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Distinguishing Characteristics of Life from This is Biology by Ernst Mayr
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Characteristics of life
The document outlines the 7 characteristics of living organisms:
1) Organization and cells - All living things are made of cells and have an organized structure.
2) Response to stimulus - Living things respond to changes in their environment.
3) Homeostasis - Living things maintain stable internal conditions even when the external environment changes.
4) Metabolism - Living things undergo chemical reactions to obtain and use energy.
5) Growth and development - Living things grow, develop, and have a lifespan.
6) Reproduction - Living things produce new individuals of their species to ensure survival.
7) Adaptation over time - Populations of organisms evolve over long periods to adapt to environmental changes.
Why study biology
This document outlines four reasons to study biology: 1) human existence depends on interdependence with other living things, 2) greater biological knowledge has allowed advances like agriculture and medicine, 3) humans are naturally curious about themselves and their place in the world, and 4) ongoing biological discovery can improve lives and ensure a healthy planet for the future.
Introduction to ecology 2
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to individual organisms. It explains that all organisms interact with and depend on other living and non-living things in their environment. It also outlines biotic and abiotic factors that influence organisms, adaptations that help organisms survive, and mechanisms like acclimation, dormancy, and migration that aid survival. Finally, it defines niche and biogeography.
Cell theory intro to cells
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function that can only arise from existing cells. The document introduces cell theory and the basic components of cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and control center. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
Making biological connections
Biology is the study of living things, life processes, habitats, and interactions between and among living things. The document instructs students to create a concept map with "Human Needs" in the center and branches for different needs such as food, health, oxygen, clothing, shelter, and energy. Students are asked to give examples of how other living things provide humans with what they need and share their concept maps with other teams to add more ideas.
Kingdoms
The document describes the three-domain system of classifying life. It divides life into Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and Eubacteria are prokaryotes without nuclei or organelles, while Eukarya are more complex eukaryotic organisms with nuclei and organelles. Eukarya are further divided into four kingdoms - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Protista include unicellular organisms like protozoa and algae. Fungi are multicellular decomposers with cell walls made of chitin. Plantae are multicellular and autotrophic organisms that perform photosynthesis. Animalia are
Recommended
Characteristics of life
The document outlines the 7 characteristics of living organisms:
1) Organization and cells - All living things are made of cells and have an organized structure.
2) Response to stimulus - Living things respond to changes in their environment.
3) Homeostasis - Living things maintain stable internal conditions even when the external environment changes.
4) Metabolism - Living things undergo chemical reactions to obtain and use energy.
5) Growth and development - Living things grow, develop, and have a lifespan.
6) Reproduction - Living things produce new individuals of their species to ensure survival.
7) Adaptation over time - Populations of organisms evolve over long periods to adapt to environmental changes.
Why study biology
This document outlines four reasons to study biology: 1) human existence depends on interdependence with other living things, 2) greater biological knowledge has allowed advances like agriculture and medicine, 3) humans are naturally curious about themselves and their place in the world, and 4) ongoing biological discovery can improve lives and ensure a healthy planet for the future.
Introduction to ecology 2
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to individual organisms. It explains that all organisms interact with and depend on other living and non-living things in their environment. It also outlines biotic and abiotic factors that influence organisms, adaptations that help organisms survive, and mechanisms like acclimation, dormancy, and migration that aid survival. Finally, it defines niche and biogeography.
Cell theory intro to cells
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function that can only arise from existing cells. The document introduces cell theory and the basic components of cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and control center. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
Making biological connections
Biology is the study of living things, life processes, habitats, and interactions between and among living things. The document instructs students to create a concept map with "Human Needs" in the center and branches for different needs such as food, health, oxygen, clothing, shelter, and energy. Students are asked to give examples of how other living things provide humans with what they need and share their concept maps with other teams to add more ideas.
