This document outlines the content of a Digital Humanities course covering crowdsourcing. The course aims to answer why projects rely on crowdsourcing and why people participate in crowdsourced projects. It discusses cases like using Mechanical Turk for transcription and crowdfunding scientific projects. Reasons projects use crowdsourcing include low costs and better user engagement. People participate for intrinsic motivations like contributing to open data maps or the challenge of climbing the ranks on Wikipedia. The document explores examples like OpenStreetMap, Wikipedia editing as a game, and Quora's gamified approach to soliciting expert answers.
ARIADNE: Final report on standards and project registryariadnenetwork
D3.4: Reports on the creation of a registry for integration of information concerning legacy metadata, standard schemas, services and terminological tools pertaining to the archaeological domain.
Authors:
Achille Felicetti (PIN)
Carlo Meghini (CNR)
Christos Papatheodorou (DCU)
Julian Richards (ADS)
UN’ESPERIENZA DI RAPPRESENTAZIONE DI DATI DI CATALOGHI DIGITALI IN LINKED OPE...Ciro Mattia Gonano
Presentazione della tesi di laurea in Scienze Informatiche
"UN’ESPERIENZA DI RAPPRESENTAZIONE DI DATI DI CATALOGHI DIGITALI IN LINKED OPEN DATA: IL CASO DELLA FONDAZIONE ZERI"
presentata il 16 luglio 2014 a Bologna
Presentation in the First Workshop on Digital Information Management. The workshop is organized by the Laboratory on Digital Libraries and Electronic Publication, Department of Archives and Library Sciences, Ionian University, Greece and aims to create a venue for unfolding research activity on the general field of Information Science. The workshop features sessions for the dissemination of the research results of the Laboratory members, as well as tutorial sessions on interesting issues.
CIDOC CRM+FRBRoo: an Integrated View of Museum and Library InformationPatrick Le Boeuf
Presentation given on the occasion of the Conference "Encontro de outono: sistemas de informação em museus: estado da arte em Portugal" organized jointly by ICOM-Portugal and BAD (Associação portuguesa de bibliotecários, arquivistas e documentalistas)
Invited report in Proceedings of "Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage" (DiPP2012) conference, September 2012, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
Interopérabilité de l'information bibliographique et muséologiquePatrick Le Boeuf
Bibliothèques et musées sont des institutions de mémoire, ce qui les rapproche, mais ces institutions ont également des spécificités qui les distinguent : les collections muséales consistent essentiellement en objets uniques, tandis que les bibliothèques mettent l'accent sur la notion plus abstraite de publications dont de multiples établissements, voire un seul et même établissement, peuvent posséder des exemplaires réputés "identiques". Néanmoins, il y a suffisamment de points communs entre ces deux catégories d'institutions patrimoniales pour qu'il vaille la peine d'assurer l'interopérabilité des descriptions qu'elles produisent de leurs collections. Historiquement, toutefois, bibliothèques et musées ont d'abord développé séparément leurs propres modèles conceptuels, pour ne les faire converger qu'à partir de 2003. L'intervention présente les grands principes qui ont présidé au développement du CIDOC CRM, modèle conceptuel de l'information muséologique, et de FRBROO, extension du CIDOC CRM qui reformule le modèle FRBR de l'information bibliographique, et donne un très rapide tour d'horizon de quelques utilisations concrètes de ces deux modèles dans le domaine des humanités numériques.
Cultural Mapping & Digital Storytelling in a Social ContextStefan Kolgen
This presentation took place on October 23, 2014 during the conference 'Cultural Mapping: Debating Spaces & Places' in Valletta (Malta). The academic paper can be downloaded at http://bit.ly/1Go2AZ8
Describes the experiences we made with the CRM. The presentation points out three main problems technicians (no technical specification, mapping ambiguities, complexity of mapping chains) will face when they decide to implement the CRM in a real-world application. It also proposes to introduce a kind of mapping guidelines that support potential CRM adopters in producing more homogenous mappings.
ARIADNE: Final report on standards and project registryariadnenetwork
D3.4: Reports on the creation of a registry for integration of information concerning legacy metadata, standard schemas, services and terminological tools pertaining to the archaeological domain.
