The document outlines the timeline of the pharmacy profession from the 1900s to 2000s. It describes major events and developments over the decades, including the establishment of pharmacy schools and regulations, discoveries of new drugs, expanded roles of pharmacists, and the creation of organizations like the FDA. The timeline shows how pharmacists transitioned from compounding medications to taking on more clinical roles as advisors on drug therapy and members of healthcare teams.
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
The document outlines the process for generic drug dispensing. A prescription is first evaluated to determine if it is correct, erroneous, or violative/impossible. If correct, the prescription is filled and filed. If erroneous, the prescription is filled but also reported. If violative or impossible, it is not filled but still reported. The customer is then informed of generic alternatives and prices before dispensing their selection.
This document summarizes amendments made to Administrative Order 56 s. 1989 regarding rules and regulations on licensing drug establishments and other authorizations in the Philippines. The amendments were made to align drug establishment licensing with recently passed laws, streamline regulatory processes, and promote electronic transactions. Key changes include expanding the scope to various entities involved with pharmaceutical products, defining important terms, and requiring licenses or permits for various activities involving pharmaceuticals.
The document provides an overview of dispensing and medication counseling. It discusses the dispensing process which involves 6 steps: receiving and validating prescriptions, interpreting prescriptions, preparing and labeling items, making a final check, recording actions taken, and issuing medicine with instructions. Key aspects of each step are outlined such as selecting the proper stock, counting medications accurately, and ensuring the dispensed items match the prescription. The importance of accuracy, cleanliness and quality control throughout the dispensing process is emphasized.
This document outlines the Philippine National Drug Policy and provides information about the 7th edition of the Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) Volume I. The five pillars of the Philippine National Drug Policy are described which aim to ensure drug quality, promote rational drug use, develop local pharmaceutical industry, implement targeted government drug procurement, and empower the public. The PNDF Volume I is the country's essential medicines list and is regularly updated by the National Formulary Committee. Key details provided in this document include acknowledgements, definitions, guidelines, and statistics related to the 7th edition of the PNDF Volume I.
The document discusses the subdivisions of hospital pharmacy. It begins with introducing hospital pharmacy and its objectives like ensuring availability of right medication. It then describes the various subdivisions like administrative service division, education and training division, in-patient services division, out-patient services division, drug information services division, departmental services division, purchasing and inventory control division, central supply services division, assay and quality control division, manufacturing and packaging division, sterile products division, radiopharmaceutical services division, and intravenous admixture division. Each subdivision is assigned specific responsibilities for efficient functioning of the hospital pharmacy.
This document discusses drug metabolism and biotransformation. It describes the two main phases:
1) Phase I reactions introduce functional groups like hydroxyl or carboxyl to make compounds more hydrophilic.
2) Phase II or conjugation reactions attach endogenous compounds like glucuronic acid or sulfate to phase I metabolites or parent compounds, forming water-soluble conjugated products that are pharmacologically inactive.
The document provides examples of oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic phase I reactions and glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acid, acetylation, and methylation phase II conjugations.
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
The document outlines the process for generic drug dispensing. A prescription is first evaluated to determine if it is correct, erroneous, or violative/impossible. If correct, the prescription is filled and filed. If erroneous, the prescription is filled but also reported. If violative or impossible, it is not filled but still reported. The customer is then informed of generic alternatives and prices before dispensing their selection.
This document summarizes amendments made to Administrative Order 56 s. 1989 regarding rules and regulations on licensing drug establishments and other authorizations in the Philippines. The amendments were made to align drug establishment licensing with recently passed laws, streamline regulatory processes, and promote electronic transactions. Key changes include expanding the scope to various entities involved with pharmaceutical products, defining important terms, and requiring licenses or permits for various activities involving pharmaceuticals.
The document provides an overview of dispensing and medication counseling. It discusses the dispensing process which involves 6 steps: receiving and validating prescriptions, interpreting prescriptions, preparing and labeling items, making a final check, recording actions taken, and issuing medicine with instructions. Key aspects of each step are outlined such as selecting the proper stock, counting medications accurately, and ensuring the dispensed items match the prescription. The importance of accuracy, cleanliness and quality control throughout the dispensing process is emphasized.
This document outlines the Philippine National Drug Policy and provides information about the 7th edition of the Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) Volume I. The five pillars of the Philippine National Drug Policy are described which aim to ensure drug quality, promote rational drug use, develop local pharmaceutical industry, implement targeted government drug procurement, and empower the public. The PNDF Volume I is the country's essential medicines list and is regularly updated by the National Formulary Committee. Key details provided in this document include acknowledgements, definitions, guidelines, and statistics related to the 7th edition of the PNDF Volume I.
The document discusses the subdivisions of hospital pharmacy. It begins with introducing hospital pharmacy and its objectives like ensuring availability of right medication. It then describes the various subdivisions like administrative service division, education and training division, in-patient services division, out-patient services division, drug information services division, departmental services division, purchasing and inventory control division, central supply services division, assay and quality control division, manufacturing and packaging division, sterile products division, radiopharmaceutical services division, and intravenous admixture division. Each subdivision is assigned specific responsibilities for efficient functioning of the hospital pharmacy.
This document discusses drug metabolism and biotransformation. It describes the two main phases:
1) Phase I reactions introduce functional groups like hydroxyl or carboxyl to make compounds more hydrophilic.
2) Phase II or conjugation reactions attach endogenous compounds like glucuronic acid or sulfate to phase I metabolites or parent compounds, forming water-soluble conjugated products that are pharmacologically inactive.
The document provides examples of oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic phase I reactions and glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acid, acetylation, and methylation phase II conjugations.
Ancient man learned to cure illnesses from nature, using crude methods like leaves, water, or mud that sometimes evolved into modern treatments. Early Indian medicine relied on plant, animal, and mineral drugs without standardization, often kept secret in families. Buddha and others in ancient India like Sushruta and Jivaka practiced early forms of medicine and surgery, contributing to fields like anatomy, anesthesia, and massage therapy. Monks helped preserve early medical knowledge and gathered herbs to treat the sick. The development of early pharmacies and standardized pharmacopoeias in places like Baghdad, Italy, and England helped professionalize the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
This document provides an overview of the history of pharmacy. It discusses:
- The roots of pharmacy dating back to ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese civilizations over 4000 years ago where medicines were prepared and sold.
- The development of formal pharmacy education beginning with the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1821.
- The changing role of pharmacists in the 20th century with the rise of the pharmaceutical industry and standardized medications. Pharmacists shifted from compounding medications to dispensing and advising on pre-made drugs.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of pharmacy. Some key points:
- Pharmacy has its origins in ancient civilizations where herbalists and healers developed early medicines and remedies. It evolved through Greek, Roman, Islamic and European traditions.
- Modern pharmacy emerged in the 19th century with the development of pharmaceutical sciences, standardized drug production, and pharmacy education in universities.
- The document then summarizes the history of pharmacy in the Philippines, from traditional herbal medicine practices, to its establishment as a university program at the University of Santo Tomas, and its further development under Spanish and American rule.
Chem m6 colligative properties of solutiondionesioable
This document provides a module on colligative properties of solutions for secondary education. It discusses four colligative properties: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. The module is divided into four lessons that define and provide examples of each property. It also includes pre- and post-tests for students to assess their understanding. The overall goal is for students to understand colligative properties, how they depend only on the number of dissolved particles, and their importance in daily life.
I. This document discusses different methods of drug distribution in hospitals including individual prescription orders, floor stock systems, unit dose dispensing, and outpatient versus inpatient distribution.
II. The main types of drug distribution systems covered are individual prescription ordering, complete floor stocking, a combination of the two, and unit dose dispensing.
III. Key aspects of each system like advantages, disadvantages, and procedures are summarized.
The document discusses the process of writing and filling prescriptions. It begins by defining what a prescription is and its key components such as the prescriber information, patient details, medication name and dosage, and instructions. It then covers the different types of prescriptions and parts of a prescription order. The remainder of the document outlines the steps a pharmacist takes to fill a prescription, including receiving, checking, preparing, labeling, packaging, pricing, and delivering the medication to the patient. Special considerations like auxiliary labels, refills, and counseling are also addressed.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
This document outlines the goals and organization of a hospital pharmacy service. It discusses that the pharmacy service aims to (1) provide qualified pharmacy services to patients and health professionals, (2) assure high quality practice through standards and promotion, (3) promote research, and (4) disseminate pharmaceutical knowledge. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of pharmacy staff, including effective administration, developing patient-oriented clinical services, compounding preparations, providing drug information, participating in research and education, and ensuring quality assurance. The pharmacy is organized under the hospital administration and led by a licensed pharmacist to achieve its objectives through proper management.
