This document discusses reading, writing, and text analysis. It defines reading as an active process of constructing meaning from symbols. Writing is transforming thoughts into written language and is an important way to communicate, refine ideas, and make thinking visible. A text is a body of written work that conveys meaning, and discourse refers to spoken or written communication between people. The document outlines various devices for analyzing written text as connected discourse, including cohesion, coherence, and parallelism.

1. Reading and
Writing
Skills
By: Joshua Perry Q. Reyes. LPT.

2. Lesson I: Introducing the Reading
Process and Reading Strategies

3. • Reading is defined as a cognitive process
that involves decoding symbols to arrive at
meaning
• Reading is an active process of constructing
meanings of words.
What is Reading?

4. Why reading is
important?
• Reading is important because it develops
your mind and gives you excessive
knowledge and lessons of life.
• It helps you understand the world around
you better.
• It keeps your mind active and enhances
your creative ability.

5. What is Writing?
Writing is a process of transforming thought into
written language (Tiwari, 2005:120). In other
words, writing is the process of expressing ideas,
thinking or feeling in words on the piece of paper.
Writing is a cognitive and social activity involving
neuropsychological and physical processes and
the use of writing systems to create persistent
representations of human language.

6. 01
03
02
Why writing is important?
Writing equips us with communication
and thinking skills. Writing expresses who
we are as people.
Writing fosters our ability to explain and
refine our ideas to others and ourselves.
Writing makes our thinking and learning
visible and permanent.

7. Text as Connected Discourse
According to Cornbleet and Carter (2001), text can be
used for both written and spoken language.
A text is a passage of words that conveys a set of
meanings to the person who is reading it.
It's a body of written work, in various forms and
structures, that can be words, phrases and sentences
that piece together a passage of written work.

8. Text as Connected Discourse
The word Text is derived from the Latin word “Texere”
which means to weave.
According to Scott Thornbury and Macmillan 2005, text
in general are:
• Self-contained- complete
• Well formed- follows order
• Hang together or cohesive- complete or whole
• Make sense or coherent- interconnected
• Recognizable text types
• Appropriate to text types
• Appropriate to the context of use

9. What is Discourse?
Discourse is spoken or written communication
between people, especially serious discussion of a
particular subject.
Originally the word discourse comes from the Latin
word discursus which means conversation speech.
In lingustics discourse refers to a continous stretch of
especially spoken languagev larger than a sentence.

10. • Cohesion- refers to the ties and connections which exist
within text that link different parts of sentences or larger
unit of discourse.
• Anaphoric Relation- it refers to an interpretation of text
from some previous expressed identity.
• Cataphoric Relation- it means referring forward. It refers
to the identity of what is being expressed and what is to
be expressed.
Devices for Analyzing a written
text as connected discourse

11. 2. Cohesive Devices- tell the reader what we are doing in the
sentence and help to guide them through our writing. They signal
to the reader what the relationships are between the different
clauses, sentences and paragraphs.
• Examples: again, equally, in fact, also, furthermore,
moreover, and, in addition to, and then, indeed, what is more,
besides, naturally, still, but, nevertheless, whereas, however,
of course, while, etc.
Devices for Analyzing a written
text as connected discourse

12. 2. Coherence- language users try to come to an
interpretation in the scenario of knowledge of the world
they possess.
• Coherence is not something which exist in the
language but sometime exists in people. By using
coherence the readers sees the semantic unity in the
paragraph.
• Coherence for short is the state of being connected.
logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts.
Devices for Analyzing a written
text as connected discourse

13. Parallelism
Means side by side. In some peice of literature, some
comparisons or contrasts go side by side with each other.
It helps to interpret the whole text.
Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical elements in a
piece of writing to create a harmonious effect. Sometimes,
it involves repeating the exact same words, such as in the
common phrases “easy come, easy go” and “veni, vidi,
vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”)

14. Put what you have learned
into practice!
Presented by Teacher Josh