Authors:
Achille Felicetti (PIN)
Carlo Meghini (CNR)
Christos Papatheodorou (DCU)
Julian Richards (ADS)
UN’ESPERIENZA DI RAPPRESENTAZIONE DI DATI DI CATALOGHI DIGITALI IN LINKED OPE...Ciro Mattia Gonano
Presentazione della tesi di laurea in Scienze Informatiche
"UN’ESPERIENZA DI RAPPRESENTAZIONE DI DATI DI CATALOGHI DIGITALI IN LINKED OPEN DATA: IL CASO DELLA FONDAZIONE ZERI"
presentata il 16 luglio 2014 a Bologna
Presentation in the First Workshop on Digital Information Management. The workshop is organized by the Laboratory on Digital Libraries and Electronic Publication, Department of Archives and Library Sciences, Ionian University, Greece and aims to create a venue for unfolding research activity on the general field of Information Science. The workshop features sessions for the dissemination of the research results of the Laboratory members, as well as tutorial sessions on interesting issues.
CIDOC CRM+FRBRoo: an Integrated View of Museum and Library InformationPatrick Le Boeuf
Presentation given on the occasion of the Conference "Encontro de outono: sistemas de informação em museus: estado da arte em Portugal" organized jointly by ICOM-Portugal and BAD (Associação portuguesa de bibliotecários, arquivistas e documentalistas)
Invited report in Proceedings of "Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage" (DiPP2012) conference, September 2012, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
Interopérabilité de l'information bibliographique et muséologiquePatrick Le Boeuf
Bibliothèques et musées sont des institutions de mémoire, ce qui les rapproche, mais ces institutions ont également des spécificités qui les distinguent : les collections muséales consistent essentiellement en objets uniques, tandis que les bibliothèques mettent l'accent sur la notion plus abstraite de publications dont de multiples établissements, voire un seul et même établissement, peuvent posséder des exemplaires réputés "identiques". Néanmoins, il y a suffisamment de points communs entre ces deux catégories d'institutions patrimoniales pour qu'il vaille la peine d'assurer l'interopérabilité des descriptions qu'elles produisent de leurs collections. Historiquement, toutefois, bibliothèques et musées ont d'abord développé séparément leurs propres modèles conceptuels, pour ne les faire converger qu'à partir de 2003. L'intervention présente les grands principes qui ont présidé au développement du CIDOC CRM, modèle conceptuel de l'information muséologique, et de FRBROO, extension du CIDOC CRM qui reformule le modèle FRBR de l'information bibliographique, et donne un très rapide tour d'horizon de quelques utilisations concrètes de ces deux modèles dans le domaine des humanités numériques.
Cultural Mapping & Digital Storytelling in a Social ContextStefan Kolgen
This presentation took place on October 23, 2014 during the conference 'Cultural Mapping: Debating Spaces & Places' in Valletta (Malta). The academic paper can be downloaded at http://bit.ly/1Go2AZ8
Describes the experiences we made with the CRM. The presentation points out three main problems technicians (no technical specification, mapping ambiguities, complexity of mapping chains) will face when they decide to implement the CRM in a real-world application. It also proposes to introduce a kind of mapping guidelines that support potential CRM adopters in producing more homogenous mappings.
Over the last few years we have observed the emergence of hybrid human-machine information systems which are able to both scale over large amount of data as well as to maintain high-quality data processing intrinsic in human intelligence.
In this talk I will focus on the use of human intelligence at scale by means of crowdsourcing to deal with Big Data problems. We will look specifically on how to deal with the variety in data by means of Human Computation still being able to operate with a large data volume.
First, I will introduce the area of micro-task crowdsourcing also providing an overview of different research challenges that needs to be tackled to enable large-scale hybrid human-machine information systems. Next, I will provide examples of such hybrid systems for entity linking and disambiguation using crowdsourcing and a graph of linked entities as background corpus. I will describe how keyword query understanding can be crowdsourced to build search engines that can answer rare complex queries. Finally, I will present new techniques that allow to improve the quality of crowdsourced information system components by means of push crowdsourcing.