The document provides an overview of dispensing and medication counseling. It discusses the dispensing process which involves 6 steps: receiving and validating prescriptions, interpreting prescriptions, preparing and labeling items, making a final check, recording actions taken, and issuing medicine with instructions. Key aspects of each step are outlined such as selecting the proper stock, counting medications accurately, and ensuring quality control checks. The importance of environment, personnel qualifications, and following standard operating procedures are emphasized for ensuring safe and effective dispensing.
Dispensing Lab Specialized Drug Delivery Systems And Health Accessoriesdunerafael
This document discusses specialized drug delivery systems and provides advice on their proper use. It defines and illustrates different specialized dosage forms like implants, insufflations, irrigation solutions, and more. Regarding implants, it advises monitoring for pain and avoiding heavy lifting for 24 hours. It recommends inhaling all of the aerosol when using a nebulizer. Allied professionals are advised that only surgeons can implant devices and to watch for swelling and bruising after a procedure.
This document provides an overview of hospital and community pharmacy. It defines hospital pharmacy as dealing with patient care and medication to promote health, working closely with doctors. Community pharmacy deals directly with the local community, compounding medications and providing counseling. The scopes of hospital and community pharmacy are compared, noting that community pharmacy serves the general public while hospital pharmacy focuses on inpatients and outpatients. Key roles and responsibilities of community pharmacists are outlined, including filling prescriptions, advising on minor ailments, and administering vaccines. The document also discusses pharmacy management, prescription handling, inventory control, and the code of ethics for pharmacists.
The document provides an overview of the pharmaceutical market in the Philippines through a study conducted by Nadia Dias. It discusses the country's demographic landscape including population statistics, economic factors, healthcare system, and pharmaceutical supply chain. The market is growing at a moderate rate, with opportunities for foreign investment in manufacturing and distribution. However, poverty and access to healthcare remain challenges, especially in rural areas. Political and regulatory reforms aim to further liberalize the market while improving health outcomes for Filipinos.
Amendments made in RA 10918 (Philippine Pharmacy Law).pptxRuweeObogne
Amendments made in RA 10918 (Philippine Pharmacy Law)
This bill seeks to standardize and regulate pharmacy education; examine registration of graduates of schools and colleges of pharmacy; supervise, control and regulate the practice of pharmacy; enhance professional competence through continuing professional development and research; and integrate pharmacy profession. Further, the PRC and the Professional Regulatory Board of Pharmacy shall have the primary responsibility to conduct licensure examinations for pharmacists; approve the registration of pharmacists and the certification of drug handlers, prepare, adopt and issue the Table of Specifications; among others.
1. RA 10918 expands the scope of the pharmacist’s tasks to include immunization;
2. Professionalization of the pharmacy workforce by upgrading the level of pharmacy assistants to NC III, requiring more stringent rules on evaluation of pharmacy personnel and pharmacy licensing;
3. A person is deemed to be practicing pharmacy, within the meaning of this Act now also includes:
A.) Administration of adult vaccines as approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Provided, That they shall undergo the training on the safe administration of adult vaccines and management of adverse event following immunization (AEFI) for pharmacists and hold a certificate of training issued by an institution duly accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC); Provided, further, That the safe administration of vaccines be part of the higher education curriculum for pharmacists; or
B.) Conduct or undertake scientific research in all aspects involving pharmaceutical products and health care; or
C.) Provide other services where pharmaceutical knowledge is required
This document summarizes amendments made to Administrative Order 56 s. 1989 regarding rules and regulations on licensing drug establishments and other authorizations in the Philippines. The amendments were made to align drug establishment licensing with recently passed laws, streamline regulatory processes, and promote electronic transactions. Key changes include expanding the scope to various entities involved with pharmaceutical products, defining important terms, and requiring licenses or permits for various activities involving pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses labels for pharmaceutical products. It defines a label and describes two main types - manufacturer labels and dispensing labels. Manufacturer labels contain drug information for medical professionals and must include the name, strength, dosage form, quantity, instructions, precautions, registration number, batch number, dates and manufacturer details. Dispensing labels are affixed by pharmacists and include the patient's name, prescription number, directions for use, pharmacy information and sometimes interactions. Labels provide important information to ensure drugs are used safely and effectively.
- Pharmacy has a long history dating back 50,000 years when early humans used plants for medicinal purposes. The first authenticated prescription dates to 3700 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.
- Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India made important contributions to early pharmacy through documenting medicinal plants and preparations in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, De Materia Medica, and early Ayurvedic writings.
- The modern practice of pharmacy developed over centuries with the establishment of the first pharmacies/apothecaries in the 17th-18th centuries and the founding of national pharmaceutical societies in the 19th century that helped regulate qualifications and standards.
A hospital staff pharmacist provides pharmacy services to both inpatients and outpatients at a hospital. They work closely with doctors and nurses to administer medications to patients and may prepare specialized medications. Hospital pharmacists are experts in medications and work to ensure patients receive the best treatment. Key responsibilities include dispensing prescriptions accurately, advising medical staff on drug selection and dosage, and educating patients. A degree in pharmacy is required to become a licensed hospital pharmacist.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of managing a community pharmacy. It discusses the functions of a community pharmacy including dispensing medicines, providing health information to patients, and patient counseling. It also covers important topics such as locating a pharmacy, financing options, risk management and insurance, purchasing and inventory control. The document provides guidance on analyzing the best location for a pharmacy based on factors like population, competition and traffic. It also outlines various methods for purchasing pharmaceutical products and maintaining appropriate inventory levels.
pharmacy, the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agentshttps://labwork360.com/
73What is Special Education 1iStockphotoThinkstock.docxalinainglis
73
What is Special Education? 1
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Pre-Test
1. You can use the terms disability and handicap interchangeably. T/F
2. The history of special education began in Europe. T/F
3. The first American legislation that protected students with disabilities was passed in the 1950s. T/F
4. All students with disabilities should be educated in special education classrooms. T/F
5. Special education law is constantly reinterpreted. T/F
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
4Accreditation, Regulation, and
Agencies of Healthcare Quality
Alex Brandon/AP/Associated Press
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
• Illustrate how healthcare policies, rules and regulations, and guidelines impact quality of care.
• Analyze the role of accreditors, including The Joint Commission, along with major steps in the
accreditation of healthcare organizations.
• Evaluate the role of Leapfrog group on quality of healthcare and the methodology used to compute
the hospital safety score.
• Analyze the structure and process of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
accreditation for health plans.
• Assess the role of several government institutions on the quality of care.
fin81226_04_c04_073-118.indd 73 10/30/14 7:41 PM
Introduction
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, there were few federal regulations to protect the public from
dangerous drugs. Many harmful products were freely sold, such as William Radam’s Microbe
Killer and Benjamin Bye’s Soothing Balmy Oils to cure cancer. As is sometimes the case, trag-
edy brought about the first real regulation to protect consumers health and safety. The Bio-
logics Control Act was passed in 1902 after two incidents involving the deaths of children
caused by contaminated vaccines. The law mandated producers in the U.S. to be licensed each
year for the manufacture and sale of biologics such as antitoxins, serum, and vaccines to pre-
vent future tragedies from reoccurring. That was followed by the Pure Food and Drugs Act in
1906, which prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks,
and drugs and mandated strict health safety and testing policies. The law was passed mainly
in response to shocking public disclosures of unsanitary conditions in meat packing plants, as
well as fears over poisonous preservatives and dyes in foods.
However, the 1906 law had its shortcomings and the government’s hands were tied when it
came to preventing the sale of medicinal products that carried wild claims of health cures.
In 1910, the government stopped sales of a product called Dr. Johnson’s Mild Combination
Treatment for Cancer, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the company because the prod-
uct’s false claims were not within the scope of the Pure Food and Drugs Act (Meadows, 2006).
As a result, in 1912, Congress passed the Sherley Amendment, which prohibited labels on
medicines that fals.
Ancient man learned to cure illnesses from nature, using crude methods like leaves, water, or mud that sometimes evolved into modern treatments. Early Indian medicine relied on plant, animal, and mineral drugs without standardization, often kept secret in families. Buddha and others in ancient India like Sushruta and Jivaka practiced early forms of medicine and surgery, contributing to fields like anatomy, anesthesia, and massage therapy. Monks helped preserve early medical knowledge and gathered herbs to treat the sick. The development of early pharmacies and standardized pharmacopoeias in places like Baghdad, Italy, and England helped professionalize the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
This document provides an overview of the history of pharmacy. It discusses:
- The roots of pharmacy dating back to ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese civilizations over 4000 years ago where medicines were prepared and sold.
