of cells.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to exclude water from an area where permanent structures will be constructed. They allow construction to occur in dry conditions. There are several types of coffer dams depending on the depth of water, soil conditions, and available materials. Earthfill coffer dams use earthen embankments for shallow water, while more complex designs like braced sheet pile or cellular coffer dams are needed for deeper waters. Properly designed coffer dams prevent leakage and ensure the enclosed area remains dry for construction work.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
This document discusses the design of an overhead circular water tank with a flat base. It begins with introducing water tanks and the different types, including based on placement and shape. It then lists the objectives of studying the analysis and design of elevated water tanks according to design codes. Various support systems for rectangular and circular tanks are described, including using masonry shafts, reinforced concrete towers, or columns. The key components of an elevated water tank design are outlined as the cover slab, top ring beam, cylindrical wall, and base slab. Design of the staging and foundation are also considered.
This document provides information on coffer dams and caissons. It discusses different types of coffer dams such as braced, earth-type, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular coffer dams. It also discusses environmentally friendly portable coffer dams. A case study on coffer dam construction for the Taunsa Barrage Rehabilitation Project in Pakistan is presented. Caissons are described as prefabricated foundations sunk into the ground to form foundations. Different types of caissons including box, open, pneumatic, and monolith caissons are discussed. Construction methods and examples of caisson usage are also summarized.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
Chapter 4.2 coffer dam, well foundation-final1DYPCET
The document discusses cofferdams, which are temporary structures used to keep water and soil out of excavation sites. It describes the types of cofferdams, factors affecting their design, and advantages. It also covers well foundations, including definitions, components, construction sequences, design considerations, causes of tilts/shifts, and precautions to prevent them. Risks to workers from decompression sickness when working under pressure (caisson disease) are also outlined.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on shear walls. Shear walls are vertical structural elements that resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They distribute forces from floors, roofs, and exterior walls to the foundation. The presentation covers the purpose, types, construction process, advantages of shear walls, including how they are more stable and ductile than conventional walls. Shear walls are typically used in tall buildings and provide lateral strength and stiffness to resist horizontal seismic forces.
Cofferdams are temporary structures built around construction sites located underwater. They allow construction to take place in a dry environment by sealing off the work area from water. There are several types of cofferdams including earthen, single-walled, double-walled, cellular, and rock-filled varieties. Construction typically involves driving sheet piles into the ground to form the cofferdam walls, placing a concrete seal, and then pumping water out of the enclosed area. Cofferdams provide a safe, dry work area and allow re-use of construction materials, though they present hazards like falls and contaminated water.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses drilled pier foundations, which are similar to pile foundations but installed through excavation rather than driving. It describes the four main types of drilled piers: straight-shaft end-bearing, straight-shaft sidewall-friction, combination end-bearing and sidewall-friction, and underreamed or belled piers. The document also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of drilled pier foundations and discusses historical and modern methods of construction, including the dry method, casing method, and slurry method.
The document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints through various techniques like jacketing, case studies, and concludes with key findings. Specifically, it summarizes three case studies: 1) Retrofitting using reinforced concrete jacketing improved strength and ductility over the brittle original joint. 2) Using carbon fiber reinforced polymer on a damaged joint improved shear strength and ductility. 3) Glass fiber reinforced polymer wrapping a joint improved its shear and bond-slip resistance, producing more ductile failures in beams.
This document summarizes a study on the generalized thermoelastic problem of a semi-infinite thin rod subjected to a step in strain. The study obtained solutions for temperature distribution, strain, and stress for small time values using the Laplace transform method. The study formulated the problem using the equations of motion, energy, and constitutive relations for an isotropic linear elastic solid. Non-dimensional variables were introduced to simplify the governing equations.
The document presents a method for solving fuzzy assignment problems using triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. It formulates the fuzzy assignment problem into a crisp linear programming problem that can be solved using the Hungarian method. The paper also uses Robust's ranking method to transform fuzzy costs into crisp values, allowing conventional solution methods to be applied. It aims to provide a more realistic approach to assignment problems by considering costs as fuzzy numbers rather than deterministic values.
