This document proposes an air pollution monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. The system uses sensor nodes equipped with CO, SO2, and dust sensors that transmit pollution data via Zigbee to a central server. The simulation results show the sensor nodes successfully measuring pollution levels from two areas and transmitting the data via Zigbee to be displayed on the central server in real-time. The system is designed to remotely monitor industrial air pollution and could be deployed in production industries in Tanzania to provide pollution data for decision makers.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
This document summarizes the top 20 most cited articles from 2021 in the field of wireless and mobile networks research published in the International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The first article proposes a wireless sensor network system to monitor air pollution in Mauritius using wireless sensors deployed across the island. The second article discusses using wireless sensor networks to automatically monitor and control greenhouse parameters for precision agriculture. The third article performs a performance comparison of different routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.
Vendula Hejlová - Wireless sensor network components for monitoring air pollu...swenney
The document discusses the selection of components for a wireless sensor network to monitor air pollution in an urban environment. It outlines criteria for selecting sensor network nodes, including 8 groups of criteria related to sensors, communication, energy, environmental resistance, technical aspects, expansion options, physical parameters, and price. 25 total criteria are identified and weighted based on their importance. The document then provides an example wireless sensor network implementation in Olomouc, Czech Republic, establishing requirements for monitoring various air pollutants using 15 sensor nodes. Finally, potential sensor node options are analyzed according to the outlined criteria.
This document summarizes and compares several energy-efficient routing cluster protocols for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, LEACH-C, TL-LEACH, PEGASIS, ER-LEACH, and LEACH-SM. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and the need for energy efficiency in routing protocols. It then reviews each of the protocols, describing their clustering approach and how they select cluster heads. The document analyzes and compares the performance of the protocols based on metrics like throughput, network lifetime, energy efficiency, and load balancing. It finds that PEGASIS and TL-LEACH generally perform best in terms of throughput and network lifetime, while LEACH-C and ER-LEACH also
WIRELESS DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR REAL TIME APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
This venture introduces the standards of a low oper ational-cost however adaptable remote information securing framework. The fundamen tal center of the framework is implanted equipment which uses center ARM-7 process or to fulfil the information securing of the shut environment. Point of the task is to plan a remote information securing framework,for constant information prepar ing. Create ideal effective framework as far as permitting direct intelligent c orrespondence. The installed gadget conveys through Global System for Mobile Communicat ion (GSM) which makes it available from anyplace on the planet through Short Message Service (SMS). A novel methodology is acquainted with minimize the operati onal expenses while working with a lot of information. The framework is shown to be suitable for distinctive implanted applications by connecting a few ongoing modules th rough proper interfaces. For this we need to exhibit basic installed framework with t hree sensors of temperature,mugginess and gas. The information ought to be stra ightforwardly exchanged through SMS by GSM to GSM correspondence to the PC. By util izing MATLAB yields are plotted on PC. This point examines to construct a l ittle estimated,minimal effort remote information obtaining framework.
This document discusses solutions to extend the life of wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their typical node architecture and energy consumption. Most energy is used by the transceiver unit for radio communication. The lifetime of a network is defined as the time until a certain percentage of nodes fail. Several solutions are proposed to enhance network lifetime, including efficient node deployment, data aggregation, routing, and using mobile sinks to balance energy consumption across nodes. Reducing radio communication and balancing energy usage across the network can effectively increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
This document reviews a proposed smart underground drainage water management system using wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things. Key aspects of the system include:
1. Sensors would monitor parameters like water level, gas level, and manhole conditions in the drainage system.
2. The sensor data would be stored in the cloud and short messages about underground drainage conditions would be sent to the local municipality.
3. This system aims to detect blockages, locate them, and send alerts to clear blockages and prevent overflow or contamination of the water supply.
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors array pptSaurabh Giratkar
ppt This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
This document summarizes the top 20 most cited articles from 2021 in the field of wireless and mobile networks research published in the International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The first article proposes a wireless sensor network system to monitor air pollution in Mauritius using wireless sensors deployed across the island. The second article discusses using wireless sensor networks to automatically monitor and control greenhouse parameters for precision agriculture. The third article performs a performance comparison of different routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.
Vendula Hejlová - Wireless sensor network components for monitoring air pollu...swenney
The document discusses the selection of components for a wireless sensor network to monitor air pollution in an urban environment. It outlines criteria for selecting sensor network nodes, including 8 groups of criteria related to sensors, communication, energy, environmental resistance, technical aspects, expansion options, physical parameters, and price. 25 total criteria are identified and weighted based on their importance. The document then provides an example wireless sensor network implementation in Olomouc, Czech Republic, establishing requirements for monitoring various air pollutants using 15 sensor nodes. Finally, potential sensor node options are analyzed according to the outlined criteria.