- The development of formal pharmacy education beginning with the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1821.
- The changing role of pharmacists in the 20th century with the rise of the pharmaceutical industry and standardized medications. Pharmacists shifted from compounding medications to dispensing and advising on pre-made drugs.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of pharmacy. Some key points:
- Pharmacy has its origins in ancient civilizations where herbalists and healers developed early medicines and remedies. It evolved through Greek, Roman, Islamic and European traditions.
- Modern pharmacy emerged in the 19th century with the development of pharmaceutical sciences, standardized drug production, and pharmacy education in universities.
- The document then summarizes the history of pharmacy in the Philippines, from traditional herbal medicine practices, to its establishment as a university program at the University of Santo Tomas, and its further development under Spanish and American rule.
Chem m6 colligative properties of solutiondionesioable
This document provides a module on colligative properties of solutions for secondary education. It discusses four colligative properties: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. The module is divided into four lessons that define and provide examples of each property. It also includes pre- and post-tests for students to assess their understanding. The overall goal is for students to understand colligative properties, how they depend only on the number of dissolved particles, and their importance in daily life.
I. This document discusses different methods of drug distribution in hospitals including individual prescription orders, floor stock systems, unit dose dispensing, and outpatient versus inpatient distribution.
II. The main types of drug distribution systems covered are individual prescription ordering, complete floor stocking, a combination of the two, and unit dose dispensing.
III. Key aspects of each system like advantages, disadvantages, and procedures are summarized.
The document discusses the process of writing and filling prescriptions. It begins by defining what a prescription is and its key components such as the prescriber information, patient details, medication name and dosage, and instructions. It then covers the different types of prescriptions and parts of a prescription order. The remainder of the document outlines the steps a pharmacist takes to fill a prescription, including receiving, checking, preparing, labeling, packaging, pricing, and delivering the medication to the patient. Special considerations like auxiliary labels, refills, and counseling are also addressed.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
This document outlines the goals and organization of a hospital pharmacy service. It discusses that the pharmacy service aims to (1) provide qualified pharmacy services to patients and health professionals, (2) assure high quality practice through standards and promotion, (3) promote research, and (4) disseminate pharmaceutical knowledge. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of pharmacy staff, including effective administration, developing patient-oriented clinical services, compounding preparations, providing drug information, participating in research and education, and ensuring quality assurance. The pharmacy is organized under the hospital administration and led by a licensed pharmacist to achieve its objectives through proper management.
The document provides an overview of dispensing and medication counseling. It discusses the dispensing process which involves 6 steps: receiving and validating prescriptions, interpreting prescriptions, preparing and labeling items, making a final check, recording actions taken, and issuing medicine with instructions. Key aspects of each step are outlined such as selecting the proper stock, counting medications accurately, and ensuring quality control checks. The importance of environment, personnel qualifications, and following standard operating procedures are emphasized for ensuring safe and effective dispensing.
Dispensing Lab Specialized Drug Delivery Systems And Health Accessoriesdunerafael
This document discusses specialized drug delivery systems and provides advice on their proper use. It defines and illustrates different specialized dosage forms like implants, insufflations, irrigation solutions, and more. Regarding implants, it advises monitoring for pain and avoiding heavy lifting for 24 hours. It recommends inhaling all of the aerosol when using a nebulizer. Allied professionals are advised that only surgeons can implant devices and to watch for swelling and bruising after a procedure.
This document provides an overview of hospital and community pharmacy. It defines hospital pharmacy as dealing with patient care and medication to promote health, working closely with doctors. Community pharmacy deals directly with the local community, compounding medications and providing counseling. The scopes of hospital and community pharmacy are compared, noting that community pharmacy serves the general public while hospital pharmacy focuses on inpatients and outpatients. Key roles and responsibilities of community pharmacists are outlined, including filling prescriptions, advising on minor ailments, and administering vaccines. The document also discusses pharmacy management, prescription handling, inventory control, and the code of ethics for pharmacists.
The document provides an overview of the pharmaceutical market in the Philippines through a study conducted by Nadia Dias. It discusses the country's demographic landscape including population statistics, economic factors, healthcare system, and pharmaceutical supply chain. The market is growing at a moderate rate, with opportunities for foreign investment in manufacturing and distribution. However, poverty and access to healthcare remain challenges, especially in rural areas. Political and regulatory reforms aim to further liberalize the market while improving health outcomes for Filipinos.
Amendments made in RA 10918 (Philippine Pharmacy Law).pptxRuweeObogne
Amendments made in RA 10918 (Philippine Pharmacy Law)
This bill seeks to standardize and regulate pharmacy education; examine registration of graduates of schools and colleges of pharmacy; supervise, control and regulate the practice of pharmacy; enhance professional competence through continuing professional development and research; and integrate pharmacy profession. Further, the PRC and the Professional Regulatory Board of Pharmacy shall have the primary responsibility to conduct licensure examinations for pharmacists; approve the registration of pharmacists and the certification of drug handlers, prepare, adopt and issue the Table of Specifications; among others.
1. RA 10918 expands the scope of the pharmacist’s tasks to include immunization;
2. Professionalization of the pharmacy workforce by upgrading the level of pharmacy assistants to NC III, requiring more stringent rules on evaluation of pharmacy personnel and pharmacy licensing;
3. A person is deemed to be practicing pharmacy, within the meaning of this Act now also includes:
A.) Administration of adult vaccines as approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Provided, That they shall undergo the training on the safe administration of adult vaccines and management of adverse event following immunization (AEFI) for pharmacists and hold a certificate of training issued by an institution duly accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC); Provided, further, That the safe administration of vaccines be part of the higher education curriculum for pharmacists; or
B.) Conduct or undertake scientific research in all aspects involving pharmaceutical products and health care; or
C.) Provide other services where pharmaceutical knowledge is required
This document summarizes amendments made to Administrative Order 56 s. 1989 regarding rules and regulations on licensing drug establishments and other authorizations in the Philippines. The amendments were made to align drug establishment licensing with recently passed laws, streamline regulatory processes, and promote electronic transactions. Key changes include expanding the scope to various entities involved with pharmaceutical products, defining important terms, and requiring licenses or permits for various activities involving pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses labels for pharmaceutical products. It defines a label and describes two main types - manufacturer labels and dispensing labels. Manufacturer labels contain drug information for medical professionals and must include the name, strength, dosage form, quantity, instructions, precautions, registration number, batch number, dates and manufacturer details. Dispensing labels are affixed by pharmacists and include the patient's name, prescription number, directions for use, pharmacy information and sometimes interactions. Labels provide important information to ensure drugs are used safely and effectively.
- Pharmacy has a long history dating back 50,000 years when early humans used plants for medicinal purposes. The first authenticated prescription dates to 3700 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.
- Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and India made important contributions to early pharmacy through documenting medicinal plants and preparations in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, De Materia Medica, and early Ayurvedic writings.
- The modern practice of pharmacy developed over centuries with the establishment of the first pharmacies/apothecaries in the 17th-18th centuries and the founding of national pharmaceutical societies in the 19th century that helped regulate qualifications and standards.
A hospital staff pharmacist provides pharmacy services to both inpatients and outpatients at a hospital. They work closely with doctors and nurses to administer medications to patients and may prepare specialized medications. Hospital pharmacists are experts in medications and work to ensure patients receive the best treatment. Key responsibilities include dispensing prescriptions accurately, advising medical staff on drug selection and dosage, and educating patients. A degree in pharmacy is required to become a licensed hospital pharmacist.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of managing a community pharmacy. It discusses the functions of a community pharmacy including dispensing medicines, providing health information to patients, and patient counseling. It also covers important topics such as locating a pharmacy, financing options, risk management and insurance, purchasing and inventory control. The document provides guidance on analyzing the best location for a pharmacy based on factors like population, competition and traffic. It also outlines various methods for purchasing pharmaceutical products and maintaining appropriate inventory levels.
pharmacy, the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agentshttps://labwork360.com/
73What is Special Education 1iStockphotoThinkstock.docxalinainglis
73
What is Special Education? 1
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Pre-Test
1. You can use the terms disability and handicap interchangeably. T/F
2. The history of special education began in Europe. T/F
3. The first American legislation that protected students with disabilities was passed in the 1950s. T/F
4. All students with disabilities should be educated in special education classrooms. T/F
5. Special education law is constantly reinterpreted. T/F
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
4Accreditation, Regulation, and
Agencies of Healthcare Quality
Alex Brandon/AP/Associated Press
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
• Illustrate how healthcare policies, rules and regulations, and guidelines impact quality of care.
