Diabetes and eye
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The document discusses diabetes and its effects on the eye. It notes that India has a diabetes prevalence of 9.09% and that routine health checks can detect diabetes. It explains that diabetes can cause three main eye conditions: cataract, where the lens becomes opaque; glaucoma, where fluid pressure inside the eye increases; and diabetic retinopathy, where high blood sugar damages small blood vessels in the retina. It stresses the importance of regular dilated eye exams every 3 months and monitoring blood glucose and cholesterol levels to manage diabetes and reduce risks to the eye.
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Diabetic eye disease
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
DIABETES AND THE EYE
This document discusses the effects of diabetes on the eye. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its long-term damaging effects on organs. It then covers the two main types of diabetes and their characteristics. The document discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and how high blood glucose damages blood vessels in the eye. It provides a detailed overview of the stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative and potential vision loss outcomes. Management strategies like glucose control, laser therapy, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy are summarized.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
History taking of low vision
This document contains information about conducting a low vision assessment, including sections on collecting demographic data, chief complaints, medical and ocular history, visual functioning, goals, and potential low vision devices. It also includes 4 case studies: an 89-year-old with macular degeneration who needs help reading small print, a graduate student who needs magnification for lab work, an aphakic patient with distance and near vision difficulties, and a teacher with retinitis pigmentosa. The case studies demonstrate evaluating patients' needs, calculating required optical powers, testing devices, and selecting appropriate low vision aids.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy, including its risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, signs, investigations, and treatments. It notes that diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina from high blood sugar levels over time. The main risk factors are duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, and other systemic diseases. The document describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to more severe proliferative stages. Key signs and investigations are also outlined, along with medical, laser, and surgical therapy options.
Optic neuropathy
The document discusses optic neuropathy and provides details about the anatomy and blood supply of the optic nerve, classification of optic neuropathies, clinical approach to optic neuropathies, and multiple sclerosis. It describes the optic nerve having four portions - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. Examination of optic neuropathies involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, pupillary reactions, visual fields and optic disc appearance. Multiple sclerosis is an idiopathic demyelinating disease that commonly involves the visual system and optic nerve.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retina caused by damage to blood vessels due to long-term effects of diabetes, and is a leading cause of vision loss. It can cause microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and the growth of new abnormal blood vessels. Prolonged poor blood sugar control, hypertension, and other factors increase the risk. Treatment involves laser therapy such as focal laser treatment for macular edema or pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. Anti-VEGF injections are also used to treat macular edema and neovascularization by inhibiting vascular leakage and growth of abnormal vessels. Regular screening is important
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Diabetic eye disease
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
DIABETES AND THE EYE
This document discusses the effects of diabetes on the eye. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its long-term damaging effects on organs. It then covers the two main types of diabetes and their characteristics. The document discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and how high blood glucose damages blood vessels in the eye. It provides a detailed overview of the stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative and potential vision loss outcomes. Management strategies like glucose control, laser therapy, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy are summarized.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
History taking of low vision
This document contains information about conducting a low vision assessment, including sections on collecting demographic data, chief complaints, medical and ocular history, visual functioning, goals, and potential low vision devices. It also includes 4 case studies: an 89-year-old with macular degeneration who needs help reading small print, a graduate student who needs magnification for lab work, an aphakic patient with distance and near vision difficulties, and a teacher with retinitis pigmentosa. The case studies demonstrate evaluating patients' needs, calculating required optical powers, testing devices, and selecting appropriate low vision aids.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy, including its risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, signs, investigations, and treatments. It notes that diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina from high blood sugar levels over time. The main risk factors are duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, and other systemic diseases. The document describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to more severe proliferative stages. Key signs and investigations are also outlined, along with medical, laser, and surgical therapy options.
