1. The document classifies animals into 9 phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
2. Key details are provided about each phylum, including defining characteristics, examples of common organisms from that phylum, and some of their anatomical features.
3. Within the Chordata phylum, organisms are further divided into subphyla of Protochordata and Vertebrata. The Vertebrata are categorized into fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, providing further anatomical details about each
General characteristics of invertebrate phylaUttamaTungkhang
General characters of some invertebrate phyla(porifera, cnidaria,ctenophora,platyhelminthes,aschelminthes,annelida, arthopoda,mollusca,echinodermata and hemichordata).Reference -INVERTEBRATES(R.L. KOTPAL)
This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
General characteristics of invertebrate phylaUttamaTungkhang
General characters of some invertebrate phyla(porifera, cnidaria,ctenophora,platyhelminthes,aschelminthes,annelida, arthopoda,mollusca,echinodermata and hemichordata).Reference -INVERTEBRATES(R.L. KOTPAL)
This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
Diversity in living organisms (Vertebrate and Nomenclature) class 9thTanveer Raza
The presentation covers the topics from vertebrate-nomenclature Sources:- Written material from class 9th NCERT science book, Audio from Batman Arkham Nights reloded installer and Images from The Internet
Note:- Slide 20 is not a mistake it works fine in office 2007+ during slide show.
**If you found any mistake in this presentation, please inform me at "tanveerraza789@gmail.com"**
Top to bottom ANIMAL KINGDOM chapter from 11th biology textbook has been presented in power point slides to make the chapter easy to learn and understand.
Thanks to my biology teacher of Gulf Asian English School MRS.ALARMELU MAM.
Diversity in living organisms (Vertebrate and Nomenclature) class 9thTanveer Raza
The presentation covers the topics from vertebrate-nomenclature Sources:- Written material from class 9th NCERT science book, Audio from Batman Arkham Nights reloded installer and Images from The Internet
Note:- Slide 20 is not a mistake it works fine in office 2007+ during slide show.
**If you found any mistake in this presentation, please inform me at "tanveerraza789@gmail.com"**
Top to bottom ANIMAL KINGDOM chapter from 11th biology textbook has been presented in power point slides to make the chapter easy to learn and understand.
Thanks to my biology teacher of Gulf Asian English School MRS.ALARMELU MAM.
Lecture on arthropods and echinoderms.pptEsayDawit
zoologist now what are arthropods, what are the distinguishing features and what are echinoderms with identifying their features from the rest other invertebrates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. 1. PHYLUM : PORIFERA
( Porus=pore; ferre=bear; sponges)
Porifera are commonly called sponges, mostly
marine but may live in fresh water.
Mostly sessile (stalk less) and attach to
substratum.
They are asymmetrical.
They have cellular level organization.
They have a single large opening called osculum.
(intake and exit of food through a single opening).
They lack mouth, digestive cavity and anus.
Sponges are covered with hard outer skeleton.
Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.
Examples: sycon, euplectella , euspongia etc.
5. 2. PHYLUM :
COELENTERATA/CNIDRIA
(koilos=hollow; enteron= gut)
These all organisms are aquatic (marine or fresh water.)
They may be solitary or colonial.
They have tissue level of organization but lacks organ and
organ system. Symmetry is radial.
It has a single aperture, the mouth. It has no anus. Mouth bears
tentacles (flexible processes).
They have special stinging cells, called cnidoblasts for defense
purposes.
Reproduction is mainly asexual but sometimes undergoes
sexual reproduction.
Fertilization may be internal or external. Hard skeleton occurs in
corals
Example: hydra(fresh water polyp), obelia (the sea fur), Aurelia
7. 3. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
(platys=flat; helmins=worm; flatworm)
These are most primitive, soft, leaf or ribbon like
organisms without segmentation.
These are mostly parasites, few are free living.
They attach to the host by suckers or hooks.
They are the first animals to have third primary
germ layer, this shows tissue differentiation leading
to organ formation.
Digestive track is incomplete. They have flame-cells
for excretion.
They are mostly hermaphrophite (bisexual).
Examples: dugesia (planaria), fasciola (liver fluke),
taenia solium (tape worms).
9. 4. PHYLUM : NEMATODA
(Roundworms)
Animal body is cylindrical, flattened, bilateral,
triploblastic(third layer), unsegmented.
Size of the body varies from microscopic to several
centimeters in length.
Body wall is covered with tough cuticle. Cilia are
absent.
Pseudocoelom (false body cavity) is present.
Digestive track is complete.
Sexes are separate (bisexual).
These are generally parasites and causes diseases.
They may be free living in soil or water.
Examples: ascaris (intestinal sound-worm),
hookworm, pinworm filarial worm.
11. 5. PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
(Annelus=a ring; segmented worms)
Animal body is soft, elongated, bilateral, flattened.
Body is divided into segments by rings like groove and
annule.
Body bears locomotory appendages, parapodia, setae.
Alimentary canal is complete, straight and extends from
mouth to anus. These are first animals to have true body
cavity.
The specialized cells called metanephridia helps in
excretion.
Closed circulatory system has appeared and nervous
system starts developing.
Reproduction occurs by sexual means. Sexes may be
separate (unisexual) or united (hermaphroditic).