This document proposes integrating iris recognition with RFID cards to develop a high-security access environment. It discusses:
1) How iris recognition works, including iris segmentation, normalization, feature extraction using wavelets, and identification by comparing templates.
2) Details of the RFID card used, including its microcontroller and memory, and the design of an RFID card programmer.
3) The proposed method of integrating iris recognition by storing the extracted iris features and a signature in the RFID card, and comparing them during authentication.
4) Preliminary test results comparing combinations of wavelet coefficients to find the best approach. Performance metrics like reading time, writing time, and memory utilization are evaluated.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study assessing groundwater quality in rural areas near Vijayawada, India. The study analyzed physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates and more from groundwater samples from four villages. Most parameters were within permissible limits, except for higher hardness levels. The highest conductivity, pH, chlorides, alkalinity were found in samples from Nidamanuru village, possibly due to agricultural and industrial pollution from nearby areas entering the groundwater. The study aims to evaluate groundwater quality for drinking and other uses in the region.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper on a GSM-based power meter reading and control system. The system uses GSM technology to remotely read electricity meter readings and send the readings to users and the electricity department via SMS. It also allows remote control of power to appliances to reduce unnecessary power consumption. The system takes meter readings daily and sends them to the electricity billing system to generate accurate monthly bills without human errors. The hardware and software designs are presented along with block diagrams of the meter-side and server-side systems. The research aims to automate energy billing and enable remote power monitoring and control.
This document discusses dispersion compensation techniques for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems using dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) and fiber gratings. It compares the performance of an 8-user OCDMA system using DCF versus fiber gratings. The results show that DCF more effectively compensates for dispersion, as evidenced by a lower bit error rate and higher Q factor, making it a better dispersion compensation method for OCDMA systems compared to fiber gratings.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document analyzes stresses in a rotating circular disc with a central hole and symmetrical array of non-central holes using finite element analysis. It investigates the effect of geometric parameters such as R2/R1 ratio of inner to outer disc radius, d/2R1 ratio of hole diameter to disc radius, Rb/(R2-R1) ratio of pitch circle radius to annular width, and number of holes N. Stress concentration factors are derived for these parameters. As number of holes increases, the stress concentration factor decreases. Results are verified against analytical solutions. Contour plots show highest stresses occur near holes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes a new architecture for a high-speed multiplier accumulator (MAC) unit. The MAC uses a modified Booth encoding algorithm to reduce the number of partial products generated during multiplication. It also uses a hybrid carry save adder structure to improve performance. Additionally, it incorporates a spurious power suppression technique (SPST) to reduce power consumption during the addition process. The MAC accumulates intermediate results as sums and carries rather than using the final adder output to improve output rate. Analysis shows the proposed MAC requires fewer hardware resources, has lower delay, and reduced power compared to previous designs.
This document describes a microcontroller based speed control system for a DC geared motor through an RS-232 interface with a PC. The system uses pulse width modulation to control the speed of the motor. It includes hardware components like a power supply module, microcontroller, LCD display, motor driver IC, and MAX232 level converter. The software development involves coding in C language, compiling the code, and burning the hex file onto the microcontroller using a programmer. The system allows variable speed control of the DC motor through a GUI on the PC. It provides a platform for industrial applications requiring precision speed control of DC motors.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel seven-level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The inverter uses a hybrid cascaded configuration with a novel pulse width modulation technique to generate seven output voltage levels from the DC supply. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the operation of the proposed inverter. The inverter is capable of improving power quality by reducing harmonic distortion compared to traditional two-level inverters.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Ação civil pública de improbidade administrativaJunior Campos
O Ministério Público Federal moveu ação civil pública contra ex-prefeito e empresas por irregularidades na prestação de contas de convênios celebrados entre o município e o Ministério do Turismo para a realização de eventos, alegando enriquecimento ilícito e ausência de licitação. Após defesas, o processo seguiu para instrução processual com depoimentos de testemunhas.