• Analyze the role of accreditors, including The Joint Commission, along with major steps in the
accreditation of healthcare organizations.
• Evaluate the role of Leapfrog group on quality of healthcare and the methodology used to compute
the hospital safety score.
• Analyze the structure and process of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
accreditation for health plans.
• Assess the role of several government institutions on the quality of care.
fin81226_04_c04_073-118.indd 73 10/30/14 7:41 PM
Introduction
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, there were few federal regulations to protect the public from
dangerous drugs. Many harmful products were freely sold, such as William Radam’s Microbe
Killer and Benjamin Bye’s Soothing Balmy Oils to cure cancer. As is sometimes the case, trag-
edy brought about the first real regulation to protect consumers health and safety. The Bio-
logics Control Act was passed in 1902 after two incidents involving the deaths of children
caused by contaminated vaccines. The law mandated producers in the U.S. to be licensed each
year for the manufacture and sale of biologics such as antitoxins, serum, and vaccines to pre-
vent future tragedies from reoccurring. That was followed by the Pure Food and Drugs Act in
1906, which prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks,
and drugs and mandated strict health safety and testing policies. The law was passed mainly
in response to shocking public disclosures of unsanitary conditions in meat packing plants, as
well as fears over poisonous preservatives and dyes in foods.
However, the 1906 law had its shortcomings and the government’s hands were tied when it
came to preventing the sale of medicinal products that carried wild claims of health cures.
In 1910, the government stopped sales of a product called Dr. Johnson’s Mild Combination
Treatment for Cancer, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the company because the prod-
uct’s false claims were not within the scope of the Pure Food and Drugs Act (Meadows, 2006).
As a result, in 1912, Congress passed the Sherley Amendment, which prohibited labels on
medicines that fals.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
The document provides an overview of the history of pharmacy and healthcare. It discusses how medicine originated from religious and magical beliefs and transitioned to more scientific study. Key developments included Hippocrates' humors theory, natural medicines derived from plants, and major discoveries like penicillin, insulin, and DNA. The 20th century saw major advances in pharmaceutical drugs and their regulation. Today, pharmacy involves dispensing prescriptions in various settings using computer systems, while pharmacists require a PharmD degree and licensing.
The document discusses revitalizing the role of pharmacists from merely dealers to active healers in the healthcare system. It notes that historically pharmacists' role was limited but that their role can be strengthened by modifying laws and regulations, improving education standards, and allowing pharmacists to provide more direct patient care services. The goal is to create an improved and more effective healthcare system by optimizing the role of pharmacists as important healthcare professionals.
This document provides an overview of the textbook "The Pharmacy Technician 4th Edition" by Dr. Bisrat Hailemeskel. It discusses the origins of pharmacy dating back thousands of years, how medicine has evolved over time, and key developments in the 20th century like antibiotics and the establishment of the FDA. It also describes the role of pharmacists today, the education and licensing process, and how computers are now used extensively in pharmacy settings to manage patient profiles, billing, prescribing, and labeling.
Here are the roles of the different individuals in dispensing and prescription:
1. Medical practitioner: Issues prescriptions ordering the required medication for patients. Provides diagnosis and treatment plan.
2. Veterinary surgeon: Issues prescriptions ordering required medication for animal patients. Provides diagnosis and treatment plan for animals.
3. Pharmacist: Reviews prescriptions for accuracy and appropriateness. Prepares, packages, labels, and provides counseling for prescribed medications. Maintains prescription records.
4. Pharmaceutical technologist: Assists pharmacists by preparing medications, ensuring quality control of drugs, and maintaining inventory.
5. Pharmacy assistant: Aids pharmacists by receiving and verifying prescriptions,
This document provides a history of pharmaceutical advertising in the United States from the early 1900s to the 1960s. It discusses the emergence of direct-to-consumer advertising and the original debates around patent versus ethical drugs. As the pharmaceutical industry grew in the postwar period, advertising agencies applied more creative techniques to promote drugs. However, safety issues in the late 1950s and 1960s led to increased regulation, including the Kefauver hearings which expanded the FDA's authority over drug advertising.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting public health by regulating food, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and tobacco. The FDA oversees products representing 25% of US consumer spending. It has over 11,500 employees located across the country and overseas. The FDA regulates a wide range of products and enforces numerous laws relating to public health and safety. Its mission is to promote public health by reviewing research and regulating products efficiently.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), veterinary products, and cosmetics.
The FDA also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations, many of which are not directly related to food or drugs.
These include sanitation requirements on interstate travel and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction.
IN THIS SUMMARY
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has significant reach in the American economy, ranging from medicines and medical devices to items on the grocery store shelves. Since its inception in 1906, the agency has faced a variety of technical and political challenges. Looking ahead, the FDA faces many new demands that could enlarge the agency’s already expansive mandate. New responsibilities may include the cost of medicine, consumers’ pursuit of perfection through drugs, consumer lifestyles, tobacco, and counterterrorism. As the nature of public health changes over time, it is inevitable that the FDA’s scope and responsibilities will change as well. In Inside the FDA, Fran Hawthorne explains the history of the FDA, how its processes work, and what the future may hold for this government agency.
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http://www.bizsum.com/summaries/inside-fda
The Status of the Regulatory and Economic Landscape for Innovation in Big Pha...Lindsay Meyer
The purpose of engaging this topic is to: examine the current regulatory environment for new drugs, gain an understanding of breakthrough innovation in pharmaceuticals, evaluate the efforts of key players, and make projections about the future of this industry. As therapeutics has evolved away from their theistic origins, natural products, synthetic chemistry, and biopharmaceuticals have emerged. Yet many difficulties remain for this specialized industry. The approval process for a new drug can take upwards of eight years and cost $800 million. The progression from test tube to commercial distribution includes preclinical trials followed by three phases of clinical (human) trials, marked by ongoing dialogue between the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Five of largest American pharmaceutical companies have intensified their efforts in Research and Development (“R&D”) in recent years. But in a space marked with competition from generic manufacturers and maturing biotech companies, understanding the dynamics of this highly scrutinized market requires an awareness of the political and economic climate these key players face. Where this industry is headed is much less clear than where it is coming from. Careful analysis is one lens through which to examine all of these intricate elements and is the focus of this research paper.
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Differences between Verification, Calibration and Validation
Dr. Deepak
December 8, 2017
7 Comments
Data Scrutiny is important before reporting
Data Scrutiny is important before reporting
You have perhaps come across these terms in laboratory documents and wondered that they convey the same meaning so where is the need for different terminology.
A little insight will help you understand the fine differences between them. Giving their concise definitions may suffice to gain a basic understanding but to help you get a clearer understanding I have attempted to offer clarity on the terms in context of routine activities in analytical laboratories as I believe that giving real life examples rather than recalling definitions serves the purpose better and makes you remember what is being conveyed longer.
Along with their definitions, I have also pointed out the difference between calibration and validation, and also the difference between calibration and verification. So you will be able to use these terms appropriately.
Let’s first explore what these terms mean:
Verification
In simple terms verification means confirming the authenticity of activities or data before communication to concerned parties. It is important that the results communicated by you are free from errors. Essentially verification comprises of multiple checks on supplies, samples and data before forwarding the results of your testing activities. Majority of the checks can be carried out by you but it is advised that independent assistance be taken for rechecking the data before submission.
Self Checks
The Correct sample was taken up for analysis.
The Sample description, analysis instructions were verified before start of analysis.
The Equipment and glassware used were calibrated.
Recommended grades of chemicals from reliable sources were used.
Weight readings were correctly recorded and entered in calculations.
Recommended environmental conditions were maintained throughout the analysis.
Independent checks
It is strongly recommended that independent rechecking be carried out by a set of trained individuals before the analysis results are consolidated for report generation.
The Sample is analyzed as per the customer’s requirements. As an example in pharmaceutical analysis the tests are conducted in compliance with USP, BP, IP, etc.
If sample information such as name, batch number, date of manufacture, date of expiry, sample source, etc are entered correctly or not in reports.