Kingdoms
The document describes the three-domain system of classifying life. It divides life into Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and Eubacteria are prokaryotes without nuclei or organelles, while Eukarya are more complex eukaryotic organisms with nuclei and organelles. Eukarya are further divided into four kingdoms - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Protista include unicellular organisms like protozoa and algae. Fungi are multicellular decomposers with cell walls made of chitin. Plantae are multicellular and autotrophic organisms that perform photosynthesis. Animalia are
Cells of the six kingdoms
This document describes the six kingdoms of life - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on the cell type, key cell structures, and body form of organisms within each kingdom. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotic. The kingdoms vary in whether cells have nuclei, cell walls, chloroplasts and whether organisms exist as unicellular or multicellular body forms.
Measuring biodiversity
This document discusses methods for quantifying biodiversity, including species richness, species evenness, and Simpson's Index. Species richness is a count of the total number of species in an area, while species evenness measures how similar the abundances of each species are. Simpson's Index incorporates both richness and evenness to calculate a single value representing biodiversity, with lower values indicating higher diversity as it takes into account the number of species and how evenly abundant each species is. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate and apply Simpson's Index using data on species abundances in different communities.
Themes of bio detailed
The document outlines the core unifying themes of biology, including evolution, heredity, diversity and unity of life, structure and function, cells, emergence, interdependence, regulation, energy transfer, and the nature of science. It describes how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life through natural selection and adaptation. It also discusses how genetic information is passed down through DNA and how organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships.
Daily Ranger
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Population ecology part 1
This document discusses properties of populations including population size, density, and dispersion. It describes population growth rate and how populations are dynamic, changing in size over time. Exponential growth is described as rapid population growth after a few generations in the ideal scenario without limiting factors. However, all populations are ultimately limited by resources. There are two types of limiting factors - density-independent factors like weather that impact populations regardless of size, and density-dependent factors like resource availability that depend on population density. Logistic growth models population growth more realistically as an S-curve that accounts for limiting factors and reaches a carrying capacity.
Vorticella
Microscopic organisms called animalcules were first observed under the microscope in the late 1600s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who saw single-celled organisms moving in pond water. Leeuwenhoek's observations marked the discovery of microorganisms and helped establish microbiology as a field of scientific study. His findings challenged prevailing assumptions that life was visible to the naked eye and demonstrated the immense diversity of microscopic life that exists all around us.
Levels of classification
This document provides information on biological classification systems. It discusses why classifying living things is important, provides a brief history of classification methods, and describes the current system of classification. The current system is based on 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - which are further divided into kingdoms based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. The 6 kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom has distinguishing features that are described.
Speciation
Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when populations become isolated from each other and diverge to the point that they can no longer interbreed. Isolation can be geographic, such as when physical barriers separate populations, or reproductive, such as when changes prevent successful mating. Speciation rates may be gradual over millions of years or punctuated by rapid changes following events like natural disasters. The evolutionary history and relationships between species can be modeled in cladograms or phylogenetic trees.
Evolution of populations
This document discusses population genetics and microevolution. It explains that evolution occurs at the genetic level through heritable changes in DNA, arising from various sources of genetic variation within populations like mutation, recombination, and random mating. The key concepts of gene pool, allele frequencies, genetic equilibrium, and Hardy-Weinberg principle are introduced to illustrate how evolution can result from changes in the distribution of alleles in a population over generations under the influence of genetic drift or natural selection.
Patterns of heredity and human genetics
This document discusses several patterns of human genetics and heredity, including simple dominant and incomplete dominant inheritance. It provides examples of traits that follow each pattern, such as tongue rolling being a simple dominant trait and flower color in plants being an example of incomplete dominance. The document also covers codominance, polygenic inheritance, sex determination and sex-linked traits such as hemophilia. It explains how traits can be influenced by sex hormones in some cases.