Este documento resume una reunión sobre la especialización docente en educación y TIC. Explica la interacción entre los coordinadores de sede, el instituto y el equipo central. También detalla los fondos disponibles para gastos operativos y bienes de capital, así como las reglas para los encuentros presenciales de los cursantes.
O documento discute como a internet e as mídias digitais podem promover a democracia através de uma esfera pública mais inclusiva, transparente e universal. A internet permite a liberação da palavra e ativismo em escala global, e o autor argumenta que governos não poderiam manter ditaduras em países com alta conectividade. Finalmente, o texto aborda como governos eletrônicos e ágoras virtuais podem aproximar cidadãos e políticos.
Este documento resume as perspectivas de negócios da TPI - Triunfo Participações e Investimentos para os próximos anos. As projeções contidas no documento são baseadas em expectativas correntes da diretoria e dependem de condições futuras. A companhia não assume compromisso com as projeções.
This document discusses revisions made to the Indian Standard IS 3370 code for the design of circular water storage tanks. Some key points:
- IS 3370 was revised in 2009, introducing the limit state design method whereas the 1965 version used the working stress method.
- The wall and base slab of circular water tanks must be designed to resist hoop tension, bending moments, and ensure the tank is leak proof.
- The 2009 code reduced the permissible steel stress from 150 MPa to 130 MPa. It also assessed crack width in mature concrete.
- The paper provides an overview of analyzing and designing the different components of circular water tanks according to both the 1965 and 2009 versions of IS 3370 including
Economic Design of Water Tank of Different Shapes With Reference To IS: 3370 ...IJMER
The conventional method of designing water tanks which is working stress method
outlined in the previous version of IS: 3370 1965 is irrational and leads to relatively thicker sections
with a substantial amount of reinforcement. Limit state method which is widely used has been recently
adopted in the new version of IS 3370-2009 concrete structures for storage of liquids – code of
practice. For quick cost prediction of tanks, this study therefore examines the cost effectiveness in terms
of amount of materials and formwork used for Circular, Square and Rectangular overhead water tanks
each of three capacities of 100kl, 150kl, 200kl and draw reasonable inferences on tank’s shape design
effectiveness . Each water tank was designed by Limit State method and then the crack width was
checked by limit state of serviceability IS 3370 (2009). The results have been presented in the form of
graphs and tables and it has been observed that Circular-shaped tank consumed lesser of each
material as compared to Square and Rectangular ones. The amount of formwork required for circular
tank is also less than that for square and rectangular tanks thereby giving Circular-shaped tanks a
more favorable selection over the rectangular and square shaped tanks
The document provides details about the Structural Design and Drawing course CE8703 taught at Vivekanandha College of Technology for Women. It includes the course objectives, units covered, outcomes, design and drawing exercises, textbooks and code books referenced. The key topics covered in the course are design and drawing of retaining walls, flat slabs, bridges, liquid storage structures, industrial structures, girders and connections. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of structural engineering design principles and skills to design and draw various reinforced concrete and steel structures.
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Integrating Geothermal Loops into the Diaphragm walls of the Knightsbridge Pa...Tonyamis
The Knightsbridge Palace Hotel development required construction of deep basement levels, which necessitated the use of diaphragm walls for structural support and water exclusion. Geothermal loops were integrated into the diaphragm walls and plunge column piles to provide heating and cooling for the building. Technical challenges included protecting the loops during wall construction and ensuring the loops did not negatively impact the wall structure or construction process. Through close collaboration, the design team developed a hybrid system using energy walls and energy piles to incorporate the geothermal elements in a way that maximized efficiency while minimizing impacts.
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Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials like steel, timber, or concrete with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support. Common uses include retaining walls, bridges, tunnels, basements, and marine structures. There are advantages like strength and reusability, and disadvantages like installation difficulty and neighborhood disturbance. Different types include timber, concrete, and steel piles. Construction typically involves driving the piles and then backfilling soil up to the anchors in a cantilever or anchored system. Pressure calculations determine active and passive pressures using properties like soil unit weight and coefficients to design the sheet pile wall depth and anchors.