Optic neuropathy
The document discusses optic neuropathy and provides details about the anatomy and blood supply of the optic nerve, classification of optic neuropathies, clinical approach to optic neuropathies, and multiple sclerosis. It describes the optic nerve having four portions - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. Examination of optic neuropathies involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, pupillary reactions, visual fields and optic disc appearance. Multiple sclerosis is an idiopathic demyelinating disease that commonly involves the visual system and optic nerve.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retina caused by damage to blood vessels due to long-term effects of diabetes, and is a leading cause of vision loss. It can cause microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and the growth of new abnormal blood vessels. Prolonged poor blood sugar control, hypertension, and other factors increase the risk. Treatment involves laser therapy such as focal laser treatment for macular edema or pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. Anti-VEGF injections are also used to treat macular edema and neovascularization by inhibiting vascular leakage and growth of abnormal vessels. Regular screening is important
Ocular Manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus
The document summarizes key points from a conference on diabetes and insulin. It discusses the various ocular manifestations of diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, glaucoma and cataracts. It notes that up to 95% of those with type 1 diabetes and 60% of those with type 2 diabetes develop retinopathy. Risk factors include blood sugar levels, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, blood lipids, ethnicity and pregnancy. Screening guidelines are provided based on diabetes type and risk level. Imaging techniques like OCT and treatments like anti-VEGF injections plus laser therapy are reviewed. Novel research areas are also highlighted.
Diabetic retinopathy management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
Duane retraction syndrome
This document discusses Duane retraction syndrome, an ocular motility disorder characterized by defective horizontal eye movement and narrowing of the eyelid when the eye adducts. It is usually unilateral and sporadic, though some familial cases are due to mutations in the CHN1 gene. There are four types described based on limitations of adduction and abduction. Duane syndrome can occur with other syndromes and limb abnormalities. Clinical features and differential diagnosis are provided. Surgical treatment depends on the type of strabismus and may include recession or resection of extraocular muscles.
Age related macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is a medical condition that usually affects older adults and results in loss of vision in the center of the visual field. It occurs in two forms: dry or geographic macular degeneration, which accounts for 90% of cases and results in atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial layer; and wet or neovascular macular degeneration, which accounts for 10% of cases and involves abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye. Risk factors include age over 50, heredity, nutrition, smoking, hypertension, sunlight exposure, and cataracts. Treatment depends on the type, with no effective treatment for dry macular degeneration but options like anti-VEGF therapy, photodynamic therapy, and surgery
Grave ophthalmopathy
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease, is an inflammatory disorder affecting the eye muscles and surrounding tissues that is associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include bulging or protruding eyes, eyelid retraction, double vision, and potential vision loss if left untreated. The condition results from antibodies that cause swelling of eye muscles and tissues. Diagnosis involves examination of the eyes and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on medications and surgery to reduce swelling and pressure on the eyes.
Evaluation of squint
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
Diagnosis of glaucoma
This document discusses different types of glaucoma including open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. It outlines the diagnostic criteria and tests used to diagnose glaucoma, including tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and perimetry. Key signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma include slowly progressive vision loss, cupping of the optic disc, and visual field defects. Closed angle glaucoma presents more acutely with eye pain, redness, nausea and elevated eye pressure. Gonioscopy is used to examine the anterior chamber angle.
Hypertension and ocular changes
hypertensive retinopathy, ghtn ocular changes, hypertensive choroidopathy, clinical features, pathognomonic signs, management
Computer vision syndrome
This presentation discusses about Dry eye due to Computer Vision Syndrome. It defines one of the cause of Dry Eye which occurs due to long hours working in front of Computer screen, Laptops, Mobiles etc
Cycloplegic refraction ppt
Cycloplegic refraction involves temporarily paralyzing the ciliary muscle with eye drops in order to determine a person's full refractive error. This is important for children who accommodate too much. Common cycloplegic agents include atropine, homatropine, and cyclopentolate. Cyclopentolate is often the drug of choice due to its faster onset and shorter duration. A cycloplegic refraction allows an accurate assessment of refractive error, especially in children and other patients where accommodation can affect results.
Amblyopia Management
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
Diabetic retinopathy- Management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including:
- DR is a major cause of blindness and is classified as non-proliferative or proliferative.
- Tight control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids can slow progression of DR.
