Disturbances in mineral metabolism2 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Disturbances in mineral
metabolism 2
6/22/2016 1
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental
Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Learning Objectives
At the end the student should be able to--
• Describe,body content,Daily requirements,Dietary
sources,Absorption,Excretion,Functions,Related
pathologies of Magnesium.
• Describe,Body content,Daily requirements,Dietary
pathologies of sodium.
• Describe ,Body content,Daily requirements,Dietary
pathologies of potassium.
6/22/2016 2www.indiandentalacademy.com

Pathological calcification
• Dystrophic calcification- it is the
precipitation of calcium in degenerating
and dead tissues.
• Most Frequent Type
• Aterosclerosis, pulp of teeth
• Raise in alkalinity ,normal Ca

• Metastatic calcification- occurs due to excess amount
of calcium in the blood which gets deposited in the
previously undamaged tissues.
• Hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D

• Calcinosis- it is the calcification occurring under the
skin. Can be associated with scleroderma.
• Circumscribed & generalised form.

Magnesium
• It is present as intracellular ion in all living cells and
tissues.
• It appears to participate in practically every
phosphorylating mechanisms.

• 25 mg is present in a body.
• Half of this amount is found in bones, one quarter in
muscles.
• Normal serum magnesium level is 1-3 mg/dl.

Dietary requirements
a) Infants –50 mg /day.
b) Children (1 -18 yrs) – 400 mg/day.
c) Women during pregnancy, lactation & post
menopause-150 mg/day.

Absorption & Excretion
• Average Daily dietary intake of magnesium is
absorbed in small bowel.
• 60%- fecal route
• Rest- urine & sweat

Functions
• Co-factor and activator for enzymatic actions.
• Essential for peptidases, ribonucleases, glycolytic
enzymes and cocarboxylation reactions.
• Exerts an effect on neuromuscular irritability.
• As a constituent of bones and teeth.

Hypermagnesemia
• Rickets
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Adrenocortical insufficiency
• Hypothyroidism
• Advanced renal failure
• Acute renal failure

Hypomagnesemia
• Tetany
• Severe neuromuscular hyperirritability
• Carpopedal spasm
• Trosseau’s sign
• Athetoid movements
• Decreased serum magnesium & calcium concentration

• Diets – only 13 ppm-ameloblast degneration
• >1.30mEq- Tetany

Sodium
• It is mainly associated with chloride.
• Average content- 83-97 gm.
• One third of these in skeleton & remaining is
extracellular.

Requirement
• Breast milk- 0.4 gm NaCl
• Cow’s milk – 1.7 gm NaCl per liter
• Average dietary intake- 10-15gm/day
• Blood level is 160 mg/dl of whole blood.
• Excretion : kidney

Functions
• Maintain the acid-base equilibrium as well as osmotic
pressure.
• Substitution for potassium
• Contraction of heart
• Maintains neuromuscular excitability, viscosity of
blood and fluid balance.

Hypernatremia
• Simple dehydration
• Diabetes insipidus
• Excess sodium intake
• Steroid therapy

Hyponatremia
• Diuretic medication
• Excessive sweating
• Kidney diseases
• Congestive heart failure
• Diarrhea ( cases of increased gastrointestinal loss)

Pathology
• Excessive Na- Odema, hypertension
• Decrease Na-weakness , fatigue cramps

Potassium
• It is major intracellular cation.
• It is widely distributed in body fluids and tissues
such as nerve, muscle as well as in cells.
• Average human body contains- 3.6 moles of potassium
• Requirement is greatest during rapid growth.

Excretion
• Urine
• Saliva
• Gastric, bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices.

Functions
• In co-ordination with sodium
• Influences muscular activity
• Maintains acid-base balance
• Cardiac function
• Involved in neuromuscular irritability
• Nerve conduction process

Hyperkalemia
• Mental confusion, numbness and tingling of the
extremities, pallor, cold skin, weakness, disturbances
in cardiac rhythm and peripheral collapse.

Hypokalemia
• Decreased muscular irritability, muscular weakness,
reduced or absent reflexes, mental confusion,
paralysis, disturbances in conductivity and
contractility of heart muscle and alterations in GIT.

Chlorine
• It maintains acid-base equilibrium together with that
of sodium and potassium.
• Average intake is 6-9 gm/day.
• Normal blood plasma concentration- 550-650 mg/dl

• Absorption – small intestine
• Excretion – kidney
• Functions :
• Production of HCL in the gastric juice.
• Activates salivary amylase
• Chloride shift

Summary
mineral (Magnesium, sodium , potassium)in context to
these following headings-
Daily requirements ,Dietary sources, Absorption,
Excretion, Functions ,Related pathologies

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Text book of oral pathology Shafer's, 5 & 6th edition
 Color Atlas of Oral Diseases Cawson, R. 2nd edition
 Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Neville, Brad W. 2nd
 Lucas’s Pathology Of Tumor’s of the Oral Tissues
Cawson, R. A., Bennie, W. H 5th edition

THANK YOU

Disturbances in mineral metabolism2 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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