Rcc box culvert methodology and designs including computer methodcoolidiot07
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Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a composite material made of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Some key points:
- François Coignet built the first reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in Paris in 1853.
- RCC is used in the construction of columns, beams, footings, slabs, dams, water tanks, tunnels, bridges, walls and towers due to its high strength and durability.
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In this you will find some of the basic thing regarding the elevated water tank and this is our one of the team project work in college. Hope you will enjoy it....
Form active structure systems utilize curved structures like arches to carry loads across gaps primarily through compression. Arches distribute loads through their curved shape, reducing stresses compared to rigid connections. Key factors in arch design include the rise-to-span ratio to minimize thrust, and the shape which affects cost, stresses, and load distribution. Arches can fail through rotation, sliding at supports, or crushing under high compression, and are reinforced or redesigned to address failure modes. Early arched structures gained stability through added weight and convenient construction shapes, while Gothic cathedrals demonstrated advanced vaulting techniques.
1. Prof.R.V.R.K.Prasad, Akshaya B.Kamdi / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.664-666
EFFECT OF REVISION OF IS 3370 ON WATER STORAGE
TANK
*Prof.R.V.R.K.Prasad ,**Akshaya B.Kamdi
*( K.D.K.College of Enggineering , Nagpur university)
ABSTRACT
Storage overhead tank are used to store 2 . DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF
water. BIS has brought out the revised version CONCRETE (I. S. I)
of IS 3370 ( part 1& 2) after a long time from its In water retaining structure a dense
1965 version in year 2009. This revised code is impermeable concrete is required therefore,
mainly drafted for water tank. In this revision proportion of fine and course aggregates to cement
important is that limit state method is should be such as to give high quality concrete.
incorporated in design. This paper gives in Concrete mix weaker than M20 is not used. The
brief, the theory behind the design of circular minimum quantity of cement in the concrete mix
water tank using working stress method and shall be not less than 30 kN/m3.The design of the
limit state method. In the end comparative concrete mix shall be such that the resultant
result of IS 3370 (1965) and IS 3370 (2009) is concrete is subjected to efficiently impervious.
given. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is
essential. The permeability of the thoroughly
1 . INTRODUCTION compacted concrete is dependent on water cement
As per Greek philosopher Thales ,” water ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases
is source of every creation.” In day to day life one permeability, while concrete with low water
can not live without water. Therefore water needs cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of
to be stored for daily used. Overhead water tank is leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation
the most effective storing facility used for domestic and honey combing.
or even industrial purpose.
Depending upon the location of the tank the tanks 3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
can be name as overhead ,on ground and To model any structure the main aim is to
underground. The tanks can be made in different achieve the economy. Material saving results in
shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are saving in construction cost. However
mostly used. The tanks can be made of RCC or circularcylindrical tanks are more numerous than
even of steel. The overhead tanks are usually any other type because they are simple in design
elevated from the roof top through the column. In and can be easily constructed .
most cases underground and on ground tanks are In present work total focus is given on preliminary
circular or rectangular in shape but the shape of the analysis and design of Circular Cylindrical water
overhead tanks are influenced by the aesthetic view tank by IS 3370: (1965) & IS 3370 :(2009) . The
in surroundings and as well as the design of the grade of Concrete used is M30 and grade of Steel
construction. Steel tanks are also used specially in used is Fe 415.The permissible concrete stresses in
railway yards. Storage reservoirs and overhead calculation relating to resistance to cracking (for
tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, direct tension) is 1.5 N/ mm2 The value of
petroleum products and similar liquids. Reservoir is permissible stress in Steel (in direct tension
a common term applied to liquid storage structure ,bending and shear) in IS 3370:(1965) σst is 150
and it can be below or above the ground level. N/mm2 and in IS 3370:(2009) σst is 130 N/mm2.