This document summarizes and compares several energy-efficient routing cluster protocols for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, LEACH-C, TL-LEACH, PEGASIS, ER-LEACH, and LEACH-SM. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and the need for energy efficiency in routing protocols. It then reviews each of the protocols, describing their clustering approach and how they select cluster heads. The document analyzes and compares the performance of the protocols based on metrics like throughput, network lifetime, energy efficiency, and load balancing. It finds that PEGASIS and TL-LEACH generally perform best in terms of throughput and network lifetime, while LEACH-C and ER-LEACH also
WIRELESS DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR REAL TIME APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
This venture introduces the standards of a low oper ational-cost however adaptable remote information securing framework. The fundamen tal center of the framework is implanted equipment which uses center ARM-7 process or to fulfil the information securing of the shut environment. Point of the task is to plan a remote information securing framework,for constant information prepar ing. Create ideal effective framework as far as permitting direct intelligent c orrespondence. The installed gadget conveys through Global System for Mobile Communicat ion (GSM) which makes it available from anyplace on the planet through Short Message Service (SMS). A novel methodology is acquainted with minimize the operati onal expenses while working with a lot of information. The framework is shown to be suitable for distinctive implanted applications by connecting a few ongoing modules th rough proper interfaces. For this we need to exhibit basic installed framework with t hree sensors of temperature,mugginess and gas. The information ought to be stra ightforwardly exchanged through SMS by GSM to GSM correspondence to the PC. By util izing MATLAB yields are plotted on PC. This point examines to construct a l ittle estimated,minimal effort remote information obtaining framework.
This document discusses solutions to extend the life of wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their typical node architecture and energy consumption. Most energy is used by the transceiver unit for radio communication. The lifetime of a network is defined as the time until a certain percentage of nodes fail. Several solutions are proposed to enhance network lifetime, including efficient node deployment, data aggregation, routing, and using mobile sinks to balance energy consumption across nodes. Reducing radio communication and balancing energy usage across the network can effectively increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
This document reviews a proposed smart underground drainage water management system using wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things. Key aspects of the system include:
1. Sensors would monitor parameters like water level, gas level, and manhole conditions in the drainage system.
2. The sensor data would be stored in the cloud and short messages about underground drainage conditions would be sent to the local municipality.
3. This system aims to detect blockages, locate them, and send alerts to clear blockages and prevent overflow or contamination of the water supply.
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors array pptSaurabh Giratkar
ppt This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
Review of smart sensor networks for environment monitoringeSAT Journals
Abstract This review article focuses on the various environment monitoring systems developed over the years. The development of any monitoring system is dependent on certain key factors namely cost of the system, energy efficiency of the system, signal to noise ratio, interference rejection during varying atmospheric conditions. The complexity of any system depends upon the number of nodes the system requires to monitor, the more the number of nodes the more complex structure becomes. If we use smart sensor network with each node independently functioning and transmitting data to one parent node that performs required processing the complexity decreases. Keywords: Zig bee, raspberry pi, smart sensor network, wireless communication, embedded controller, ARM, Wi-fi
Mobile Relay in Data-Intensive using Routing Tree WSNijircee
This document discusses using mobile relay nodes to reduce energy consumption in data-intensive wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It proposes an optimal mobile relay configuration (OMRC) approach where mobile relay nodes periodically relocate to optimize the routing tree based on data transfer amounts. The approach formulates an energy optimization framework to determine the position for each relay node that minimizes total transmission and movement energy. It then presents a tree optimization algorithm that iteratively calculates optimal positions for relay nodes using local optimization and breadth-first labeling and weighting of nodes. The algorithm is shown to converge to an optimal configuration that reduces total energy consumption compared to approaches using mobile base stations or data mules.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Wireless sensor networks are composed of densely deployed sensor nodes that can cooperatively monitor phenomena. The document outlines applications of sensor networks like environmental monitoring and health monitoring. It discusses factors influencing sensor network design such as fault tolerance, scalability, hardware constraints, and power consumption. It also describes the communication architecture of sensor networks including the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers and open research issues at each layer.
IRJET- Node Deployment for Improving Coverage Area in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on node deployment strategies to improve coverage area in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how node deployment is a key design issue that affects network performance metrics like coverage, connectivity, lifetime and robustness. There are two main types of node deployment - manual and random. Manual deployment precisely positions nodes but is not feasible for large-scale networks. Random deployment using techniques like aerial dropping can achieve wide coverage but results may not be optimal. The paper then reviews several node deployment algorithms proposed in other research to optimize coverage through approaches like virtual force-based mobility and bee colony optimization algorithms. It concludes node deployment is important for wireless sensor network effectiveness.
