DfS SLIDE .pdf

Occupational Safety & Health in Construction Industry (Management)
Design for Safety (DfS)
INTRODUCTION ON
CONCEPT

2
Occupational Safety & Health in Construction Industry (Management) – OSHCI(M)
Dr. Lina
SAFETY is everyone’s right!
https://sites.google.com/view/drmazlinazaira/home

ABOUT
DR. LINA
PhD in Construction, Engineering & Infrastructure Management [2013-2017]
DR. MAZLINA ZAIRA MOHAMMAD
? YEARS YOUNG
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING [2008]
BACHELOR IN CIVIL ENGINEERING [2011]
MBA [2012]
ERASMUS+MOBILITY [2016]
SAFETY & HEALTH OFFICER [2018]
SENIOR LECTURER [2018 – CURRENT]
CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS & PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SAFETY EXECUTIVE TRAINEE [2018]
JOHOR PORT SAFETY DEPARTMENT
ENGINEER EXECUTIVE [2013]
SPECIAL PROJECT & TECHNOLOGY
TRAINEE ENGINEER [2010]
WATER TREATMENT PLANT

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AGENDA
INTRODUCTION ON DESIGN FOR SAFETY (DfS) CONCEPT
• OSH Statistic
• Global Construction
Industry Accident Statistic
• Accident causes statistic
Occupational Safety & Health (OSH)
in Construction industry
• What is DfS?
• Lifecycle of building structure
• DfS principles
• Benefits of DfS implementation
Overview on
Design for Safety (DfS)
• Real examples
• Urban design concept
• Singapore practices
• Video related to DfS
concept
DfS Concept Examples
1st 2nd 3rd

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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
IN CONSTRUCTION
1 INDUSTRY

6
WORKPLACE FATAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR
MALAYSIA STATISTIC [Until Dec 2019]
Sources: Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Malaysia,
October 2017
84
Construction
2019
WORKPLACE
FATAL
ACCIDENTS
259
OSH STATISTIC
16
Business service
& Retail Trades
21
Logistic
&
Transport
17
Others
73
Manufacturing
48
Agriculture
& Mining

7
http://www.damfirm.com/human-cost-construction/
GLOBAL HISTORY IN CONSTRUCTION FATALITY CASES

8

9
EU 1991
• 60%
Fatalities
• Due to
decision
made before
site works
began
US 1990-2003
• 42%
Fatalities
• Related to
design issues
OREGON US
2000-2002
• 22% Injuries
• Line to
design
AU 2000-2002
• 37%
Fatalities
• Due to
design
related
issues;
• 14% may
have design
related issue
WORLDWIDE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY ISSUES

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40 – 60% of fatal accidents attributed to
design & preplanning decisions
Sources:
1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept” (2005)
2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001

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Working environment , 16888, 52%
means of transport & lifting
equipment, 4907, 15%
Agencies not qualified for lack of
or insufficient data, 3862, 12%
Machines, 2719, 8%
Other agencies not elsewhere
classified, 1645, 5%
Tools, implements & appliance
except electric hand tools, 1558,
5%
Materials, substances &
radiations, 883, 3%
Refrigerating installation including
electric motors, 90, 0%
Other equipment , 89, 0%
Furnace, oven & kilns, 26, 0%
Refrigerating plants, 7, 0%
Working environment means of transport & lifting equipment
Agencies not qualified for lack of or insufficient data Machines
Other agencies not elsewhereclassified Tools, implements & appliance except electric hand tools
Materials,substances & radiations Refrigerating installation including electric motors
Other equipment Furnace, oven & kilns
Refrigerating plants
NO OF ACCIDENTS ACCORDING TO CAUSE AGENTS IN 2020
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020)

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Indoor,
10302,
61%
Outdoor, 2815, 17%
Confined Quarters, 1076,
6%
Other traffic and working
surfaces, 966, 6%
Stairs, 619, 4%
Floors, 397, 2%
Traffic & Working
Surfaces, 297, 2%
Working environment, 180,
1% Floor openings & wall
openings , 88, 1%
Water, 24, 0%
Fire, 34, 0%
Environmental Factors
(lighting, ventilation &
tempreratures) , 20, 0%
Roof and faces of mines
roads & tunnels, 18, 0%
Weather, 8, 0%
TYPE OF ACCIDENT RELATED TO WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
Indoor Outdoor
Confined Quarters Other traffic and working surfaces
Stairs Floors
Traffic & Working Surfaces Working environment
Floor openings & wall openings Water
Fire Environmental Factors (lighting, ventilation & tempreratures)
Roof and faces of mines roads & tunnels Weather
Source: National Occupational Accident 2020 Statistic, Department of Statistic Malaysia

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OVERVIEW ON
DESIGN FOR SAFETY
2
CONCEPT

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WHAT IS DFS?