Reservoirs below the ground level are normally The permissible concrete stresses in calculation
built to store large quantities of water. The relating to resistance to cracking for shear is 2.2
overhead tanks are supported by column which act N/mm2 The cylindrical water tank is basically
as stage. This Overhead type are built for direct divided in two parts; first is wall and base slab.
distribution by gravity flow and are usually of Wall is design for maximum Hoop tension and
smaller capacity. After a long time IS 3370 is maximum Bending moment and checked for
revised from its 1965 version. In this revision bending tensile stress which govern the thickness
introduction of limit state design is the most of wall .Base slab is design for maximum bending
important addition. moment and also checked for permissible tensile
stress in concrete to make the tank leak proof.
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2. Prof.R.V.R.K.Prasad, Akshaya B.Kamdi / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.664-666
4. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF slab has tensile stress and concave face of slab
CONTAINER WALL compressive stress. Hence R/F should be placed on
4.1. Method of Analysis of Cylindrical wall the concave face near the surface to be more
Following method are available for analysis of effective. The best form of R/F will be radial and
circular tank. circumferential to safe-guard the slab against
1. Reissner’s method circular and radial crack respectively. An
2. Carpenter’s method alternative arrangement in form of mesh such that
3. Approximate method the intensity of reinforcement in either direction of
4. I.S. code method the mesh is as required for the bigger of the radial
and circumferential stresses. The radial and
4.2. Design of cylindrical wall circumferential system of reinforcement become
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the essential near the periphery of the slab if the
following points should be born in mind stresses there are not negligible or if the slab is
(a) Wall of cylindrical tanks are either cast fixed at edges.
monolithically with the base or set in grooves and
key ways. In either case deformation of wall under 6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TOP
influence of liquid pressure is restricted at end DOME
above the base. Consequently, only part of A dome may be defined as a thin shell
triangular hydrostatic load will be carried by ring generated by the revolution of a regular curve about
tension and part of the load at bottom will be one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends on
supported by cantilever action the type of the curve and the direction of the axis of
(b) It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of revolution. In spherical and conoidal domes,
base slab and it is advisable to provide vertical surface is described by revolving an arc of a circle.
reinforcement as if the wall were fully fixed at the The centre of the circle may be on the axis of
base, in addition to the reinforcement required to rotation (spherical dome) or outside the axis
resist horizontal ring tension for hinge at base , (conoidal dome). Both types may or may not have
conditions of walls, unless the appropriate amount a symmetrical lantern opening through the top. The
of fixity at the base is established by analysis with edge of the shell around its base is usually provided
due consideration to the dimension of base slab the with edge member cast integrally with the shell.
type of joint between the wall and slab and where Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the
applicable the type of soil supporting the base slab. roof of circular areas, in circular tanks, in hangers,
exhibition halls, auditoriums, planetorium and
5. ALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BASE SLAB bottom of tanks, bins and bunkers. Domes may be
5.1 Analysis of base slab constructed of masonry, steel, timber and
When the circular tanks are elevated and reinforced concrete. However, reinforced domes
supported, the analysis and design of base slab are more common nowadays since they can be
depend upon the manner in which it is supported if constructed over large spans.
the supporting tower consisting of columns placed
below the tank walls, usually no separate curved 6.1. Analysis of top dome
beam is required over the column to support the Stresses to be considered in dome are
tank. The tank wall itself act as a curved beam, as Meridional thrust , Hoop stress
the depth of this beam is large only a few steel bar
at its bottom and top is all that is required as a 6.2. Design of top dome
reinforcement for the beam section. The domes are designed for the total
The base slab should however be suitably tied to vertical load only. The term total vertical load
the walls by the vertical rods embedded properly in include the weight of the dome slab and that of
the slab and the wall. When the flexible joint is covering material ,if any over the slab the weight
provided between the wall and slab, a separate of any other load suspended from the slab and live
circular beam is required below the slab. load etc.