Entered data matches with the data in the w
Calibration of laboratory instrum
The document provides an overview of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It details that the FDA was formed in 1906 and regulates food, drugs, medical devices, tobacco and more. It protects public health by ensuring these products are safe and properly labeled. The FDA is part of the Department of Health and Human Services and has over 11,500 employees across the US and foreign offices. It has an annual budget of $2.3 billion.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence AshwiniSable3
This document provides an introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence. It defines pharmaceutical jurisprudence as dealing with legislations related to professional pharmacy. It notes that jurisprudence is needed to control pharmacists' activities and ensure they follow ethics and principles to provide quality medicine. The document also outlines the key aspects and responsibilities of the healthcare system and pharmacists' role within it, including ensuring patients receive the right medication safely.
1. The document discusses various drug standards including pharmacopoeias, formularies, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the British National Formulary (BNF), the Bangladesh National Formulary (BDNF), drug monographs, and drug regulation and control.
2. Pharmacopoeias are authoritative references on drugs that describe identification standards and tests to ensure drug strength, purity and quality. Formularies list drugs and formulas. The USP and BP are the national pharmacopoeias of the United States and United Kingdom, respectively.
3. The BNF provides prescribing information for drugs available through the UK NHS while the BDNF does the
This document discusses clinical pharmacy, including definitions, the status of clinical pharmacy in India, the scope and history of clinical pharmacy, activities of clinical pharmacists, clinical pharmacy practice areas, guidelines for pharmacotherapy specialists, clinical pharmacokinetics, drugs that can be monitored through therapeutic drug monitoring, reasons to request TDM, and the responsibilities of clinical pharmacists. It outlines how clinical pharmacy aims to optimize drug therapy for patients through various roles like consulting, drug information provision, and patient monitoring.
This document discusses nutraceuticals and their potential role in medicine. It defines key terms like dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. It outlines the growing interest in using foods and herbal remedies to promote health and prevent disease. Research is strengthening the evidence that certain nutrients may support health and longevity by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with aging. The field of nutrigenomics also aims to develop personalized nutrition approaches based on individual genetics. Overall the document argues that nutraceuticals have potential medical benefits but more research is still needed.
Similar to Dispensing Lab Timeline, Understanding And Psycho Social Development (20)
Exercise No 3 The Medication Sheet And Cardsdunerafael
1) This document contains a patient drug profile and medication sheet for Thomas Anzalone, a 31-year-old male admitted to St. Luke's Hospital for an acute schizophrenic episode.
2) The patient was initially prescribed haloperidol 5-10 mg IM q4hrs and haloperidol 5 mg IM PRN for agitation, but was later discontinued from haloperidol and prescribed risperidone 2 mg PO BID.
3) The medication sheet and cards are important tools for pharmacists, physicians and nurses to properly document and track a patient's medications and medication errors.
Exercise No 4 How To Label Intravenous Fluiddunerafael
The document discusses the proper labeling and handling of intravenous fluids (IVF). It states that IV containers must be labeled with the fluid type, amount, and expiration date. Tubing is usually changed every 72 hours unless clinically indicated. If the drug dose differs from standard, verification is required before incorporation. Aseptic procedures like hand washing must be followed when adding drugs to IVF. Some drugs like Methycobal require light protection to preserve integrity.
This document provides instructions for conducting a drug allergy interview with a patient. The objectives are to interview the patient about any past or present drug or food allergies, identify possible allergy indications, prepare an allergy card noting any allergies, and fill out an allergy sheet. The interviewer is instructed to ask prepared questions, record any food allergies in blue and drug allergies in red on the card, and place the card in the patient's medical chart.
This document discusses patient medical records and charts. It notes that patient charts contain a patient's medical history, physical exam findings, lab and test results, diagnoses, treatment notes including medications, and progress notes. The purpose is to provide important clues to diagnose patients and remind doctors of a patient's symptoms. It also discusses patient drug profiles, how to document medication orders, changes, discontinuations, and provides an example patient chart.
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University of the Immaculate Conception
Father Selga Street, Davao City
Pharmacy & Chemistry Department
The document summarizes Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other needs. It outlines the five levels of needs - physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. It then asks questions about illustrating the hierarchy, its limitations and disadvantages, what ages it applies to, and how to achieve love and belongingness according to the theory.
Dispensing Lab Developing Therapeutic Communication Skillsdunerafael
1. Effective communication is important in relationships to avoid conflict and build understanding, while poor communication can damage relationships.
2. The document discusses the need for pharmacists to develop strong therapeutic communication skills to effectively address patients' needs and provide clear health information.
3. When encountering sensitive or impatient patients, pharmacists should establish rapport, explain instructions simply, listen with empathy, and follow up if needed to ensure patient understanding.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence are important concepts in pharmaceutical science. The document outlines topics to be covered by four groups on bioavailability, bioequivalence, and related terms. Group 1 will define key terms, discuss the purpose of bioavailability studies, and generic drug substitution. Group 2 will compare relative and absolute bioavailability and review methods and bases for assessing bioavailability. Group 3 will address criteria for establishing bioequivalence requirements and study waivers as well as designing and evaluating bioequivalence studies. Group 4 will discuss the clinical significance of bioequivalence studies and special concerns regarding bioavailability and bioequivalence assessments. The groups will report on their topics after a quiz the following Tuesday.
1. The document discusses different types of drug delivery systems including oral, inhalation, and topical administration. Common oral dosage forms are tablets, capsules, and pills while inhalations include aerosols and injections.
2. Specialized dosage forms found in pharmacies are also mentioned such as implants, insufflations, irrigation solutions, and linctuses. Advice is given on how to use devices like nebulizers.
3. The last section discusses developing effective communication skills, especially during conflicts, through portraying examples of good and bad communication in pharmacy settings. Tips include handling sensitive clients and not seeking approval but resolving issues.
Chapter 19 Wound Management, Stoma And Incontinence Productsdunerafael
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Group yourselves into 5 members each group then present next meeting what you have discussed on the values of a Pharmacist in all aspects of work.Questions: Outline the Pharmacy timeline from 1900’s to 2000’s. Include significant events happened. Is our Pharmacy course meets patient’s needs? Who should be in the Pharmacy Patient focus group? What are the new services or extended role of Pharmacists in the society? Conclusions: The development of the pharmaceutical industry since World War II led to the discovery and use of new and effective drug substances. It also changed the role of the pharmacist. The scope for extemporaneous compounding of medicines was much diminished and with it the need for the manipulative skills that were previously applied by the pharmacist to the preparation of bougies, cachets, pills, plasters, and potions. The pharmacist continues, however, to fulfill the prescriber’s intentions by providing advice and information; by formulating, storing, and providing correct dosage forms; and by assuring the efficacy and quality of the dispensed or supplied medicinal product. The pharmacist now has a wider role as a health care professional than ever before. Apart from dispensing prescriptions and all the established activities of the community pharmacy, he or she also increasingly works as a part of the primary health care team, and also has a role to play in health promotion, and advising health care colleagues in the safe and effective use of medicines. Pharmacists good communication, problem solving skills and listening skills; they must have knowledge and understanding of medicines and how they affect the human body; chemistry, biology and mathematics; the laws that relate to pharmaceutical practices; how to use reference materials; alternative health treatments and practices; basic computer knowledge and if they work in a community pharmacy pharmacists must also be able to manage and train staff, as well as having business skills for the day-to-day running of a pharmacy. Personal qualities needed are enjoy in dealing with the public and should be good listeners, friendly, patient and helpful; be responsible, and work within a professional code of ethics, as they deal with sensitive information about people; be able to maintain a special relationship of trust and confidentiality with their patients and be calm and able to work well under pressure. Questions: Outline the Pharmacy timeline from 1900’s to 2000’s. Include significant events happened. The Pharmacy Timeline From 1900’s to 2000’sYearEvent/s1901The Marine Hospital Service of the United States is in Havana, Cuba, combating the Yellow Fever epidemic over there.1902The Biologics Control Act is passed to ensure purity and safety of serums, vaccines, and similar products used to prevent or treat diseases in humans. (Reference: Hefland, WH. Historical images of the drug market. Apothecary’s Cabinet, No. 6, Spring 2003, p. 11.)1906The United States Congress passes the U.S. Pure Food and Drugs Act. The Act is intended to protect the public from adulterated or misbranded medications.(Reference: http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/Milestones/default.htm)1907The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy adopts a two-year curriculum as the minimum for completing a pharmacy degree. (Reference: Zellmer, WA. Reason and history as guides for hospital pharmacy practice leaders. Am J Health Syst Pharm.2005; 62: 838-44.)1910There are 46 civil service pharmacists working in the Public Health Service.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)1912The United States Public Health Service becomes the official name of the former Marine Hospital Service.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)The Sherley Amendment is passed. This prohibits labeling medicines with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud the purchaser. The effectiveness of the Act is limited as this is a difficult standard to prove.(http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/timeline.html)1914The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 is passed. This Act controls the use of opium and other narcotics; it mandates increased record keeping for both physicians and pharmacists who dispense narcotics.(http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.html)1916Ella P. Stewart – was the first licensed African-American female pharmacist and one of the earliest practicing African-American pharmacists in the U.S.(http://www.answers.com/topic/ella-stewart)1920/21Insulin is discovered as a treatment for diabetes mellitus in Toronto by Dr. Fredrick Banting, Charles Best (a medical student at the time of the discovery), Professor J. J. R. Macleod and Dr. James Collip. (Reference: Higby, GL, editor. A century of change: the coming of miracle drugs. Apothecary’s Cabinet, No. 2, Spring 2001, p. 2.)1927Harvey A.K Whitney establishes the first formal hospital pharmacy internship at the University of Michigan Hospital. (Reference: Worthen, DB. Heroes of pharmacy: Harvey A.K. Whitney. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:525-6.)