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in the United States
is a major contributor and promoter of PtD policy and guidelines.
In Europe started later and
usually called as a safety by design
WHERE IS DFS STARTED?
However…
The

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Early 1990s
The NIOSH in the US began its National Initiative on Prevention through
Design with the goal of promoting prevention through design philosophy,
practice, and policy.
WHEN IS DFS STARTED?
1994
The UK began requiring construction companies, project owners, and
architects to address safety and health during the design phase of projects
2006
Australia developed the Australian National OHS Strategy, which set
"eliminating hazards at the design stage" as one of five national
priorities.

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LIFECYCLE OF BUILDING OR STRUCTURE

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Typical operating and owning costs of a
building* are in the ratio:
1for construction costs
5for maintenance and building operating costs
SAFETY PAYOFF DURING DESIGN
*Report of the Royal Academy of Engineering on The long term costs of owning and using buildings (1998)

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DfS IN CONSTRUCTION IS…
•Explicitly considering construction and maintenance safety in the
design of a project.
•Being conscious of and valuing the safety of construction and
maintenance workers when performing design tasks.
•Making design decisions based in part on a design element's inherent
safety risk to construction and maintenance workers.
“Safety Constructability
& Maintainability”

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CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

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24

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Ability to
influence
safety
Cost of
influencing
safety
Conceptual
Design
Construction
Project timeline
Asset handover
Commissioning
High High
Low Low
R. Szymberski, “Construction Project Safety Planning” TAPPI Journal, 1997.
ABILITY TO INFLUENCE SAFETY

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Design
Construction
Consumer Use
10
1000
10,000
N
u m
b e r
o f
C o n t a c t s
DFS IS THE ‘SMART’ THING OF PLANNING

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Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
PPE
Eliminate the hazard during design
Substitute a less-hazardous material form during design
‘Design-in’ engineering controls,
Incorporate warning systems
Well-designed work methods &
organization
Available, effective easy to use
Higher
Lower
Reliability
of
Control
DfS
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
Elimination
Substitution

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INTEGRATED DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
Project success requires that design reflects input from all stakeholders,
including:
•Users/occupants
•Owner facility management personnel
•Contractors
CONSTRUCTABILITY FEEDBACK MUST START EARLY IN THE DESIGN
PROCESS

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WHEN SAFETY IS NOT DISCUSSED
DURING DESIGN
1 Designs are un-constructable
2 Users/Occupants can be hurt
3 Designs are more hazardous to construct than they need to be
4 Designs are more hazardous to maintain than they need to be

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SPECIAL TASK FORCE NEEDED TO CHECK SAFETY
LEVEL AT ALL CONSTRUCTION SITES, OCT 22 2017
https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2017/10/293650/special-task-force-needed-check-safety-level-all-construction

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ONE HURT IN KAJANG CONSTRUCTION SCAFFOLDING MISHAP
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 10
https://www.malaymail.com/s/1550055/one-hurt-in-kajang-construction-scaffolding-mishap

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FAILURE
AFTER
THE
CONSTRUCTION

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• Constructed between
1975-1978
• Collapsed on
11 December 1993
• 24 years ago
• Death toll - 48
The Highland Towers - Block 1 Collapse
FAILURE AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION

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Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium Roof Collapse
• Officially operated
on 10 May 2008
• 1st collapsed on
2nd Jun 2009
• 2nd collapsed on
20 Feb 2013
FAILURE AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION

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FAILURE AFTER
THE CONSTRUCTION
Condominium Puncak 7 Residency, Shah Alam

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Human is a giraffe
Obstacles on a tactile walkway & pedestrian
Tactile walkway leading right into a glass
wall at the UTC
DESIGNING FOR FAILURE
Closer is better

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Designer
Contractor
Authority
Client/Owner
WHO IS INVOLVE IN PtD?
Refer Page 61-63 guidelines on occupational safety & health in construction industry (management) 2017
Consultation, cooperation and
coordination duties
(communication)
End User Maintenance & Facilities
Operator

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Sustainability
Innovation & Managing change
Collaboration
IMPORTANT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
UNDERLYING PtD

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•DfS is everyone’s responsibility
Principle 1
•DfS employs life cycle concepts
Principle 2
•DfS implements systematic risk management
Principle 3
•DfS requires knowledge and capability
Principle 4
•DfS information transfer relies on communication
Principle 5
DFS PRINCIPLES

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*Page 25-27,65 guidelines on occupational safety & health in construction industry (management) 2017
• Form a review team
Principles
How to do
1
2
3
4
Principle
5
HOW TO IMPLEMENT DFS PRINCIPLES?
**Page 66-69 guidelines on occupational safety & health in construction industry (management) 2017
• Define users
• Define environments
• Define the life cycle of the product
• Identify failure modes*
• Determine the foreseeable use, misuse, abuse*
• Identify potential hazards*
• Review data
• Review standards – understand the rationale**
• Keep asking “What if…..?”