Applying virtual environments in distance learning of product developmentHAMK Design Factory
Applying virtual environments in distance learning of product development webinar of Regional University Network. Hosts Jari Jussila, Markku Mikkonen & Jali Närhi
Project Theme of the Year 2015: Smart "Cittadella Politecnica" (Smart Politecnico di Torino's Campus)
Ambient intelligence: technology and design
http://bit.ly/polito-ami
Politecnico di Torino, 2015
Beyond the screen - UX research methods for novel technologySwetha Sethu-Jones
A tutorial presentation at UX Cambridge 2015 on user experience research methods for novel technology. For example, wearables, Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and more. Includes case studies from others of implementing a UCD approach with research and prototyping when building novel technology concepts.
Keynote : Beyond DM2E: towards sustainable digital services for humanities research communities in Europe? (Sally Chambers – DARIAH-EU, Göttingen Centre for Digital Humanities) at Enabling humanities research in the Linked Open Web – DM2E final event (11 December 2014, Navacchio, Italy)
Cognitive computing with big data, high tech and low tech approachesTed Dunning
I explain some very approachable methods for analyzing big data via a detour through clipper ships and the 19th century open source scene.
Note that I mixed up the route of the Flying Cloud record in this talk. The Flying Cloud's record was actually from New York to San Francisco and was even more impressive than what I said. The usual time had been about 180 days. With Maury's charts, the time was reduced to about 135 days. The Flying Cloud's time was 89 days.
Thanks to Chen Kung for noticing my error.
Virtual Worlds: Social Networking, Social Learning and PedagogyRamesh C. Sharma
Second Life is a 3D virtual world environment where we can create avatars and interact with people as in real life. Social presence and social learning find a significant place in online learning environments. 3D virtual worlds like SecondLife enable teachers to create opportunities for learning through collaborative learning social networks. NMC (New Media Consortium) in its various reports has also indicated an increased usage of virtual worlds in educational context. Even Gartner Group predicted that more than 80 per cent of internet users will have one or more avatars in online communities. In this presentation we will understand the advantages and limitations of using virtual worlds in educational environments.
Présentation au seminaire Digital Studies
Presentation du seminaire
Langue, écriture et automatisme : les software studies face au capitalisme linguistique
Le stade numérique du processus de grammatisation pose le problème d’un changement radical des conditions de la lecture, de l’écriture et de l’expression linguistique : la formalisation, la discrétisation et l’extériorisation des comportements langagiers humains dans les rétentions tertiaires numériques semblent rendre impossible la ré-appropriation de ces savoirs par les individus. En effet, afin de tirer profit de la recherche des internautes, Google exerce un contrôle sur la langue au moyen d’outils de correction et de complétion automatique. En incitant l’internaute à employer les mots les plus utilisés statistiquement et qui font l’objet de la spéculation des publicitaires, ces automates le ramènent dans le domaine de la langue « prédictible » et commercialement exploitable par l’entreprise. Grâce à cette médiation algorithmique de l’expression, Google est donc parvenu à transformer le matériel linguistique en véritable ressource économique. Mais ce phénomène, que Frédéric Kaplan décrit sous le nom de « capitalisme linguistique », a pour effet direct une régularisation et une homogénéisation des langues naturelles, qui s’accompagne de leur désidiomatisation à échelle mondiale. Cet effet rétroactif des technologies sur la langue semble conduire à l’émergence d’une nouvelle syntaxe et d’un nouveau lexique informé par les capacités linguistiques des machines et la valeur économique des mots.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
DH101 2013/2014 course 9 - Crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, Wikipedia, Open Street Map, Mechanical Turk
1. Digital Humanities 101 - 2013/2014 - Course 9
Digital Humanities Laboratory
Fr´d´ric Kaplan
e e
frederic.kaplan@epfl.ch
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Semester 1 : Content of each course
• (1) 19.09 Introduction to the course / Live Tweeting and Collective note
taking
• (2) 25.09 Introduction to Digital Humanities / Wordpress / First assignment
• (3) 2.10 Introduction to the Venice Time Machine project / Zotero
• 9.10 No course
• (4) 16.10 Digitization techniques / Deadline first assignment
• (5) 23.10 Datafication / Presentation of projects
• (6) 30.10 Semantic modelling / RDF / Deadline peer-reviewing of first
assignment
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Semester 1 : Content of each course
• (7) 6.11 Pattern recognition / OCR / Semantic disambiguation
• (8) 13.11 Historical Geographic Information Systems, Procedural modeling /
City Engine / Deadline Project selection
• (9) 20.11 Crowdsourcing / Gamefication / Wikipedia
• (10) 27.11 Cultural heritage interfaces and visualisation / Museographic
experiences
• 4.12 Group work on the projects
• 11.12 Oral exam / Presentation of projects / Deadline Project blog
• 18.12 Oral exam / Presentation of projects
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Today's course
• Objective of the course : Answering two questions : Why do projects rely on
crowdsourcing ? Why do people participate in crowdsourced projects ?