- Laser photocoagulation is effective for treating diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR. Focal laser is used for edema localized to the macula, while panretinal photocoagulation scatters wider burns throughout the retina to induce regression of new vessels.
- Imaging like OCT and fluorescein angiography help diagnose and monitor DR and guide treatment.
Contact lenses in Ophthalmology
A DETAILED PRESENTATION COVERING ALL ASPECTS OF CONTACT LENSES.TYPES, USES , MAKE, CARE AND MATERIAL.
Lasers in DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. A study compared the standard treatment of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) to initial treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab) to delay or prevent the need for PRP. At 2 years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while vision remained unchanged in the PRP group. The study suggests initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab may be as effective as immediate PRP treatment and could help delay or reduce the need for destructive PRP therapy.
Optic atrophy (b)
This document provides an overview of optic atrophy, including:
1. It defines optic atrophy as degeneration of the optic nerve due to damage to the visual pathways from the retina to the lateral geniculate body.
2. It classifies optic atrophy based on whether damage originates in the retina or more centrally, and by cause. Primary optic atrophy occurs without swelling, while secondary involves prior swelling.
3. Causes of primary optic atrophy include optic neuritis, compression, hereditary conditions, toxins, trauma, and multiple sclerosis. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema.
4. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with vitamins sometimes used
Dissociated vertical deviation
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
Pathological Myopia.pptx
This document summarizes the history and pathogenesis of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions of pathological myopia and classifications of myopia by degree, age of onset, and other factors. Risk factors for pathological myopia include race, age, gender, education level and familial inheritance. Complications include peripheral retinal degenerations which can lead to retinal detachment, myopic foveoschisis, macular holes, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Surgical treatments are discussed for various complications.
Age related macular degeneration from Optometrist Point of View
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative eye disease that affects the macula and can cause vision loss, with risk factors including aging, smoking, and family history. It has early and late stages, with the late stage including dry ARMD characterized by retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor atrophy, and wet ARMD involving abnormal blood vessel growth beneath the retina. Treatment options depend on the stage and type of ARMD, with anti-VEGF injections and photodynamic therapy used for wet ARMD to prevent further vision loss.
Real pediatric visual acuity assessment
This document discusses various methods for assessing visual acuity in pediatric patients from infants to school-aged children. It begins by outlining visual milestones in infant development and different techniques used for infants, including optokinetic nystagmus testing, preferential looking tests, Cardiff acuity testing, and visually evoked potentials. Methods for toddlers are then reviewed, such as dot visual acuity tests, coin tests, miniature toy tests, Sheridan's ball test, and Boek's candy test. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of early visual acuity assessment and addressing challenges in pediatric assessment.
Humphrey visual field analyser (HVFA)
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: A Silent Killer-a detailed medical study
. It is the sweet killer and also known as silent killer of the life. Sugar is must for life but it may also worse your life. It can make you permanently blind.
This is a detailed study on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy ..treatment and all aspects
please comment
thank you ...from my limited knowledge
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ( for pharm-d students )
this includes the different methods of treatment of diabetic retinopathy including the latest methods !!!!!!
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Ocular Manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus
The document summarizes key points from a conference on diabetes and insulin. It discusses the various ocular manifestations of diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, glaucoma and cataracts. It notes that up to 95% of those with type 1 diabetes and 60% of those with type 2 diabetes develop retinopathy. Risk factors include blood sugar levels, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, blood lipids, ethnicity and pregnancy. Screening guidelines are provided based on diabetes type and risk level. Imaging techniques like OCT and treatments like anti-VEGF injections plus laser therapy are reviewed. Novel research areas are also highlighted.
Diabetic retinopathy management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
Duane retraction syndrome
This document discusses Duane retraction syndrome, an ocular motility disorder characterized by defective horizontal eye movement and narrowing of the eyelid when the eye adducts. It is usually unilateral and sporadic, though some familial cases are due to mutations in the CHN1 gene. There are four types described based on limitations of adduction and abduction. Duane syndrome can occur with other syndromes and limb abnormalities. Clinical features and differential diagnosis are provided. Surgical treatment depends on the type of strabismus and may include recession or resection of extraocular muscles.
