Reporting in Understanding culture

1. Starting Points for the
Understanding of Culture
Society,
and Politics
Happy new year!!!

2. Lesson 1
Essentials in Studying
Culture,
Society, And Politics
Lesson 2
Anthropological and
Sociological
Perspectives on Culture
and
Society

3. Lesson 1
Essentials in Studying
Culture,
Society, And Politics

4. Natural Science and
Social Science

5. Social Science is the study of how
people behave and interact in
society and culture, using organized
methods and research. According to
Nisbet (1974), it includes subjects
like anthropology, sociology, political
science, economics, psychology, and
geography. Social scientists use
research to study how people act
and think, and they understand that
these behaviors can change over
time.

6. Social Science and Natural
Science are both types of science,
but they focus on different
things. Natural Science studies
nature, like how the world works
and what it's made of. Social
Science, on the other hand,
studies people, society, and
relationships. This difference
makes Social Science interesting
because it helps us understand
how people interact and live
together, leading to new fields of
study about human behavior and
society.

7. Sociol

8. Sociology is the study of human
relationships, society, and
interactions. A person's behavior
can change when they are part of a
group, which led to the creation of
sociology as a key field in Social
Sciences. The word "sociology"
comes from the Latin socius
(companion) and the Greek logos
(study). It focuses on
understanding social and political
issues in modern society.

9. The Industrial Revolution brought major changes in
technology, work, and daily life, pulling people from
their homes, disrupting routines, and weakening
family bonds. These changes inspired Auguste Comte
(1798-1857) to study society, leading him to coin the
term sociology in 1838. He aimed to understand and
improve society’s development and operations.Comte
introduced Positivism in his works Course on Positive
Philosophy (1830-1842) and System of Positive Polity
(1851-1854). He emphasized using scientific methods—
evidence, experiments, and statistics—to study how
societies and individuals interact, helping sociologists
analyze society more clearly and systematically.

10. Karl Marx (1818–1883), a German philosopher and
economist, wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with
Friedrich Engels. This book explained Marx's idea that
society changes because of class struggles over resources
and production, disagreeing with Comte’s views on
positivism. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) helped make
sociology a recognized field of study, officially
establishing it at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. In his
book The Division of Labor in Society (1893), he studied
how societies changed from simple to industrial and
capitalist. In Suicide (1897), he researched suicide rates in
Catholic and Protestant communities, showing that social
and religious factors, not just individual psychology,
influenced these differences.

11. Max Weber (1864–1920) was a key figure in sociology who
focused on rationalization—the shift towards using reason
and science to understand the world. This led modern society
to rely heavily on scientific thinking. Weber introduced
bureaucracy as a structured and efficient way of organizing
life, based on scientific principles. However, this focus on
efficiency often reduced the importance of personal
relationships and emotional connections.
Generally, Sociology is the study of society, where people
interact and work together to achieve shared goals that they
cannot accomplish alone (Gordon, 1991, p.3).

12. Areas
of

13. It can be said that social science disciplines are
interrelated to one another
because of the nature and the core of its focus.
Thus, the following are the scope that
is encompassed by sociology.
1. Social Organization
2. Social Psychology
3. Human Ecology
4. Applied Sociology
5. Population Studies
6. Social Change
7. Sociological Theory and Research

14. Anthropolo
gy

15. Anthropology, a branch of Social Science, helps us
understand human identity as a whole. The word
comes from the Latin anthropos (man) and the
Greek logos (study). It studies all aspects of
humans, including biological evolution and social
and cultural traits that set humans apart from
other animals. Anthropology has several branches.
Physical anthropology studies human biology and
evolution. Social, cultural, psychological, and
linguistic anthropology focus on human
interactions and cultures. Archaeology, a key part
of anthropology since the late 19th century,
examines prehistoric cultures through artifacts,
helping scientists understand and analyze human
history (Kuper et al., 2007).

16. Anthropology developed from scientific progress in
the Western world, inspired by Charles Darwin’s,
On the Origin of Species (1859). Darwin’s ideas
encouraged scientists to study not only how
humans evolved biologically but also how their
cultures changed over time. Thinkers like Spencer,
Morgan, and Tylor explored the idea of cultural
evolution. Bronislaw Malinowski created the
participant observation method to study culture.
This means living with a group of people for a long
time to learn about their values, knowledge, and
way of life from their point of view (Howell, 2018). It
helps researchers understand the group more
deeply by becoming part of their daily lives.