Dna to chromosomes
The document discusses how eukaryotic cells package DNA into chromatin and chromosomes. DNA is found in the form of chromatin during interphase, which involves tightly coiling DNA around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging, allowing the 2 meters of DNA in human cells to fit inside the nucleus. Chromosomes only form when cells are preparing to divide and reproduce, allowing DNA to be passed from parent cells to daughter cells.
Species interactions comm ecology
This document summarizes the five major types of species interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. It defines each interaction and provides examples. Predation involves one species consuming another for food, while competition occurs when two species require the same limited resources. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Mutualism is a cooperative relationship that benefits both species, such as pollination. In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is not affected.
The biosphere
The document summarizes the key spheres that make up Earth's biosphere - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and anthrosphere. It then discusses Biosphere 2, an artificial closed ecosystem experiment in Arizona meant to study interactions within a biosphere. The experiment identified issues like too much CO2 and not enough O2 or food production. It also summarizes the major biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus that are vital to life on Earth.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. It is initiated by disturbances that remove existing organisms or alter resources and habitat. There are two types of succession: primary succession occurs in areas without soil, while secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil following a disturbance. In both cases, pioneer species are the first to colonize, and succession progresses gradually until an equilibrium climax community dominated by less tolerant species is reached if undisturbed.
Unique properties of water
Water is a polar molecule that is essential for life. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as a solvent for biological molecules and reactions in living cells and organisms. Water has unique physical properties, such as a high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, that make it well-suited to regulate temperature and support life processes on Earth. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules also allow water to have high surface tension and influence many other physical phenomena.
Cells of the six kingdoms
There are six kingdoms that classify life on Earth - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotic. Protista can be unicellular or multicellular, Fungi and Plantae are multicellular, and Animalia are always multicellular. The kingdoms differ in their cell structures, body forms, and modes of nutrition, which can include photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition like phagocytosis, or secretion and absorption of enzymes
Cells
Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made of cells, and cells come only from other living cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document goes on to describe the structures and functions of various cell organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and others. It also compares the differences between plant and animal cells.
Introduction to ecology 2
This document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It explains that ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to the individual organism. It also defines biomes as large geographical areas with similar climates and ecosystems, and lists some major biomes such as tundra, taiga, and tropical rainforest. Finally, it discusses adaptations as traits that enhance an organism's survival and are maintained by natural selection.
Characteristics of life
This document outlines the 8 characteristics of living organisms: 1) unique biochemistry, 2) organization and cells, 3) response to stimulus, 4) homeostasis, 5) metabolism, 6) growth and development, 7) reproduction, and 8) adaptation and evolution. Each characteristic is defined and an example is provided to illustrate the meaning. The document explains that all living things share fundamental biochemical similarities and that cells are the basic functional units of living things.
Hierarchy of biology additional notes
The document discusses several key topics in biology including cells, tissues, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. It explains that cells are the basic structural and functional units of all life on Earth and can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Tissues, populations, and communities are discussed in the context of multicellular organisms. Ecosystems are natural systems consisting of biotic and abiotic factors in an area, while biomes represent major communities with similar environmental conditions over large geographic areas. Finally, the biosphere encompasses all global ecosystems within the zones of air, land, and water where life exists.
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Cells of the six kingdoms
This document describes the six kingdoms of life - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on the cell type, key cell structures, and body form of organisms within each kingdom. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotic. The kingdoms vary in whether cells have nuclei, cell walls, chloroplasts and whether organisms exist as unicellular or multicellular body forms.
Measuring biodiversity
This document discusses methods for quantifying biodiversity, including species richness, species evenness, and Simpson's Index. Species richness is a count of the total number of species in an area, while species evenness measures how similar the abundances of each species are. Simpson's Index incorporates both richness and evenness to calculate a single value representing biodiversity, with lower values indicating higher diversity as it takes into account the number of species and how evenly abundant each species is. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate and apply Simpson's Index using data on species abundances in different communities.