Structural Health Monitoring by Payload Compression in Wireless Sensors Netwo...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Structural health monitoring is the fact of
estimating the state of structural healthor detecting the
changes in structure that affect its performance. The
traditional approach to monitor the structural health is by
using centralized data acquisition hub wired to tens or even
hundreds of sensors, and the installation and maintenance of
these cabled systems represent significant concerns,
prompting the move toward wireless sensor network. As cost
effectiveness and energy efficiency is a major concern, our
main interest is to reduce the amount of overhead while
keeping the structural health monitoring accurate. Since most
of the compression algorithm is heavy weight for wireless
sensor network with respect to payload compression, here we
have analyzed an algorithmic comparison of arithmetic
coding algorithm and Huffman coding algorithm. Evaluation
shows that arithmetic coding is more efficient than Huffman
coding for payload compression.
Energetic Slot Allotment for Improving Interchange in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving energy efficiency and throughput in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their design challenges, including limited energy capacity. It then discusses how existing medium access control protocols provide energy efficiency but at the cost of increased delay and limited throughput. The document proposes dynamic slot allocation as a way to adapt bandwidth based on traffic load, maintaining low duty cycles with light traffic but scheduling more transmission opportunities with increased traffic. This allows energy to only be used when needed to carry application traffic. The document surveys dynamic slot allocation approaches in wireless sensor networks.
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It outlines their applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and military uses. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, and power consumption. The communication architecture of sensor networks is presented, including the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Sensor networks have the potential to be widely used in many applications due to their flexibility and fault tolerance.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Preliminary study of wireless balloon network using adaptive position trackin...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Limited resources in post-disaster areas, one of which is a communication where coordination needed for aid distribution in disaster areas. Wireless balloon technology as a solution for use in post-disaster areas. Bandwidth limitations and high delay in communication systems on wireless balloons create limitations in aid coordination, especially mobile device tracking on BPBD volunteers or officers. This research develops an effective communication system at the wireless balloon to track personal device officers in disaster areas that use cellular devices. This mobile device tracking system utilizes a wireless balloon using a publish-subscribe system on their mobile devices, namely volunteers as publishers and those responsible for disasters or communities as subscribers. To overcome the limitations of communication resources on cellular devices and wireless balloons using the Adaptive method on publish-subscribe called UM-Disaster. The results of this study, the UM-Disaster system for multi-cell tracking has an average efficiency of 40-63% for bandwidth and processor use on mobile devices at 51-70%.
Optical Quantum Generation and Transmission of 57–61 GHz Frequency Band Using...University of Malaya (UM)
An optical panda ring resonator connecting to two microring resonators (MRRs) can be used to
generate a high frequency optical soliton. The optical soliton pulse of 57–61 GHz can be generated
and transmitted via an optical quantum transmission link. This system uses a Gaussian laser pulse
propagating within a nonlinear MRRs system. The ultra-short single and multi soliton pulses within
the range of 57–61 GHz can be generated and seen at the through and drop ports of the system.
The transmission link consists of MRRs system, optical transmitter, connector, fiber optics, erbium
doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), receiver and antenna which provide transmission of optical soliton via
the wired/wireless communications. The fiber optic has a length of 1 km, where the wireless link
covers a short distance optical communication of 10 m. Here, the transmitted optical soliton pulses
can be received, detected and used by the users.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Review on MAC Protocols for underwater acoustic networksIRJET Journal
The document reviews MAC (media access control) protocols for underwater acoustic networks. It discusses the unique challenges of the underwater acoustic environment including high propagation delay, limited bandwidth, noise, and energy efficiency concerns. It then summarizes several key MAC protocols that have been proposed to address these challenges, including protocols using CDMA, packet fragmentation, dynamic frequency selection, and approaches that leverage or schedule around propagation delay. Overall, the review examines the considerations for designing MAC protocols for underwater acoustic networks and provides an overview of several example protocols and their advantages and disadvantages.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIHOP QUALITY PATH BASED DATA COLLECTION IN WIRELESS SENS...Editor IJMTER
In recent years there has been an increased focus on the use of sensor networks to sense and measure
the environment. This leads to a wide variety of theoretical and practical issues on appropriate protocols for data
sensing and transfer. Recent work shows sink mobility can improve the energy efficiency in wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). However, data delivery latency often increases due to the speed limit of mobile sink. Most of
them exploit mobility to address the problem of data collection in WSNs. The WSNs with MS (mobile Sink) and
provide a comprehensive taxonomy of their architectures, based on the role of the MS. An overview of the data
collection process in such a scenario, and identify the corresponding issues and challenges. A protocol named
weighted rendezvous planning (WRP) which is a heuristic method that finds a near-optimal traveling tour that
minimizes the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Focus on the path selection problem in delay-guaranteed
sensor networks with a path-constrained mobile sink. Concentrate an efficient data collection scheme, which
simultaneously improves the total amount of data and reduces the energy consumption. The optimal path is chosen
to meet the requirement on delay as well as minimize the energy consumption of entire network. Predictable sink
mobility is exploited to improve energy efficiency of sensor networks.