The Bureau of Chemistry is reorganized into two separate entities. Regulatory functions are located in the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration, and non-regulatory research is located in the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils.
(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)1928Four year degree becomes the standard requirement for pharmacists.(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_199910/ai_n8855974/pg_8)1930The name of the Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration is shortened to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).(http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.html)The Parker Act allows for the admission of pharmacists to the Commissioned Corps. LT Edgar B. Scott, who joined the Public Health Service (PHS) as a civilian employee in 1896, and LT Edwin M. Holt, who joined in 1900, become the first two pharmacists to be commissioned as officers in the corps. Holt is also the first PHS Commissioned Corps pharmacist to be detailed to the Office of Indian Affairs in the U.S. Department of the Interior.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)On May 26, the Ransdell Act redesignates the Hygienic Laboratory as the National Institute of Health, authorizing $750,000 for construction of two buildings for the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. (http://www.nih.gov/about/history.htm)1932The establishment of the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) to “set standards for the education of pharmacists to prepare them for the delivery of pharmacist-provided patient care.”(http://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/ACPE_Revised_PharmD_Standards_Adopted_Jan152006.pdf)1938The U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, directs the Food and Drug Administration to require new drugs to demonstrate safety before they can be marketed.(http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.html)1944An American scientist, Selman Waksman, discovers streptomycin, a drug that can kill the bacteria causing Tuberculosis.(http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/timeline.html)The new Public Health Service Act lifts limitations on promotions and pharmacists can now be promoted to the director grade (O-6, the equivalent of the rank of Captain). The Public Health Service has formal designations within the Commissioned Corps, but according to tradition when referring to commissioned officers, they are referred to by the equivalent U.S. Navy rank.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)1945Penicillin, resurrected for study by Howard Florey and his team at Oxford and the focus of a major collaborative development endeavor in the U. S. and U. K. during World War II, becomes widely available.(http://history1900s.about.com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin_2.htm)1946The establishment of Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a small building in Atlanta, Georgia, “With the main focus of fighting malaria by killing mosquitoes.”(http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/ourstory.htm)1947George F. Archambault becomes the first commissioned pharmacist appointed as pharmacy branch chief of Public Health Service Division of Hospitals (1947 – 1965). He is later appointed pharmacy liaison to the Surgeon General—a position that is currently called the Chief Pharmacy Officer.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/arc.pdf)Raymond Kinsey becomes the first Public Health Service pharmacist to attain the rank of Pharmacy Director (Captain/O-6).(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist1.pdf)1951Dr. Alexander Langmuir from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention starts the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) to “provide an early warning system against biological warfare and natural epidemics. Since then, it has been the forefront on disease investigations, both in the United States and throughout the world, tracking HIV/AIDS, influenza, SARS and other emerging public health threats.”
The Durham-Humphrey Amendment defines the kinds of drugs that cannot be safely used without medical supervision and restricts their sale to prescription by a licensed practitioner.
1952Milton Skolaut becomes the first Director of Pharmacy Services at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.The Code of Ethics for the American Pharmaceutical Association states that the “pharmacist does not discuss the therapeutic effects or composition of a prescription with a patient. When such questions are asked, he suggests that the qualified practitioner [physician or dentist] is the proper person with whom such matters should be discussed.” Note: this code is outdated and is provided for historical interest only. Reference: Higby, GL, editor. Pharmacy in the American Century. Apothecary’s Cabinet, No. 1, Fall 2000, p. 4.1954President Eisenhower signs the Transfer Act in 1954, which moves the responsibility of Indian health care from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the Public Health Service.he American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) adopts a five years degree as the standard of education for pharmacists. Reference: Buerki, RA. American Pharmaceutical Education, 1952-2002. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:542-4.1955Pharmacists are assigned to the Indian Health Service, which becomes a part of the United States Public Health Service.Allen J. Brands becomes the first Chief Pharmacist for the Indian Health Service. Area Pharmacist Officers have their first meeting during the American Pharmacist Association annual meeting in Detroit. There are 6 pharmacies staffed by a pharmacist, and over 70 hospitals.1956The National Institute of Health Clinical Center Pharmacy Department creates the Pharmaceutical Development Service Department which involves in the management of
investigational drugs through a computerized information system, manufactures customized investigational drug formulations, assists investigators in setting up double-blind studies and filing Investigational New Drug (IND) applications with the FDA.
1959Surgeon General Burney creates the Public Health Service Pharmacy Liaison position on Aug 14, 1959. Dr. George Archambault is the first person to take this position. The Public Health Service Pharmacy Liaison position lasts until 1980 when the position of Chief Pharmacy Officer is established.1960There is a shift from distributive to clinical services for Indian Health Service pharmacists. Pharmacists begin to counsel patients on the proper use of medications. Such practice does not exist before this time in Indian Health Service.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist3.pdf)The Indian Medical Center in Gallup, NM establishes the first pharmacy residency program in the late 1960s in the Indian Health Service.(http://www.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/apdb/phsHistory/pharmacy_timeline/ref_1960.html)1961The U.S. Congress establishes National Poison Prevention Week on September 16, 1961.(http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/FEBRUARY_2004/dixon_feb04.html)1962The Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment is passed to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety. For the first time, drug manufacturers are required to prove to the Food and Drug Administration the effectiveness of their products before marketing them. The new law also exempts animal drugs and animal feed additives shown to induce cancer but which leave no detectable levels of residue in the human food supply from the Delaney proviso.
(http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.html)Pharmacists in the Indian Health Service begin to fill prescriptions using the patient’s health record instead of a prescription form at various locations (Hugo, OKlahoma, Port, Wyoming, etc.).(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist3.pdf)1963National Institute of Health Clinical Center Pharmacy Department creates the IV admixture service concept, developed in 1963 to ensure accurate dosages of injectable drugs, which has become a standard of practice.(http://www.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/apdb/phsHistory/pharmacy_timeline/ref_Robert%20DeChristoforo.html)1964Pharmacist Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr. becomes the 38th Vice President of the United States of America, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson. The national headquarter building of the Department of Health and Human Services in Washington, D.C., is later dedicated to Vice President Humphrey.The United States Surgeon General's Report on Smoking argues that smoking is a major health risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and emphysema. (http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/timeline.html)The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare with the American Pharmaceutical Association draft a report outlining “The Role of the Pharmacist in National Disaster.”(http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD604275&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)Pharmacists in the Indian Health Service begin to counsel patients on the correct use of their medications.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist3.pdf)The establishment of Medicare and Medicaid “changed the pharmaceutical landscape significantly.” Many seniors and low-income families are able to receive medical services that may not be avaliable to them previously. Reference: Higby, GL. The continuing evolution of American pharmacy practice, 1952-2002. J of Am Pharm Assoc.2002; 42(1): 12.1965The Commissioned Corps administers a pharmacy entrance examination to Pharmacists applying to the Reserve Corps.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/exa.pdf)Pharmacists in the Indian Health Service begin to use a private room for their patient’s counseling to ensure patient privacy and increase confidentiality.(http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/pdf/hist3.pdf)1966The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) becomes a part of the United States Public Health Service and a USPHS commissioned officer, James Goddard, M.D., is appointed as the FDA Commissioner.1967Allen Brands is appointed as Pharmacy Liaison Officer to the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service when George Archambault retires. This position is changed to Chief Pharmacy Officer in 1979. He becomes the first pharmacist to hold the position of Chief Pharmacy Officer in 1980.1968
The Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) is formulated. This is a program begun by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1960s after the requirement that all drugs be proven efficacious as well as safe. The DESI program was intended to classify all pre-1962 drugs that were already on the market as either effective, ineffective, or needing further study. The DESI program was a consequence of the Kefauver-Harris Drug Control Act.