• Why do projects rely on crowdsourcing ?
• Case study : Transcribing handwritten texts using mechanical turk
• Case study : Crowdfunding a scientific project
• Why do people participate in crowdsourced projects ?
• Case study : Climbing the Wikipedia pyramid
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From Wikipedia
• ”Crowdsourcing is the practice of
obtaining needed services, ideas, or
content by soliciting contributions from
a large group of people, and especially
from an online community, rather than
from traditional employees or suppliers”
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From Wikipedia
• ’The term was coined in 2006 by Jeff
Howe in a Wired article, The Rise of
Crowdsourcing. http://www.wired.
com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.
html?pg=1&topic=crowds
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Why do projects rely on crowdsourcing ? Why do people
participate in crowdsourced projects ?
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Why do projects rely on crowdsourcing ?
• Because its free or cheap (cf. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk)
• Because it permits to have a better engagement of users (or leaners in the
case of peer-grading)
• Because it permits to harness the wisdom of the crowds
• cf. Claire Ross, Social media for digital humanities and community engagement, in Warwick,
Terras, Nyhan, Digital Humanities in Practice, Facet Publishing, 2012.
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The wisdom of the crowds
• Surowiecki’s four criterias (2004)
• Diversity : Each participant has different
background and perspectives
• Independence : Each participant makes
their own decision
• Decentralization : Descision are local, no
central planner
• Aggregation : A way to turn individual
judgements into collective decisions.
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A case study : crowdsourced transcription
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UCL Transcribe Betham
• 60 000 manuscripts of Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832)
• 20 000 already transcribed using
traditoinal approach, 40 000 to go
• TEI Encoding. Use MediaWiki
• 5 000 manuscripts transcribed (06-2013)
• 33 000 volunteers but a very limited
number of very productive and dedicated
users
• Crowdsifting instead of crowdsourcing
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ReCaptcha : A free anti-bot service
• From http://www.google.com/
recaptcha/learnmore
• 200+ million CAPTCHAs are solved by
humans around the world every day.
• 10 s / CAPTCHA
• 150 000 hours of work each day
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ReCaptcha : A free anti-bot service
• reCAPTCHA improves the process of
digitizing books by sending words that
cannot be read by computers to the
Web in the form of CAPTCHAs for
humans to decipher.
• But if a computer can’t read such a
CAPTCHA, how does the system know
the correct answer to the puzzle ?
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ReCaptcha : A free anti-bot service
• Each new word that cannot be read
correctly by OCR is given to a user in
conjunction with another word for which
the answer is already known.
• If they solve the one for which the
answer is known, the system assumes
their answer is correct for the new one.
The system then gives the new image to
a number of other people to determine,
with higher confidence, whether the
original answer was correct.
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Can we use Mechanical Turk to do this ?
• Who knows where the name Mechanical Turk comes from ?
• Mechanical Turk permits to perform Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs)
• A requester is presented with many different templates from which to choose
in the design of a HIT which include a writing, survey, translation,
categorization, and other templates.
• 500 000 workers from over 190 countries in January 2011.