17. Franz Boas, known as the Father of American
Anthropology, focused on opposing racism and
rejecting the idea that cultures evolve in a single, fixed
way. Instead, he supported historical particularism,
which says each society has its own unique culture
that can’t be compared to others. He also promoted
cultural relativism, the idea that all cultures, whether
simple or complex, are equally valuable.
The word "culture" comes from the Latin cultura,
meaning cultivation. British anthropologist Edward B.
Tylor defined culture in his book Primitive Culture
(1871) as "that complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all
aspects of man as a member of society." This
definition is widely used to understand and study
culture.

18. Branches
of
Anthropol

19. The discipline of anthropology has diverse
branches that studies different level
of expertise within the bounds of human social,
cultural, and physical background.
1. Cultural Anthropology – The study of people
with their variations and progress
in terms of culture. It also deals with the
description and analysis of the forms
and styles of social life of past and present ages.
2. Linguistic Anthropology – The study of language
mainly but not exclusively
among humans. It also deals with the study of
communication’s origins,
history, and contemporary variation.

20. 3. Archaeology – The study of past human cultures
through their material
remains. It also the study of past human culture
through the recovery and
analysis of artifacts.
4. Biological Anthropology – The study of humans
as biological organisms,
including their evolution and contemporary
variation.
5. Applied Anthropology – They analyze social,
political, and economic problems
and develop solutions to respond to present
problems.

21. Political
Science

22. The term Political Science comes from two
ancient words:
"Political" is from the Greek word polis,
meaning “city-state.“
"Science" is from the Latin word scire,
meaning "to know.“

23. Political Science is a branch of social science that
focuses on the study of the state, government, and
politics. It examines political theories, practices,
systems, and behaviors.
Compared to other social sciences, Political Science
has a long and complex history. Its roots go back to
ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle. Later, it took a religious direction with
Augustine and became more secular through
thinkers like Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and
Rousseau. These modern philosophers helped
explain how Western societies evolved from
primitive conditions to democratic systems. Their
ideas shaped our understanding of modern politics
and democracy.

24. Areas
of
Politic
al

25. To understand the nature of political science, it’s
important to know that it covers key parts of our
society, mainly:
1. Political Theory – It focuses on the basic
ideas, structure, actions, and functions of how a
state works.
2. Public Law – It refers to the rules and laws that
guide how the government is organized and works.
3. Public Administration – It is a field of study
that focuses on public service and how
governments work.

26. 4. Political Dynamics – It is a part of Political
Science that looks at how different social forces
shape political decisions and actions.
5. Government and Business – It focuses on
the role of government in regulating and overseeing
businesses and corporations, especially in relation
to the national economy.
6. Legislatures and Legislation – Legislation is
a complex process that can also be studied as a
field. It helps explain how laws are made, the
structure of the law-making body, and how it is
organized.

27. 7. International Relations – It involves studying a
country's foreign policy and how different factors—like
geography, technology, psychology, and politics—affect
and shape that policy.
8. International Law – It is a system of agreements
and treaties that outline the duties one country has to
another.
9. Comparative Government – It is a field that
studies and examines the overall structure of
governments in all countries. This includes the
different branches (executive, legislative, and
judicial), their constitutions, laws, organizations,
foreign policies, political parties, processes, and their
economic, social, and political roles, as well as their
cultures and traditions.

28. Importance
of Studying
Culture,
Society and

29. ON CULTURE
We need to understand how people relate to
their environment and recognize the role of
culture in our lives. Banaag (2012) suggested
that culture serves many purposes and is
important in various ways. We need to
understand how people relate to their
environment and recognize the role of culture
in our lives. Banaag (2012) suggested that
culture serves many purposes and is important
in various ways.

30. • Culture helps people be creative and resourceful by
adapting to their environment to survive.
• Culture defines acceptable social behaviors, like
manners, roles, and duties, through customs,
traditions, and laws.
• Culture communicates meaning through both words
and actions.
• Culture creates useful objects, such as tools,
equipment, buildings, and technology.
• Culture improves human life, making it more
enjoyable, easier, and comfortable.

31. On Society
Societies are created when people
interact with each other. Members need
to know their roles and responsibilities to
keep things organized. So, society is
important for:

32. • Building human connections and
relationships.
• Showing the identity of its members.
• Defining the boundaries of a territory.
• Representing political freedom and
economic cooperation.

33. On Politics
Every society has its own unique political structure.
Political science focuses on studying government and
state processes. To understand politics better, we can
think of it as asking who gets what, where, when, and
how.
Politics is an important and necessary response to
everyday challenges, as collective action is often more
effective than acting alone. According to Lazo (2009), the
goal of Political Science is to teach citizenship. It
encourages students to participate in society and
understand their duties and responsibilities. It helps
students:

34. • Understand the theories, concepts, and
principles of governance, public
administration, and political dynamics.
• Learn the importance of following and
respecting state policies and laws.
• Prepare for careers in law, government
service, and other professions that require
knowledge of legal matters and procedures.