Age related macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is a medical condition that usually affects older adults and results in loss of vision in the center of the visual field. It occurs in two forms: dry or geographic macular degeneration, which accounts for 90% of cases and results in atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial layer; and wet or neovascular macular degeneration, which accounts for 10% of cases and involves abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye. Risk factors include age over 50, heredity, nutrition, smoking, hypertension, sunlight exposure, and cataracts. Treatment depends on the type, with no effective treatment for dry macular degeneration but options like anti-VEGF therapy, photodynamic therapy, and surgery
Grave ophthalmopathy
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease, is an inflammatory disorder affecting the eye muscles and surrounding tissues that is associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include bulging or protruding eyes, eyelid retraction, double vision, and potential vision loss if left untreated. The condition results from antibodies that cause swelling of eye muscles and tissues. Diagnosis involves examination of the eyes and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on medications and surgery to reduce swelling and pressure on the eyes.
Evaluation of squint
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
Diagnosis of glaucoma
This document discusses different types of glaucoma including open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. It outlines the diagnostic criteria and tests used to diagnose glaucoma, including tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and perimetry. Key signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma include slowly progressive vision loss, cupping of the optic disc, and visual field defects. Closed angle glaucoma presents more acutely with eye pain, redness, nausea and elevated eye pressure. Gonioscopy is used to examine the anterior chamber angle.
Hypertension and ocular changes
hypertensive retinopathy, ghtn ocular changes, hypertensive choroidopathy, clinical features, pathognomonic signs, management
Computer vision syndrome
This presentation discusses about Dry eye due to Computer Vision Syndrome. It defines one of the cause of Dry Eye which occurs due to long hours working in front of Computer screen, Laptops, Mobiles etc
Cycloplegic refraction ppt
Cycloplegic refraction involves temporarily paralyzing the ciliary muscle with eye drops in order to determine a person's full refractive error. This is important for children who accommodate too much. Common cycloplegic agents include atropine, homatropine, and cyclopentolate. Cyclopentolate is often the drug of choice due to its faster onset and shorter duration. A cycloplegic refraction allows an accurate assessment of refractive error, especially in children and other patients where accommodation can affect results.
Amblyopia Management
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
Diabetic retinopathy- Management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including:
- DR is a major cause of blindness and is classified as non-proliferative or proliferative.
- Tight control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids can slow progression of DR.
- Laser photocoagulation is effective for treating diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR. Focal laser is used for edema localized to the macula, while panretinal photocoagulation scatters wider burns throughout the retina to induce regression of new vessels.
- Imaging like OCT and fluorescein angiography help diagnose and monitor DR and guide treatment.
Contact lenses in Ophthalmology
A DETAILED PRESENTATION COVERING ALL ASPECTS OF CONTACT LENSES.TYPES, USES , MAKE, CARE AND MATERIAL.
Lasers in DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. A study compared the standard treatment of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) to initial treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab) to delay or prevent the need for PRP. At 2 years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while vision remained unchanged in the PRP group. The study suggests initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab may be as effective as immediate PRP treatment and could help delay or reduce the need for destructive PRP therapy.
Optic atrophy (b)
This document provides an overview of optic atrophy, including:
1. It defines optic atrophy as degeneration of the optic nerve due to damage to the visual pathways from the retina to the lateral geniculate body.
2. It classifies optic atrophy based on whether damage originates in the retina or more centrally, and by cause. Primary optic atrophy occurs without swelling, while secondary involves prior swelling.
3. Causes of primary optic atrophy include optic neuritis, compression, hereditary conditions, toxins, trauma, and multiple sclerosis. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema.
4. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with vitamins sometimes used
Dissociated vertical deviation
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
Pathological Myopia.pptx
This document summarizes the history and pathogenesis of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions of pathological myopia and classifications of myopia by degree, age of onset, and other factors. Risk factors for pathological myopia include race, age, gender, education level and familial inheritance. Complications include peripheral retinal degenerations which can lead to retinal detachment, myopic foveoschisis, macular holes, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Surgical treatments are discussed for various complications.