Themes of bio detailed
The document outlines the core unifying themes of biology, including evolution, heredity, diversity and unity of life, structure and function, cells, emergence, interdependence, regulation, energy transfer, and the nature of science. It describes how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life through natural selection and adaptation. It also discusses how genetic information is passed down through DNA and how organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships.
Daily Ranger
2LT Francis Q. Hoang kept a journal during Ranger School in the summer of 1995 shortly after graduating from West Point. The journal details Hoang's experiences through the Ranger Assessment Phase, including inprocessing, the Army Physical Fitness Test, Combat Water Survival Test, unpacking and repacking gear, a 5 mile run, equipment draw, inoculations, land navigation classes and testing, demonstrations of Ranger skills, the Water Confidence Test, hand-to-hand combat training, retesting land navigation, completing the Ranger Stakes assessment, a lengthy smoke session and obstacle course, and concluding with a 12 mile forced road march followed by classes on leadership drills. The journal serves as a guide for future Ranger students on
Population ecology part 1
This document discusses properties of populations including population size, density, and dispersion. It describes population growth rate and how populations are dynamic, changing in size over time. Exponential growth is described as rapid population growth after a few generations in the ideal scenario without limiting factors. However, all populations are ultimately limited by resources. There are two types of limiting factors - density-independent factors like weather that impact populations regardless of size, and density-dependent factors like resource availability that depend on population density. Logistic growth models population growth more realistically as an S-curve that accounts for limiting factors and reaches a carrying capacity.
Vorticella
Microscopic organisms called animalcules were first observed under the microscope in the late 1600s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who saw single-celled organisms moving in pond water. Leeuwenhoek's observations marked the discovery of microorganisms and helped establish microbiology as a field of scientific study. His findings challenged prevailing assumptions that life was visible to the naked eye and demonstrated the immense diversity of microscopic life that exists all around us.
Levels of classification
This document provides information on biological classification systems. It discusses why classifying living things is important, provides a brief history of classification methods, and describes the current system of classification. The current system is based on 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - which are further divided into kingdoms based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. The 6 kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom has distinguishing features that are described.
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Speciation
Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when populations become isolated from each other and diverge to the point that they can no longer interbreed. Isolation can be geographic, such as when physical barriers separate populations, or reproductive, such as when changes prevent successful mating. Speciation rates may be gradual over millions of years or punctuated by rapid changes following events like natural disasters. The evolutionary history and relationships between species can be modeled in cladograms or phylogenetic trees.
Evolution of populations
This document discusses population genetics and microevolution. It explains that evolution occurs at the genetic level through heritable changes in DNA, arising from various sources of genetic variation within populations like mutation, recombination, and random mating. The key concepts of gene pool, allele frequencies, genetic equilibrium, and Hardy-Weinberg principle are introduced to illustrate how evolution can result from changes in the distribution of alleles in a population over generations under the influence of genetic drift or natural selection.
Patterns of heredity and human genetics
This document discusses several patterns of human genetics and heredity, including simple dominant and incomplete dominant inheritance. It provides examples of traits that follow each pattern, such as tongue rolling being a simple dominant trait and flower color in plants being an example of incomplete dominance. The document also covers codominance, polygenic inheritance, sex determination and sex-linked traits such as hemophilia. It explains how traits can be influenced by sex hormones in some cases.
Dna to chromosomes
The document discusses how eukaryotic cells package DNA into chromatin and chromosomes. DNA is found in the form of chromatin during interphase, which involves tightly coiling DNA around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging, allowing the 2 meters of DNA in human cells to fit inside the nucleus. Chromosomes only form when cells are preparing to divide and reproduce, allowing DNA to be passed from parent cells to daughter cells.
Species interactions comm ecology
This document summarizes the five major types of species interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. It defines each interaction and provides examples. Predation involves one species consuming another for food, while competition occurs when two species require the same limited resources. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Mutualism is a cooperative relationship that benefits both species, such as pollination. In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is not affected.