35. The Goals of
Anthropology,
Sociology, and
Political Science

36. Studying anthropology, sociology, and political
science helps us understand how different
societies live and what gives their lives meaning.
It shows us how society works through its culture,
influenced by both inside and outside forces of
power. This helps us learn the goals of these three
fields.

38. Lesson 2
Anthropological and
Sociological Perspectives
on Culture and
Society

39. Perspectives on
Culture

40. Culture is a broad and complex term that's
hard to define. Many scholars and social
scientists have different views on what culture
truly means. Since culture covers everything
about human life, it's difficult for experts from
various fields to agree on a single definition.
Matthew Arnold, in his Culture and Anarchy
(1867), said that culture, or "high culture," is
different from popular culture (or folkways).
He believed that high culture is created
through special intellectual or artistic efforts
made by humans.

41. Kroeber & Kluckhohn (1952) defined culture as a
collection of behaviors (both visible and hidden) that
are learned and passed on through symbols. It
includes the unique achievements of a human
group, expressed in things like artifacts, traditional
ideas, and values. They also mentioned that culture
systems are the result of actions influenced by the
social environment.
Schwartz said that culture is made up of experiences
that are organized, learned, or created by individuals
in a society. These experiences, including images
and interpretations, are passed down from one
generation to the next.

42. Aspects of Culture

43. Key aspects of culture that improve human
interaction and socialization include:
1. Dynamic, Flexible, & Adaptive
•Culture constantly changes over time. It depends
on the structure of society and the ability of its
members to adapt and respond.
2. Shared & Contested
• Culture, through its elements, is shared by
groups of people who live together. It helps
members predict each other's behavior, but it
doesn’t guarantee that everyone will think or act
the same way.

44. 3. Learned through socialization or enculturation
• Culture is learned through practice and is a
continuous process. It is a lifelong journey
where social interaction plays a key role.
4. Patterned social interactions
• Culture creates patterned behaviors and social
interactions that are passed down through
socialization and learning cultural traditions.
5. Integrated and at times unstable
• For culture to function properly, its components
must stay connected. Language, in particular,
must preserve its ideas and values to ensure
successful communication from one person to
another.

45. 6. Transmitted through socialization/Enculturation
Socialization is the process of learning and
adopting the rules and patterns of society
(Sociological Perspective), while enculturation is
the process of learning and adopting the customs
and behaviors of a culture (Anthropological
Perspective).
7. Requires language and other forms of
communication
• Culture can be successfully passed on if it uses
language and other forms of communication
that fit within its context.

46. Types of Culture

47. Culture is made up of:
• Material culture - includes things you can see
and touch, like objects and tools.
• Non-material culture - includes things you
can't touch, like beliefs, ideas, and values. Both
are found in every society.

49. Elements of
Culture

50. To fully understand the concept of culture,
it’s important to know the different
elements that make it up. The University
of Minnesota (2010) listed these elements:

52. Theoretical
Perspectives on
Society

53. The term "society" has greatly influenced
experts in social science. It helped them
understand society as a system of rules,
authority, cooperation, groups, and divisions,
with both control over and freedom for human
behavior. These ideas helped modern scholars
better understand society. Auguste Comte, the
Father of Sociology, created the term sociology
and described society as a social organism
with a balanced structure and function. His
followers were inspired to share their own
views on society.

54. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) believed that
emerging societies were based on survival and
natural law. He said that people in society
must adapt to their environment to survive the
conditions around them.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) had a different view. He
argued that societies develop through class
conflicts, where workers struggle against
capitalists due to exploitation. This conflict
drives social change, and Marx believed that
the only way to end it was through a social
revolution.

55. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) believed that society
is made up of elements like individuals,
organizations, and institutions, which must work
together to function properly. If they are out of
balance, problems can occur.
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) and other
scholars focused on symbolic interactionism, which
looks at how individuals interact using language
and symbols. Herbert Blumer (1969) studied how
people attach meaning to things based on the
situation. Erving Goffman (1958) compared social
interactions to a play, where people act according
to their roles.

56. Charles Horton Cooley (1902) believed that society
and individuals are connected, not separate. He
developed the concept of the "looking glass self,"
which suggests that how we view ourselves is
influenced by how others see us. Our identity or
personality changes based on others' perceptions
of us.
Contemporary scholars like Morris Ginsberg (1921)
said that society is a group of people connected by
specific behaviors, which set them apart from
others with different behaviors. Franklin Giddings
(1922) stated that society is a unified organization,
made up of all the formal relationships that bring
people together.

57. THANK
YOU!
Hope you had
fun!