• Payments are done with Amazon Payments. Requesters pay 10 % of the price
of successfully completed HITs to Amazon
• The average wage is about one dollar an hour (each task averaging a few
cents). Some have criticized Mechanical Turk as a digital sweatshop. We will
discuss this more at the end of this lecture.
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Crowdflower : a meta-engine for crowdsourcing
• Crowdflower plays the role of meta-engine or interface to several
crowdsourcing services.
• CrowdFlower has over 50 labor channel partners, among them Amazon
Mechanical Turk
• 1 billion tasks (small units of work) since it began operation, and presently
does 5 man-years of work daily (Source : Wikipedia 19/11/2013)
• So let’s try it.
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Combining crowdsourcing and grammatical rules
• Raw crowdsourced words transcriptions are likely to contain many errors
• But we also have a good grammatical model of this venetian dialect (Thanks
to the work of Lorenzo Tomasin) and a lot of venetian transcriptions.
• Many errors could be automatically corrected using these bits of information.
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Survey : Do you want to use crowdsourcing in your next
semester’s project ? Should the DHLAB sponsor this ?
Answer on Framapad
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What about crowdfunding your research project ?
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Crowdfunding in general
• Kickstarter : 5.2 million people have pledged 882 million, funding 52 000
projects.
• Kiva : 600 000+ lenders have channelled almost 275 million to entrepreneurs
in the developing world.
• Obama’s 2008 election campaign : 780 million, much of it from small online
donations.
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Example of a scientific Kickstarter project
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1616707907/virtual-prehistoric-worlds
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Crowdfunding sites
• Indiegogo : http://www.indiegogo.com/
• France : http://www.ulule.com/
• Switzerland : http://wemakeit.ch/
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After the pause, we will talk about Wikipedia and
Gamification. In the meantime you can try Wikirace
http://wikirace.christopherdebeer.com/
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Why do people participate in crowdsourcing projects ?
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Is Wikipedia a good resource ?
• Some academics argue that the use of Wikipedia is not appropriate for
scholarly settings, because it is collectively built by amateurs.
• Achterman, D. (2005) Surviving Wikipedia : improving student search habits through information
literacy and teacher collaboration, Knowdelge Quest, 33 (5), 38-40
• Black, E. (2007) Wikipedia and Academic Peer Review : Wikipedia as a recognized medium for
scholarly publications ? Online Information Review, 32 (1), 73-88
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Wikipedia is in perpetual beta, constantly getting better
• Wikipedia is be updated and improved at a much faster rythm that other
scholarly edited encyclopedias.
• It improves all the time.
• Several recent studies have shown that Wikipedia can equal or outperform
other traditionally edited encyclopedias in terms of accuracy.
• Giles, J. (2005), Internet Encyclopedia go Head to Head, Nature, 438, 900-1
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Wikipedia creates a diplomatic zone
• Wikipedia manages to create a diplomatic zone, where conflicts between
different perspectives can be solved in search of a common neutral consensus.
This is a definitive advantage compared to other static (online or printed)
encyclopedias.
• For diplomacy in general, see Bruno Latour, Enquetes sur les modes d’existence : Une
anthropologie des modernes, La Decouverte, 2012.
• Bryant, S. et al (2005) Becoming Wikpedian, In Group 05, 1-10, ACM Press
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Wikipedia is felt as common good
• It is backed-up by many users all over the world
• Therefore, it is one of the rare digital resources that is bound to last.
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Foursquare is game and a mapping service
• In recent years, we have seen several
examples of successful creation of
collective knowledge bases using
addictive games.
• This is a particular case of Gamification
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Twitter is a game
• One could argue that services for
sharing/constructing collective
knowledge online are also games (even if
they are not presented as such).
• The success of Twitter is linked with its
smooth Onboarding process
• We discussed this case on course 1.
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Quora is a game
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Quora's strategy
• Quora must attract qualified contributors to write high quality answers to
questions.
• Can you imagine some strategy to reach this goal ?
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To reach this goal, Quora chose a very clear strategy :
personalize the answers, anonymize the questions
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Quora's strategy
• Questions are not owned by the person who asks them.
• They are immediatly treated as a common goods, that can be updated and
modified by anyone.
• On the contrary, the interface associates strongly the user and his answers.
