9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
Digital Electronics-Unit II.pdf
1. EC1371 – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Dr. K. Kannan, M.E., M.E., Ph.D.,
Professor & Head,
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
2. OBJECTIVES
• To provide the Digital fundamentals, Boolean algebra
and its applications in digital systems
• To familiarize with the design of various
combinational digital circuits using logic gates
• To introduce the analysis and design procedures for
synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits
• To explain the various semiconductor memories and
related technology
• To introduce the electronic circuits involved in the
making of logic gates
3. Unit II
COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT DESIGN
Realization of combinational logic using gates -
Design of combinational circuits - Adder,
Subtractor, Parallel adder / Subtractor, Carry look
ahead adder, Magnitude Comparator, Code
converters, Parity generator and checker, Encoder,
Decoder, Multiplexer, De-multiplexer - Function
realization using Multiplexer, Decoder.
CO2: To familiarize with the design of various
combinational digital circuits using logic gates
4. COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
Logic circuits may be combinational or
sequential.
A combinational circuit consists of logic gates
whose outputs at any time are determined from
only the present combination of inputs.
5. Analysis of a Combinational Circuit
The analysis of a combinational circuit starts with a given logic
diagram and culminates with a set of Boolean functions, a
truth table, and / or an explanation of the circuit operation.
Steps are:
1. Label all gate outputs that are a function of input variables
with arbitrary symbols. Determine the Boolean functions for
each gate output.
2. Label the gates that are a function of input variables and
previously labeled gates with other arbitrary symbols. Find
the Boolean functions for these gates.
3. Repeat the process outlined in step 2 until the outputs of the
circuit are obtained.
4. By repeated substitution of previously defined functions,
obtain the output Boolean functions in terms of input
variables.
8. The derivation of the truth table for a circuit is a straight forward
process once the output Boolean functions are known. To
obtain the truth table directly from the logic diagram without
going through the derivations of the Boolean functions, the
following steps may be followed :
1. Determine the number of input variables in the circuit. For n
inputs, form the 2n possible input combinations and list the
binary numbers from 0 to (2n - 1) in a table.
2. Label the outputs of selected gates with arbitrary symbols.
3. Obtain the truth table for the outputs of those gates which are
a function of the input variables only.
4. Proceed to obtain the truth table for the outputs of those gates
which are a function of previously defined values until the
columns for all outputs are determined.
Analysis of a Combinational Circuit
10. The design of combinational circuits starts from the specification of the
design objective and culminates in a logic circuit diagram or a set of
Boolean functions from which the logic diagram can be obtained.
The procedure involves the following steps:
1. From the specifications of the circuit, determine the required
number of inputs and outputs and assign a symbol to each.
2. Derive the truth table that defines the required relationship between
inputs and outputs.
3. Obtain the simplified Boolean functions for each output as a
function of the input variables.
4. Draw the logic diagram and verify the correctness of the design
(manually or by simulation).
Design of a Combinational Circuit
29. Magnitude Comparator
• It is a combinational logic circuit.
• Digital Comparator is used to compare the value of
two binary digits.
• There are two types of digital comparator
(i) Identity Comparator (ii) Magnitude
Comparator.
• IDENTITY COMPARATOR: This comparator has
only one output terminal for when A=B, either
A=B=1 (High) or A=B=0 (Low)
• MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR: This Comparator
has three output terminals namely A>B, A=B, A<B
40. Parity Generator
It is combinational circuit that accepts an n-1 bit data and
generates the additional bit that is to be transmitted
with the bit stream. This additional or extra bit is called
as a Parity Bit.
In even parity bit scheme, the parity bit is ‘0’ if there are
even number of 1s in the data stream and the parity bit
is ‘1’ if there are odd number of 1s in the data stream.
In odd parity bit scheme, the parity bit is ‘1’ if there are
even number of 1s in the data stream and the parity bit
is ‘0’ if there are odd number of 1s in the data stream.
Let us discuss both even and odd parity generators.
43. Parity Check
It is a logic circuit that checks for possible errors
in the transmission. This circuit can be an even
parity checker or odd parity checker depending
on the type of parity generated at the
transmission end. When this circuit is used as
even parity checker, the number of input bits
must always be even.
49. Decoders
Discrete quantities of information are represented
in digital systems by binary codes. A binary code
of n bits is capable of representing up to 2n
distinct elements of coded information.
A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts
binary information from n input lines to a
maximum of 2n unique output lines. If the n -bit
coded information has unused combinations, the
decoder may have fewer than 2n outputs.
52. Implementing Functions Using Decoders
• Any n-variable logic function can be implemented using a single n-
to-2n decoder to generate the minterms
– OR gate forms the sum.
– The output lines of the decoder corresponding to
the minterms of the function are used as inputs to
the OR gate.
• Any combinational circuit with n inputs and m outputs can be
implemented with an n-to-2n decoder with m OR gates.
• Suitable when a circuit has many outputs, and each output function
is expressed with few minterms.
60. Multiplexers
Select an input value with one or more select bits
Use for transmitting data
Allows for conditional transfer of data
Sometimes called a mux
63. Multiplexer as Combinational Modules
Connect input variables to select inputs of
multiplexer (n-1 for n variables)
Set data inputs to multiplexer equal to values of
function for corresponding assignment of select
variables
Using a variable at data inputs reduces size of the
multiplexer
64. Implementing a Four- Input Function
with a Multiplexer
F(A, B, C, D)=∑m(1, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
66. Three State gates
– A multiplexer can be constructed with three-state gates
– Output state: 0, 1, and high-impedance (open ckts)
– If the select input (E) is 0, the three-state gate has no output
68. Demultiplexer
A DEMUX is a digital switch
with a single input
(source) and a multiple
outputs (destinations).
The select lines determine
which output the input is
connected to.
DEMUX Types
1-to-2 (1 select line)
1-to-4 (2 select lines)
1-to-8 (3 select lines)
1-to-16 (4 select lines)
Select
Lines
Input
(source)
Outputs
(destinations)
2N
1
N
DEMUX