The biosphere
The document summarizes the key spheres that make up Earth's biosphere - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and anthrosphere. It then discusses Biosphere 2, an artificial closed ecosystem experiment in Arizona meant to study interactions within a biosphere. The experiment identified issues like too much CO2 and not enough O2 or food production. It also summarizes the major biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus that are vital to life on Earth.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. It is initiated by disturbances that remove existing organisms or alter resources and habitat. There are two types of succession: primary succession occurs in areas without soil, while secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil following a disturbance. In both cases, pioneer species are the first to colonize, and succession progresses gradually until an equilibrium climax community dominated by less tolerant species is reached if undisturbed.
Unique properties of water
Water is a polar molecule that is essential for life. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as a solvent for biological molecules and reactions in living cells and organisms. Water has unique physical properties, such as a high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, that make it well-suited to regulate temperature and support life processes on Earth. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules also allow water to have high surface tension and influence many other physical phenomena.
Cells of the six kingdoms
There are six kingdoms that classify life on Earth - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotic. Protista can be unicellular or multicellular, Fungi and Plantae are multicellular, and Animalia are always multicellular. The kingdoms differ in their cell structures, body forms, and modes of nutrition, which can include photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition like phagocytosis, or secretion and absorption of enzymes
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Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made of cells, and cells come only from other living cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document goes on to describe the structures and functions of various cell organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and others. It also compares the differences between plant and animal cells.
Introduction to ecology 2
This document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It explains that ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to the individual organism. It also defines biomes as large geographical areas with similar climates and ecosystems, and lists some major biomes such as tundra, taiga, and tropical rainforest. Finally, it discusses adaptations as traits that enhance an organism's survival and are maintained by natural selection.
Characteristics of life
This document outlines the 8 characteristics of living organisms: 1) unique biochemistry, 2) organization and cells, 3) response to stimulus, 4) homeostasis, 5) metabolism, 6) growth and development, 7) reproduction, and 8) adaptation and evolution. Each characteristic is defined and an example is provided to illustrate the meaning. The document explains that all living things share fundamental biochemical similarities and that cells are the basic functional units of living things.
Hierarchy of biology additional notes
The document discusses several key topics in biology including cells, tissues, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. It explains that cells are the basic structural and functional units of all life on Earth and can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Tissues, populations, and communities are discussed in the context of multicellular organisms. Ecosystems are natural systems consisting of biotic and abiotic factors in an area, while biomes represent major communities with similar environmental conditions over large geographic areas. Finally, the biosphere encompasses all global ecosystems within the zones of air, land, and water where life exists.
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Hierarchy of biology
This document outlines the levels of organization in biology from the subatomic to the biosphere, as well as the core concepts covered in biology. It begins with subatomic particles and atoms/ions, then moves up through compounds, nanosystems, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, populations and communities, ecosystems, biomes and the biosphere. It also lists the five core ideas typically covered in biology: unity and diversity, structure and function, energy and regulation, interdependence, and science, technology and society.
Introduction to HBS: Unifying Themes
Introduction to the course of Human Body Systems (and how it relates to basic anatomy and physiology)
What is biology and Why study biology?
Biology is the study of living things, life processes, habitats, interactions, history and future of life. It examines all kingdoms including animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria and archaebacteria. Studying biology is important because living things are interdependent and human existence relies on other organisms. Understanding biology has allowed humans to develop agriculture, solve medical problems, and be curious about their place in the world. Continued discovery will provide knowledge to improve lives and ensure a healthy future for our planet.
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The document summarizes the body's immune defenses against infection. It describes two main types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides nonspecific defenses like skin barriers and phagocytes; and acquired (adaptive) immunity, which develops after exposure and provides pathogen-specific responses using B cells, T cells, antibodies, and immunological memory. The immune system uses successive lines of defense, from physical barriers and phagocytes to inflammation and antibodies, to protect the body. Vaccines help produce active immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed pathogens.
Lymphatic system notes
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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