1969The American Pharmaceutical Association’s Code of Ethics is established to prevent the prohibition of sharing drug information with patients. The new Code states that “a pharmacist should hold the health and safety of patients to be the first consideration; he should render to each patient the full measure of his ability as an essential health practitioner.” Reference: Higby, GJ, editor. Pharmacy in the American Century. Apothecary’s Cabinet, No. 1, Fall 2000, p. 5.1969Pharmacists within the Indian Health Services have a Pharmacy Program Planning Meeting in Rockville, Maryland. Pharmacists become primary care providers for many of the hospitals and clinics in the Indian Health Service.Commissioned officers are deployed to help in the recovery from Hurricane Camille.1970Pharmacy counseling rooms are added to the new hospitals and clinics within the Indian Health Services.1974/1975Indian Health Service implements the Pharmacist Practitioner Training Program which trains pharmacists to do physical assessments and manage certain chronic diseases.1974The National Institute of Health Clinical Center Pharmacy Department establishes a post-graduate residency program in pharmacy and publishes the “Parenteral Drug Information Guide,” which is the first text in the country to provide original research work on the compatibility and chemical stability of drugs used in injectable additive programs.1975RADM Edgar Duncan becomes the first African-American and the first pharmacist to be promoted to the rank of Assistant Surgeon General within the United States Public Health Service1976The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launches the first major national wide immunization program to protect every man, woman, and children from influenza. Pharmacists are tapped to play a role in the immunization program.LT James Moore and LT Ezeqiel Mendietta are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Guatemalan Earthquake, which kills more than 20,000 people.1979Commissioned Officer Arthur Watanabe is the first pharmacist to train as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Jere E. Goyan is the first pharmacist to serve as Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 1979 to 1981. His tenure at FDA included identification of “the emerging link between toxic shock syndrome and the Rely tampon and the agency’s response, an attempt to make patient package inserts compulsory, and an investigation of widespread polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of livestock and feed.”1990The Pfzier video showing Indian Health Service patient counseling method is distributed to pharmacy schools. Many colleges of pharmacy have used this video as a standard training tool to teach their students about patient counseling.The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA ‘90), which becomes effective in 1993, requires pharmacists to provide pharmaceutical counseling and drug utilization review for all Medicaid patients.1991CAPT Raymond W. Hammond is the first USPHS officer to be certified as a Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist (BCPS).CAPT Tom Dolan detailed from Office of Global Health to Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). First pharmacist detailed to OFDA that involved major international responsibilities including administration of OFDA’s overseas programs, health assessments, regional coordination and health policy development.1992Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from Hurricane Andrew.Pharmacy students have joined the United States Public Health Service since the 1950s. The Junior Commissioned Officer Student Training and Extern Program (COSTEP) is a competitive program where students learn valuable skills to be excellent healthcare practitioners or officers with the United States Public Health Service.The Federal Bureau of Prisons has its first inaugural National Pharmacy, Therapeutics, and Formulary meeting1993Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Midwest Floods and Hurricane Emily.1994The Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala asks the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) for pharmacists to help increase immunization rates. Subsequently, APhA adopts immunizations as one of its strategic activities.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Northridge Earthquake in California and Tropical Storm Alberto.The Nation commenorates the 50th anniversary of the 1944 Public Health Service Act.1995The Indian Health Service’s first anticoagulation clinic is established at W. W. Hastings Indian Hospital in Tahlequah, OKlahoma.CAPT Kathleen Downs, CAPT George Havens and CDR Alex Kosyak (all PHS Pharmacists) successively continue detail with OFDA through 2007. Many non-traditional roles with significant international medical and public health impact including field assessments of disasters, project reviews from the United Nations and leadership of multisectoral teams responsible for disaster response in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building – Oklahoma City bombing and Hurricanes Opal and Marilyn.1996The Indian Health Service Director, Dr. Michael Trujillo codifies pharmacists as primary care providers via a special memorandum regarding Clinical Pharmacy Specialists.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Atlanta Summer Olympic Games.The American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) begins offering a certificate-training program for pharmacists, “Pharmacy-based Immunization Delivery, A National Certificate Training Program for Pharmacists”. APhA advocates that all Pharmacists can advance the public’s health in one of three ways; educating and advocating, facilitating other health care professionals to offer immunizations, or administering the immunizations themselves.1997
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act mandates the most wide-ranging reforms in agency practices since 1938. Provisions include measures to accelerate review of devices, regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods.
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) adopts a six-year Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) program as the entry-level degree for pharmacists, which is to be implemented by 2001.LCDR Paul Weidle is the second pharmacist to train as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. LCDR Jim Hayslett completed the training in 2000 while LT Paul Melstrom completed it in 2007. During 2008, CAPT Weidle is working on “clinical treatment issues and international work that blends applied research on antiretroviral therapy to HIV-infected persons in resource-limited settings, such as Uganda, Kenya, Thailand, and Zambia.1998Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the USNS Comfort -
Operation Baltic Challenge,
NATO Summit and PHS-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) & National Guard training exercise, and assist in the recovery from Hurricanes Mitch and Bonnie.The IHS National Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Credentialing Committee (NCPSCC) is born out of discussions surrounding decades of expanded practice.The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) accredits all Federal Bureau of Prisons institutions and pharmacies.The Indian Health Service and Public Health Service leadership meet with Health Care Financing Administration to discuss IHS pharmacy practice and potential for pharmacist reimbursement.The Indian Health Service wins the APhA Pinnacle Award for its significiant contribution of providing quality pharmaceutical care for the Native Americans.1999Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Kosovo Refugees at Fort Dix and assist in the recovery from Hurricane Floyd.The National Pharmaceutical Stockpile (NPS) is established under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “to provide a re-supply of large quantities of essential medical material to states and communities during an emergency within 12 hours of the federal decision to deploy.” The NPS is later renamed the Strategic National Stockpile.An affiliation agreement between Mercer University School of Pharmacy and the USPHS initiates the first Pharmacy Student Rotation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Since the affiliation agreement, CDC has hosted over 150 student rotations.2000CAPT Stephan L. Foster is nominated as the first pharmacist to serve as a liaison member to the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) representing APhA. He is also the former director of the Pharmacy Practice Training Program (PPTP) at the Indian Health Service Clinical Support Center in Phoenix from 1990 to 1998.Pharmacists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention begin working in the National Pharmaceutical Stockpile which is renamed the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) in 2003.LCDR Paul E. Huntzinger reflects upon his duties with the U.S Coast Guard: “Pharmacy Officer Supports of U.S. Coast Guard Cutters.