Age related macular degeneration from Optometrist Point of View
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative eye disease that affects the macula and can cause vision loss, with risk factors including aging, smoking, and family history. It has early and late stages, with the late stage including dry ARMD characterized by retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor atrophy, and wet ARMD involving abnormal blood vessel growth beneath the retina. Treatment options depend on the stage and type of ARMD, with anti-VEGF injections and photodynamic therapy used for wet ARMD to prevent further vision loss.
Real pediatric visual acuity assessment
This document discusses various methods for assessing visual acuity in pediatric patients from infants to school-aged children. It begins by outlining visual milestones in infant development and different techniques used for infants, including optokinetic nystagmus testing, preferential looking tests, Cardiff acuity testing, and visually evoked potentials. Methods for toddlers are then reviewed, such as dot visual acuity tests, coin tests, miniature toy tests, Sheridan's ball test, and Boek's candy test. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of early visual acuity assessment and addressing challenges in pediatric assessment.
Humphrey visual field analyser (HVFA)
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
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Age related macular degeneration from Optometrist Point of View
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Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: A Silent Killer-a detailed medical study
. It is the sweet killer and also known as silent killer of the life. Sugar is must for life but it may also worse your life. It can make you permanently blind.
This is a detailed study on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy ..treatment and all aspects
please comment
thank you ...from my limited knowledge
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ( for pharm-d students )
this includes the different methods of treatment of diabetic retinopathy including the latest methods !!!!!!
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Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETES & EYE DISEASE
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DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
F14 aus diabetes & your eyes
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This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including what it is, how it damages the optic nerve, risk factors, symptoms, detection methods, treatment options, and current research. Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can lead to damage of the optic nerve and vision loss. It occurs when fluid pressure inside the eye increases and damages the optic nerve over time. While symptoms may not appear initially, untreated glaucoma can result in tunnel vision and complete vision loss. Detection involves eye exams and tests of visual acuity, fields, pressure levels, and nerve examination. Treatment aims to control pressure and prevent further damage through eye drop medications, laser surgery, or conventional surgery. Research continues to study causes, early detection methods
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Macular Degeneration : causes, symptoms and treatment
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Global Medical Cures™ | Diabetic Retinopathy
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DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
An Overview of Diabetic Eye Disease
This document provides an overview of diabetic eye disease written by Dr. Anthony Roberts, an eye physician who has performed over 55,000 refractive procedures. It states that diabetes can affect the eyes and cause issues like cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Specifically, it notes that cataracts may develop in younger diabetics, glaucoma increases eye pressure and risks nerve damage, and diabetic retinopathy damages retinal blood vessels and is a leading cause of blindness but can be treated.
DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH 2 PATIENT CASES, TREATED WITH 2 DIFFERENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES.
CLASSIFICATION (CSME)
RISK FACTORS
CAUSES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
DIAGNISTIC TESTS, BLOOD AND URINE TEST
SCORING SYSTEM
PATHOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DESCRIPTION OF 2 CASES, THEIR DIAGNOSTIC RESULT AND DETAILS ABOUT TREATMENTS PERFORMED.
Diabetes and your eyes
This document discusses diabetes and its effects on the eyes. It provides information on the three main types of diabetes, potential eye complications of diabetes including fluctuating vision, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. It describes treatments for diabetic retinopathy including laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy surgery. It stresses the importance of early detection through regular eye exams to prevent vision loss from diabetic retinopathy.
Eye tech services
INDRAPRASTH Eye tech Services, We are here with our specialists to treat you like a family. we do all types of Eye treatments
Glaucoma | Glaucoma Surgery, Glaucoma Eye Surgery Centre | Glaucoma Centre in...
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Glaucoma treatment In Indore. Glaucoma treatment at Vinayak Netralaya With Laser for the different type of Glaucoma. Glaucoma Clinic with Latest Equipment for diagnosis and treatment of Glaucoma.