Examples: nereis (the sandworm), pheretima
13. 6. PHYLUM : ARTHOPDA
(Arthos=jointed; podos=foot; animals with jointed
feet)
It is the largest phylum includes prawn, crabs,
insects, spiders, etc.
They occur in soil, water and as parasites in plants
and animals.
Body is segmented externally but not separated
internally.
Body is divided into 3 regions: head, thorax and
abdomen.
Interior part of the body forms head and bears
sense organs and small brain. Sexes are separate.
Hard exoskeleton is made up of cuticle. Body
contains blood, alimentary canal is complete,
respiration take place by gills, trachea, book lungs
15. 7. PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
(molluscus = soft)
It includes aquatic organisms like snails, octopus,
slugs, oysters etc.
Animal body is soft, unsegmented without
appendages.
. Body is divided into 3 regions: head, visceral
mass and foot.
. Sometimes body is covered by fleshy folds called
mantle.
. In most cases, calcarious shell is secreted by
mantle which covers the body.
. Alimentary canal is complete. Respiration is
through gills and sexes are separate.
. Examples: octopus, snail, logio, sepia etc.
17. 8. PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
(Spiny skinned animals)
(Spiny skinned animals)
. These are marine, gregarious(at bottom), slow
moving animals.
. The shape of the animal ay be star-like,
cylindrical, melon, flower-like etc.
. Body is covered by spines. True body cavity,
podia for movement and all animals lacks head.
. Sexes are separate.
. Examples: a s te ria s (starfish), ho lo thuria ns
(sea-cucumber), a nte d o n (feather star)
19. 99.. PPHHYYLLUUMM :: CCHHOORRDDAATTAA
PPRROOTTOOCCHHOORRDDAATTAA VERTEBRAT
VERTEBRAT
A
A
MAMMALI
PPIISSCCEESS AAMMPPHHIIBBIIAA RREEPPTTIILLIIAA AAVVEESS MAMMALI
A
A
20. SSuubbpphhyylluumm :: PPRROOTTOOCCHHOORRDDAATTAA
. These animals have notochords at early stage
of life.
. Notochord provides place for attachment of
muscles, internal support and locomotory
powers.
. These are mainly bilateral, unsegmented,
triploblastic, have body cavity, marine, soft and
have warm or vase like body.
Examples : amphioxus, balanoglossus, herd
mania.
22. SSuubbpphhyylluumm :: VVEERRTTEEBBRRAATTAA
. These are bilateral, triploblastic, have body
cavity.
. The animal body consists of 4 regions: head,
neck, trunk and tail.
. Well developed nervous system and sense
organs.
. There are 2 pairs of appendages (fins or
limbs).
. Respiration is through gills. Sexes are
separate.
23.
24. Cold blooded animals having 2
chambered heart.
Body may be long, laterally compressed
and spindle shaped.
It consists of head, trunk and tail. Skin is
covered with scales.
They are egg laying animals.
Fertilization is external. Fishes breathe
through gills.
26. There are many kinds of fishes. They have been
broadly grouped under 3 categories:
1. CYCLOSTOMATA : The round mouthed fishes.
Example :- The hag fish, the lamprey.
2. CHONDRICHTHYES : The cartilaginous fishes.
Examples :- Scoliodon (dog fish or the Indian Shark),
Sting ray, electric ray (torpedo).
27. 3. OSTEICHTHYES :
The body fishes.
Examples :- labio
rogita (rohu),
hippocampus (sea
horse), tuna, etc.
Scoliodon (dog
fish or the Indian
Shark)
hippocampus (sea
horse)
28. The animals included in ambhibia are called
amphibians.
Respiration can takes place by gills, skin and
lungs. Heart is 3 chambered.
There are 2 pairs of pentadactyl limbs. The skin is
smooth, moist, rich in mucous and poison glands.
Scales are mostly absent.
Amphibians occur in fresh water and moist land.
There are no marine forms.
Examples :- rana tigerina (Indian frog), bufo (toad),
hyla (tree frog), necturus (mud puppy) etc.
30. It includes lizards, snakes, tortoises, turtles, etc.
These are terrestrial animals and live in warmer
regions.
These are cold blooded. Body is covered by
waterproof scales.
Teeth are usually present in all reptiles except in
tortoises and turtles. Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 3 chambered. Most reptiles are
carnivorous or insectivorous but tortoises are
herbivorous.
Example: Hemidactylus (wall lizard), chameleon,
32. The class aves includes birds which are the most
beautiful. They range in size from smallest humming
bird to largest ostrich.
There are 2 pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are
modified into wings.
The body is covered by a n exoskeleton of
feathers.
Mouth is surrounded by beak and there are no
teeth. Respiration takes place by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered.
Examples : columbo (pigeon), struthio (ostrich),
kite, pea fowl, etc.
34. Mammals are terrestrial. The body is divisible
into head, neck, trunk and tail.
The body is covered by exoskeleton of hair.
Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered. Mammals are mostly
viviparous (alive-bearing) but some are oviparous
and lay eggs like - platypus and echidna.
Examples: kangaroo, bat, rattus (rat),
oryctolagus (rabbit), felis (cat), etc.