• The systematic juxtaposition between the id of the user (incl. pictures, name
and short bio) and his answers introduces an equivalence between the value of
an user and the value of his answers.
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Quora's strategy
• In addition, Quora introduces an explicit ranking system : the best rated
answers are shown first.
• Each question is thus a competition between Quora’s users.
• The one who provides the best answer wins the game.
• Like in Twitter, the user understands Quora’s implicit rules as he plays and
learns what he must do to play well in this particular kind of games.
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What kind of game is Wikipedia ?
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Wikipedia is MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role
Playing Games)
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Wikipedia
• Onboarding : No need to be identified to start contributing. But this is
necessary to climb the tiers.
• Registering is like reaching level 1
• By registering, the user gets a few new powers. He can have his own webpage.
He can vote.
• These are first steps to motivate him to progressively discover and climb the
levels of the big pyramid associated with each version of Wikipedia.
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Wikipedia
• How can one climb the tiers ? What kind of privilege have the more powerful
users ? The new contributor does not know it yet.
• If he persists he will discover that he can exercice different jobs in the
Wikipedia world.
• Administrators, Bureaucrats, Stewards, Mediators, Judge, Bot creator,
Importator, Oversighter, IP Checkers.
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Administrators
• Administrators are responsible for cleaning particular pages, checking
copyright issues, repair vandalism acts.
• All this tasks can be done by a normal user, but an administrator has access
to special powers
• erase non relevant pages
• protect some pages against change
• block certain users
• rename pages
• mask the history of particular pages.
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Administrators
• How does one become an administrator ? He needs to be elected.
• The following criteria are recommended :
• a very good understanding of the wiki syntax, rules and global functioning of the local version of
Wikipedia.
• participation to maintenance works
• around 3000 participations
• at least one year of significant activity
• The election is set on a given day and the candidate must obtain a clear
majority (this notion is not absolutely well defined in the French version of
Wikipedia)
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IP Checker
• An IP Checker has access to the check-user function that permits to make
explicit the connection between an user IP and his account. To become an IP
Checker, one must be approved by the arbitration committee.
• Only 5 persons have this privilege on the French version of Wikipedia.
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Oversighter
• Oversighter can mask a username from all the public records
• mask a comment
• mask a version of a page
• suppress a page and mask it even to administrator
• see oversighter’s special records
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Bots creators
• Among the 30 most active editors on Wikipedia, 2/3 are bots
• Bots perform repetitive tasks and can interact on Wikipedia pages like a real
Wikipedia user (generate article, edit or destroy an article, translate part of an
article, solve homonymy issues, correct vandalism acts)
• Only a bureaucrat or a steward can allow someone to be a bot creator.
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Bureaucrats
• Bureaucrats manage the status of other users (administrators, bots,
bureaucrats).
• Only 8 persons have this privilege on the French version of Wikipedia.
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Stewards are super bureaucrats
• Stewards are appointed by the international comity. They can manage the
status of all the others contributors.
• There are only 3 stewards on the French version of Wikipedia.
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Mediators
• They can intervene during the fights but cannot vote or recommend a
punitive action.
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Judge
• They can impose a punitive action
• The ArbCom (Arbitration Committee) of the English version of Wikipedia has
only 15 members.
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Wikipedia has also its foundational stories
• The Essjay’s controversy : Essjay was an eminent member of the Wikicratia,
cumulating the functions of administrators, bureaucrats, judge and mediators.
He was caught lying on his bio in this Wikipedia personal page and was
banned.
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World of Warcraft is so boring compared to Wikipedia
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World of Warcraft is so boring compared to Wikipedia
• Ordinary clercks during the day, Wikipedian during the night.
• On Wikipedia, with time and perseverance each player can have a double life,
masked behind his pseudo. He can earn new powers as hardly obtained as one
of a big magician in role playing heroic fantasy games.
• When I wrote a first blog post on this issue, a French Wikipedia Bureaucrat
pointed to me a relatively well hidden page describing Wikipedia as
MMORPG. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MMORPG
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Open Debate : is crowdsourcing and gamificiation
ethical ?
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