Glaucoma is the name for a group of eye conditions in which optic nerve is damaged at the point where it leaves the eye. This nerve carries information from the light sensitive layer, the retina, to the brain where it is perceived as a picture.
In some people, the glaucoma damage is caused by raised eye pressure. Others may have an eye pressure within normal limits but damage occurs because there is weakness in the optic nerve.
Different types of Glaucoma
Open angle glaucomas (chronic glaucoma): It is most common. The eye is anatomically normal, but blockage or malfunction of the drainage channels slowly over many years causes elevated eye pressure. There is no pain but the field of vision gradually becomes impaired. We need to use chemical cleaner (eye drops) to open the drain or turn down the faucet. If this is insufficient, we can stake the drain (laser trabeculoplasty) & if that doesn’t work. We need to put in new plumbing (surgery / implants)
Angle closure glaucoma (Acute glaucoma): The trabecular meshwork is normal, but the iris is pushed against the meshwork & there is sudden and more complete blockage to the flow of aqueous. It means the drainage channels are covered by a stopper & we need to remove the stopper (laser iridotomy). This glaucoma can be quite painful & will cause permanent damage to sight if not treated promptly. Glued iol surgery in indore with best doctors at glaucoma treatment hospital in indore.
Secondary and developmental glaucoma: When a rise in eye pressure is cause by another eye condition it is called secondary glaucoma. Glaucoma in childhood is called developmental or congenital which is caused by malformation in the eye.
Risk factors
> Hypertension
> Diabetes
> People over the age of 45.
> People with family history of glaucoma.
> People with myopia are more prone to develop open angle glaucoma & those with hyperopia are more prone to develop angle closure.
Warning Signs of Glaucoma
> Trouble adjusting to dark rooms
> Difficulty focusing on near or distant objects
> Squinting or blinking due to sensitivity to light or glare
> Recurrent pain in or around eyes
> Double vision
> Dark spot at the center of viewing
> Lines and edges appear distorted or wavy
> Excess “watery eyes”
> Dry eyes with itching or burning
Surgical facility includes
> Trabeculectomy with anti-fibrotic agents (MMC)
> Trabeculotomy for congenital glaucoma
> GLAUCOMA VALVE IMPLANT/ GLAUCOMA
> DRAINAGE DEVICE for complicated cases
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Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: A Silent Killer-a detailed medical study
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
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V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
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V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
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V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
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•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
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S-T Segment:
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Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Diabetes and eye
- 1. DIABETES and EYE PRESENTED BY SRISTY GHOSAL SNEHA RAI LAXMI EYE INSTITUTE
- 2. DIABETES and EYE The Diabetes prevalence of India is 9.09 % (population ages 20 to 79) with a global rank of 69.
- 3. DIABETES and EYE Knock knock! How do you understand if you are diabetic? Routine health check up will let you know
- 4. DIABETES and EYE What does “diabetes and eye” mean? It refers to the ocular changes that occurs in people who are diagnosed with diabetes may have. The basic three being: CATARACT GLAUCOMA DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- 5. DIABETES and EYE CATARACT: The eye allows you to see and focus on image clearly through lens, but opacification of lens causes you to have a blur vision. And diabetic patients are more likely to develop that soon in life
- 6. DIABETES and EYE GLAUCOMA: Pressure builds up inside your eye when fluid can’t drain like it should. This can damage nerves and blood vessels and causes changes in vision.
- 7. DIABETES and EYE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Damage to small blood vessels in your retina causes diabetic retinopathy.
- 8. DIABETES and EYE MANAGEMENT Comprehensive dilated eye examination once every 3 months
- 9. DIABETES and EYE When did you have yourself checked last? Monitoring blood glucose level by fasting plasma glucose test in the morning.
- 10. DIABETES and EYE LIPID LOWERING THERAPY: The above therapy is beneficial for patients who is having high cholesterol level Lowering cholesterol level will lower the risk of diabetes
- 11. DIABETES and EYE