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Hazard identification
• What construction safety hazards does the design create?
Risk assessment
• What is the level of safety and health risk associated with each
hazard?
Design option identification and selection
• What can be done to eliminate or reduce the risk?
• Remember the hierarchy of controls……
DFS DESIGN REVIEW

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• Reduced site hazard
• Fewer delays due to accidents
• Increased productivity and quality
• Reduced costs
• Better prediction and management of production and operational
costs over the lifecycle of a structure
• Encourages designer-constructor collaboration
• Innovation, in that safe design demands new thinking
• Improved operations and maintenance safety
• Improved usability of structures
• Compliance with legislation
Tangible benefits
WHY DFS?

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Design spec:
• Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various
locations.
• Wells located directly under overhead power
lines.
Accident:
• Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too
close to overhead power lines.
Engineer could have:
• Specified wells be dug away from power lines;
and/or
• Better informed the contractor of hazard
posed by wells’ proximity to power lines
through the plans, specifications, and bid
documents.
EXAMPLE OF THE NEED FOR DFS

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EXAMPLE OF THE NEED FOR DFS
[ELIMINATION & SUBSTITUTION]

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OSHCI (M) IMPLEMENTATION
Pre
Construction
Phase
•Principal
designer
•Other
designers
Liaison
Phase
•Principal
designer
•Principal
contractor
Construction
Phase
•Principal
contractor
•Other
contractors
Operation &
Maintenance
Phase
•Occupier/user
•Maintenance
and Facilities
Management
Renovation, Rehabilitation
& Restoration/Demolition
Phase
•Client
•Owner
Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994
Clients initiate the whole life cycle of building/structure project phases plan
Health & Safety File
CLIENT
CLIENT

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GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
Avoid risks
Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
Combat the risks at source
Adapt the work to the individual
Adapt to technical progress
Replace dangerous by non-dangerous or less dangerous
Develop a coherent overall prevention policy
Give collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures
Give appropriate instructions to employees

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Multipurpose Powerpoint Template
BEST SOLUTION CONCEPT
Think earlier before it is too late
DfS CONCEPT
EXAMPLES
3

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54

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56

57

58

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60

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EXTERNAL WORK
DESIGN & PROVISION
• Green Roof
• External Works Design
Guide DCG-E-EW-126-
3.5 on green roof
• Small / Single - Storey
Structures
• (ii) Provision of proper,
easy and safety access
should be incorporated
for maintenance.

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Safe Maintenance Access
for External Work at Green
Roof, Covered Walkway &
Footbridge
Proper and safe access, maintenance path with
Horizontal Lifeline should be provided on green roof,
covered walkway and footbridge for cleansing and
maintenance
Safe Access to Green Roof
2 3
1 4
1. Metal Scaffolding to Roof
2. Safe Arrest System
3. Automatic Irrigation System
4. Choice of plant material with low maintenance species, e.g. drought tolerant type

63
Safe Maintenance Access to Vertical Greening
1. Hoisting Beam
2. Steel Scaffolding with
Working Platform
3. Concrete Plinth for Setting
of the Scaffolding
4. Automatic Irrigation
System

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Safe Maintenance Access to Footbridge

65
DESIGN FOR
SAFETY
DfS
PROFESSIONA
LS

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SINGAPORE EXPERIENCE
Considerations for placement of
air-conditioning ledge access
Considerations for tall green wall
• No need for scaffolding during maintenance
• Enhanced safety with no need to work at height
• Effective long term maintenance

67

68
M&O ISSUES

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PtD CONCEPT

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HOW TO CLEAN THE ROOF??

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Considerations for maintenance of windows

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THE AQUATIC CENTRE
Case Studies – Making it safer for Maintenance Staff

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SINGAPORE SPORTS HUB
FACTS AND FIGURES

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WHO WERE THE DESIGNERS OF THE SPORTS HUB?

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The Aquatic Centre
The Design for Safety review of
the Aquatic Centre covered all
areas of the building but one of
the more important subjects was
how do we access lights,
speakers, countries’ flags, etc.
above the water ?

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AQUATIC CENTRE
CATWALK RATIONALIZATION
Level 3.5 plan of AQC from
early 2011 showing 5 main
catwalks
Final level 3.5 plan AQC
showing 3 main catwalks

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ARRANGEMENT OF SPEAKERS
(FROM ARUP AV/ACOUSTIC RESPORT)
AV design done with safe access as a requirement
(the same 3 catwalks)
Arrangement of loudspeaker next to
catwalk - section

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3 MAIN CATWALKS
Making it safer for Maintenance Staff

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