The minimum thickness of dome slab should not be
5.2 Design of base base less than 80 mm and the minimum percentage of
If the bottom of a circular tank is steel should not be less than 0.3 %
supported around its periphery, it can be designed
as a circular slab simply supported at edges. 7. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TOP
Although circular slab are not so commonly used in RING BEAM
building but they have wide application in water The ring beam is necessary to resist the
tanks. In applying this theory to R.C. slab poisson’s horizontal component of the thrust of the dome. To
ratio may be taken to zero. This slab when loaded bear this horizontal component of meridional
deflected in form of a saucer and develops radial as thrust a ring beam is provided at the base of dome
well as circumferential stress. The convex face of .
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3. Prof.R.V.R.K.Prasad, Akshaya B.Kamdi / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.664-666
7.1. Design of top ring beam controlled in the interest of serviceability. cracking
The ring beam takes hoop tension and due to direct tension is of somewhat more serious
transfer only vertical reaction to the supporting because it cause clear separation of concrete
walls. through the entire thickness of member.
8. CRACKWIDTH IN MATURE 9. CONCLUSION
CONCRETE The thickness of wall and depth of base
According to IS 3370:2009 following slab is comes to different for IS 3370:(1965) and IS
assessments has given 3370:(2009) because of the value of permissible
stress in Steel (in direct tension ,bending and
8.1. Assessment of crack width in flexure shear) IS 3370:(1965) value of σst is 150 N/mm2
The design surface crack width should not and in IS 3370:(2009) σst is 130 N/mm2. Design of
exceed the appropriate value i.e. 0.2 mm. Crack water tank by Limit State Method is most
width can be calculated by following formula economical as the quantity of material required is
W = ( 3 acr εm )/ 1+{2 (acr – Cmin) /(D-x) less as compared to working stress method Water
W = design surface crack widt tank is the most important container to store water
acr = distance from the point considered to the therefore, Crack width calculation of water tank is
surface of the nearest bar also necessary.
εm = average strain at the level where the
cracking is being considered. REFERENCES
Cmin = minimum cover to the tension steel [1] Howarfd I .Epstein, M. ASCE (1976)
D = overall depth of the member “Seismic Design of Liquid-storage
x = depth of neutral axis Tanks”, Journal of the structure Division,
American society of Civil Engineers, Vol.
8.2. Average strain in flexure 102,No. ST
The average strain at the level where [2] Laurent M. Shirima”Reinforced block
cracking is being considered is assessed by water storage tanks”:22 WEDC
calculating the apparent strain using characteristic conference New Delhi, India 19
load and normal elastic theory. Where flexure is [3] Durgesh C. Rai1 “Review of code
predominant but some tension exists at the section , Designing Forces for Shaft Supports of
the depth of the neutral axis should be adjusted. Elevated Water Tanks
The calculated apparent strain , ε1 is then adjusted [4] Mark W.Holmberg,P.E(2009)” Structure
to take into account the stiffening effect of the magazine”
concrete between cracks ε2. [5] IS 3370 (Part1):1965 concrete structure
εm = ε1 - ε2 for storage of liquids-code of
practice
8.3. Stiffening effect of concrete in flexure [6] IS 3370 (Part2):1965 concrete structure
For a limiting design surface crack width for storage of liquids-code of
of 0.2 mm practice
ε2 = bt (D-x)(a’-x) / 3 Es As (d-x) [7] IS 3370 (Part4):1967 concrete structure
where for storage of liquids-code of
ε1 = strain at the level considered practice
ε2 = strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete [8] IS 3370 (Part1):2009 concrete structure
between cracks for storage of liquids-code of
bt = width of section at the centroid of the tension practice
steel [9] IS 3370 (Part2):2009 concrete structure
D = overall depth of the member for storage of liquids-code of practice
x = depth of the member [10] IS 456:2000 Plain And Reinforced
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement Concrete – Code Of Practice
As = area of tension reinforcement [11] “Treasure of R.C.C.Design”– Sushilkumar
d = effective depth [12] “Advance Reinforced Concrete Design”
a’ = distance from the compression face to the 2nd Edition N. Raju
point at which the crack
8.4. Assesment of crackwidth in direct tension
In some reinforced concrete member like
tankwall direct tension due to applied loading may
act in combination with restrained to volume
change cause by temperature and shrinkage. This
can lead to significant cracking which should be
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