Written discourse is more planned and organized than spoken discourse. It uses more complex grammar structures, higher lexical density with more nominalizations and is more explicit and decontextualized. Spoken discourse is less structured and contains more repetition, hesitations and redundancy as it is produced in real time without the opportunity for editing. However, not all spoken discourse is unplanned or ungrammatical, and written language is not always explicit depending on the purpose and type of text.

1. Start with the name of Allah

2. ALI ASGHAR Roll no; o11
Bs English 2k2O SBBU University SBA

3. Difference between written and
spoken discourse
INTRODUCTION:
Language is first Spoken then Written
and then understand
Spoken words are the symbol of mental
experience and written words are the
symbols of spoken words.'Aristotle'
Language is a communication tool used
by everyone to convey information.

4. Aspects of written and spoken discourse
Written
Planned
Organized
Spoken
Un planned
Less structed

5. General Differences
1. Grammatical intricacy
2. Lexical density
3. Nominalization
4. Explicitness
5. Contextualization
6. Spontaneity
7. Repetition, hesitation and redundancy

6. Grammar Complexity
Written discourse is structurally complex than spoken
discourse.
In spoken discourse sentences are simple and short.
In written discourse sentences are longer and complex.

7. Lexical Density
 Lexical density refers to the ratio of content words (Nou
ns, Verbs, Adjectives And Adverbs) and Function words
(Pronouns, Prepositions Articles) within a clause
 Writing is more lexically dense than spoken

8. Nominalization
• Nominalization refers to presenting actions and events as n
oun rather than as verb.
• Written discourse has a high level of nominalization:
• Use more nouns than verbs.
• TeachV – TeachingN , writeV- writingN
• Spoken discourse has more verb-based phrases:
having treatment – being treated
hospital care – go to the hospital

9. Explicitness
Writing is more clear and specific than speech.
In written discourse we do not use body language
and gesture.
Rebuttal:
This is not always true.
It depends on the purpose of text.
Example: A poem is not necessarily explicit and a
university lecture is most likely going to explicit ev
en though it is spoken.

10. Contextualization
• Contextualization refers to the extent knowledge o
f context is needed to interpret a text.
• It is closely tied to explicitness.
View:
• Writing is more de contextualization than speech;
• Speech is more attached to context than writing .
Rebuttal:
• This may be true of conversations, but not in all ty
pes of spoken discourse.

11. Spontaneity
view:
 Spoken discourse lacks organization and ungrammatical.
 But written discourse is organized and grammatical.
 Spoken discourse contains more uncompleted and reformul
ated sentences.
Rebuttal:
 Spoken discourse is organized , but it is organized differentl
y from written discourse.

12. Repetition, Hesitation and Redundancy
View:
 Spoken discourse contains more repetition, hesitat
ion and redundancy because it is produced in real
time.
 Spoken discourse has many pauses and filters, suc
h as ,hhh’, ‘er’ and ‘you know’ to give time to think
what are going to say...

13. THANKS