2001Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support President Bush inauguration, the Washington DC and NY Anthrax incidents, Tropical Storm Allison, National Boy Scout Jamboree, and the Special Olympic Winter Games in Anchorage, Alaska.Many pharmacists are deployed to assist in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Pennsylvania. Pharmacists also staffed the Emergency Operations Center at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during this time, on behalf of the CDC’s National Pharmaceutical Stockpile. 911 image / Reference: Babb, J and Downs, K. Fighting Back: Pharmacists' Roles in the Federal Response to the September 11 Attacks. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001; 41(6):834-837 (Response to 911)2002The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention formalizes regulatory support by opening an Office of Regulatory Affairs staffed by a single pharmacist. The department later expands to include several regulatory pharmacists.To increase a presence in the Pacific, Office of Global Health details CAPT Kathleen Downs to the Department of Defense at their Center for Excellence in Hawaii as Senior Public Health Advisor. Responsibilities included international disaster response, humanitarian assistance training and health assessments as Team Lead.Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between six of the largest pharmacy organizations (including APhA and ASHP) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) establishes policy that guides the development of medical response teams for joint disaster relief operations of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS). This MOA, facilitates through RADM John Babb (pharmacist), initiates the development of ten National Pharmacist Response Teams (NPRTs). These teams include hundreds of civilian pharmacists and are led by 20 PHS Pharmacists as Team Leaders and Administrative Officers. They will be activated to assist the nation during a national disaster, such as a bioterrorist attack or mass vaccination campaign.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Arizona wild fires and Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games.In the wake of the events of September 11, 2001, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 is designed to improve the country's ability to prevent and respond to public health emergencies. Its provisions include a requirement that the Food and Drug Administration issues regulations to enhance controls over the imported and domestically produced commodities it regulates.The first Pharmacist Special Pay Workgroup is convened by RADM Robert Pittman and resulted in the PHS commencing a one-time $30,000 accession bonus and annual variable special pay ($3,000 - $12,000) for PHS pharmacists based upon number of years served.2003Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, the Nation Orange Alert, and the call for smallpox vaccination which is held at the Department of Human and Health Service in Washington, D.C. Reference: Setlak, P. Bioterrorism preparedness and response: emerging role for health-system pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm.2004; 61: 1167-1175 (Afghanistan deployment)ffice of Global Health Affairs (OGHA) details CAPT Scott Giberson as Senior Medical Program Manager to Department of Defense in the Pacific through 2006. Program expands to multinational HIV/AIDS program in over 23 countries. Extensive travel and medical / public health work in the Asia Pacific with senior DOD, State Department and Foreign Military leadership.More than two-dozen of federal pharmacists join the Department of Homeland Security, which is created on November 2002. Majority of the pharmacists are Commissioned Officers of the United States Public Health Service.The Medicare Modernization Act is signed into law. Pharmacists are hired in each of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS) Regional Offices to assist in the development and implementation of the new Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit that begins in January 2006. Many of these pharmacists are the “front lines” in overseeing the successful implementation of the Part D program.The National Pharmaceutical Stockpile is renamed as the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) and is managed by both Department of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services (HHS). Later management is reverted back to HHS. The SNS “works with governmental and non-governmental partners to upgrade the nation’s public health capacity to respond to a national emergency.”2004The Commissioned Corps Readiness Force is subsumed under the new Office of Force Readiness and Deployment (OFRD) in 2004. RADM John Babb is the first Director as well as the first pharmacist to be Director of OFRD.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support President Reagan Funeral Service, shortage of the pharmacists at Bethel and Kotzebue, Alaska, Democrat and Republican National Conventions, the G8 Summit in Brunswick, Georgia, and the aftermath of Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne.The Federal Bureau of Prisons Regional HIV Pharmacist Clinical Consultant program is initiated.On Dec 26, 2004, a disastrous tsunami strikes the East Indian Ocean. The United States Government deploys a hospital ship, the US Navy Ship (USNS) Mercy, to provide humanitarian relief. It is the first time a USNS hospital ship is utilized for a humanitarian effort. A request is made to the USPHS for officers to augment the crew. Under the Direction of pharmacist RADM John Babb, Office of Force Readiness and Deployment (OFRD) deploys 13 USPHS medical/evironmental health officers to the USNS Mercy and one UPHS pharmacist as a Liaison Officer (CDR Scott Giberson) to augment the Pacific Fleet’s mission. Another USNS Mercy mission quickly follows in response to the massive earthquake in Indonesia, where OFRD deploys 15 more officers. These mark the beginning of many future USPHS humanitarian missions with the US Navy.The Project BioShield Act of 2004 authorizes FDA to expedite its review procedures to enable rapid distribution of treatments as countermeasures to chemical, biological, and nuclear agents that may be used in a terrorist attack against the United States and among other provisions.2005Approximately 400 commissioned pharmacists deploy to support in the recovery from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, Ophelia, and Dennis. They lead medical teams, immunization teams, assessment teams, and special needs shelter operations, as well as perform as liaisons to federal partners and state and local governments. Pharmacists are highly valued during these responses because so many victims have medication issues.The Pharmacy Category of the United States Public Health Service celebrates its 75th Anniversary with a banquet reception in Gaithersburg, Maryland on November 18th. Eight of the eleven former and current Chief Pharmacists and pharmacy flag officers attend and are presented with a coin display containing a specially-numbered 2005 commemorative pharmacy category coin. All 900 pharmacists on active duty receive the commemorative pharmacy category coin.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the recovery of massive shooting at Red Lake, Minnesota (an Indian Reservation) the shortage of pharmacists at Belcourt, North Dekota, and the recovery from the Earthquake in Summatra and Pakistan Earthquake, which kill more than 70,000 people.United States Public Health Service Pharmacists have made a tremendous impact on the
caring and curing
in the native communities. This year marks the Celebration of the
First 50 years of the Indian Health Service: Caring & Curing.
There are 600 pharmacists (400 commissioned officers, 65 civil service, and 130 tribal) working in 237 hospitals and clinics within the Indian Health Service.2006DHHS Secretary Michael Leavitt announces an initiative to transform the USPHS Commissioned Corps, which will enable this critical emergency response resource to address public health challenges more quickly and efficiently. The Commissioned Corps will increase its ranks, streamline its assignment and deployment process, and increase its ability to recruit the best and brightest to defend the nation's public health. The Pharmacy Category is one of the four categories targeted for priority recruitment. Transformation is ongoing in 2008.The initiation of Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit for the special populations and seniors begins.More than a dozen of USPHS Pharmacists have volunteered their services to serve their communities by providing free immunizations and
counseling students and answering questions on important public health issues such as disease prevention and awareness, obesity and exercise, immunizations, and bioterrorism preparedness.
RADM Robert Pittman becomes the 12th Chief Pharmacy Officer of the United States Public Health Services.Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Lebanon Repatriation Mission, President's State of the Union address, and aid in the recovery from Hurricane Ernesto, the St Louis Floods, Tropical Storm Chris, and Humanitarin Mission to Haiti.The Federal Bureau of Prison’s Electronic Medical Record Pharmacy Module (BEMR Rx) deploys at the Federal Medical Center Butner in North Carolina.The Pharmacist Professional Advisory Committee (PharmPAC) starts a pharmacist immunization training and practice initiative. Under the Immunization Initiative, the PharmPAC begins to offer the American Pharmacists Association’s program, Pharmacy-based Immunization Delivery, A National Certificate Training Program for Pharmacists. Additionally, Smallpox vaccination training is added to the course specifically for USPHS pharmacists.Twenty Commissioned Corps pharmacists are activated by the Acting Surgeon General through OFRD to provide Influenza Immunizations at the Federal Occupational Health (FOH) Clinics. These pharmacists provide 1184 immunizations, comprising approximately 45% of the Influenza Immunizations that FOH offers to Federal employees for the 2006-2007 Influenza Season.2007RADM Robert Pittman, Chief Pharmacy Officer of the USPHS, states that pharmacists both in the public and private sectors have made a great impact on the lives of many people through their dedicated services and pharmaceutical care expertise. It is the reason we have a pharmacist month each year since the 1950s.2008There is a call for pharmacy officers to work with the Department of Defense (DoD) Pharmacoeconomic Center, under a
Memorandum of Understanting (MOU) between HHS and DoD.Commissioned officers, including 18 pharmacists, are deployed to support the recovery from Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna, & Ike , which kill more than 700 people in the Caribbeans, including the United States.2009Approximately 150 commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support President Obama inauguration on January 20 at the Capitol, where over a million of people around the world come for the historical inauguration of the first African-American President in the United States. Is our Pharmacy course meets patient’s needs? Who should be in the Pharmacy Patient focus group? A focus group was conducted of women in various stages in their pharmacy career. Participants included: 4 PharmD students, 1 pharmacy resident, 1 pharmacy fellow, 2 industry pharmacists, 2 clinical staff pharmacists, 1 clinical faculty, 1 community pharmacist, 2 senior pharmacy managers, and 1 full professor in pharmaceutical sciences. What are the new services or extended role of Pharmacists in the society? Community Pharmacy The community pharmacist now has a wider role as a health care professional than ever before. Apart from dispensing prescriptions and all the established activities of the community pharmacy, he or she also increasingly works as a part of the primary health care team, and also has a role to play in health promotion, and advising health care colleagues in the safe and effective use of medicines. Health Promotion and Diagnostic services As a development of their role in health education. Many pharmacists are introducing a range of additional services relating to health promotion or diagnosis. Wound Management Products and surgical appliances (Stockist Role) The community pharmacist must supply on prescription any dressing or appliance. Many pharmacists carry out this obligation by keeping only a small number in stock and obtaining others on demand from a wholesaler or manufacturer. Prescribing in the Pharmacy For many years, people have expected to be able to get informed advice from a pharmacist on the treatment of minor ailments on the response to the symptoms of illness, and this has been encourage by the UK government. Source: Stone, Patricia and Curtis, Stephen J., Pharmacy practice. 3rd Edition, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Press: 2002. pp.69-71