EFFECT OF INTER PACKET DELAY IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COEXISTENCE HETEROGEN...IJNSA Journal
As the explosive growth of the ISM band usage continues, there are many scenarios where different systems operate in the same place at the same time. One of growing concerns is the coexistence of heterogeneous wireless network systems. For the successful deployment of mission-critical systems such as wireless sensor networks, it is required to provide a solution for the coexistence. In this paper, we propose a new scheme using inter packet delay for the coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 LRWPAN and IEEE 802.11b WLAN. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, measurement and simulation study are conducted using Qualnet 4.5 simulation software. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is effective in performance improvement for coexistence network of IEEE 802.15.4 for varioustopologies.
Java localization-based radio model calibration for fault-tolerant wireless ...Ecway Technologies
This paper proposes a localization-based method to calibrate radio propagation models by finding mobile station locations via localization and using radio signal strength measurements to adjust model parameters to better fit the real environment. This calibration method is integrated into a fault-tolerance framework to automatically detect environmental changes and propose network reconfigurations before service failures occur. An evaluation in a real industrial scenario demonstrated the practicality of the approach.
A Comparative Performance Analysis of Centralized and Distributed Hierarchica...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares centralized and distributed hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It analyzes the performance of several hierarchical routing protocols (LEACH, LEACH-C, MOD LEACH, HEED, EAMMH, EAMRP) with respect to parameters like throughput, alive nodes, energy consumption, dead nodes, and scalability. Hierarchical clustering protocols are among the most energy efficient routing techniques for WSNs. The document also discusses the importance of environmental monitoring using WSNs given the increasing impacts of climate-related disasters.
An Efficient Tracking System for Air and Sound.pdfAakash Sheelvant
This document describes a proposed system for efficiently tracking air and sound pollution using IoT technology. The system uses sensors to monitor air quality and sound levels, sending the data to a microcontroller and then to the cloud over the internet. This allows authorities to remotely monitor pollution levels in various areas and take appropriate action if levels exceed thresholds. The system is intended to help control pollution and its health impacts on people.
Review of smart sensor networks for environment monitoringeSAT Journals
Abstract This review article focuses on the various environment monitoring systems developed over the years. The development of any monitoring system is dependent on certain key factors namely cost of the system, energy efficiency of the system, signal to noise ratio, interference rejection during varying atmospheric conditions. The complexity of any system depends upon the number of nodes the system requires to monitor, the more the number of nodes the more complex structure becomes. If we use smart sensor network with each node independently functioning and transmitting data to one parent node that performs required processing the complexity decreases. Keywords: Zig bee, raspberry pi, smart sensor network, wireless communication, embedded controller, ARM, Wi-fi
Mobile Relay in Data-Intensive using Routing Tree WSNijircee
This document discusses using mobile relay nodes to reduce energy consumption in data-intensive wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It proposes an optimal mobile relay configuration (OMRC) approach where mobile relay nodes periodically relocate to optimize the routing tree based on data transfer amounts. The approach formulates an energy optimization framework to determine the position for each relay node that minimizes total transmission and movement energy. It then presents a tree optimization algorithm that iteratively calculates optimal positions for relay nodes using local optimization and breadth-first labeling and weighting of nodes. The algorithm is shown to converge to an optimal configuration that reduces total energy consumption compared to approaches using mobile base stations or data mules.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Wireless sensor networks are composed of densely deployed sensor nodes that can cooperatively monitor phenomena. The document outlines applications of sensor networks like environmental monitoring and health monitoring. It discusses factors influencing sensor network design such as fault tolerance, scalability, hardware constraints, and power consumption. It also describes the communication architecture of sensor networks including the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers and open research issues at each layer.
IRJET- Node Deployment for Improving Coverage Area in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on node deployment strategies to improve coverage area in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how node deployment is a key design issue that affects network performance metrics like coverage, connectivity, lifetime and robustness. There are two main types of node deployment - manual and random. Manual deployment precisely positions nodes but is not feasible for large-scale networks. Random deployment using techniques like aerial dropping can achieve wide coverage but results may not be optimal. The paper then reviews several node deployment algorithms proposed in other research to optimize coverage through approaches like virtual force-based mobility and bee colony optimization algorithms. It concludes node deployment is important for wireless sensor network effectiveness.
Structural Health Monitoring by Payload Compression in Wireless Sensors Netwo...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Structural health monitoring is the fact of
estimating the state of structural healthor detecting the
changes in structure that affect its performance. The
traditional approach to monitor the structural health is by
using centralized data acquisition hub wired to tens or even
hundreds of sensors, and the installation and maintenance of
these cabled systems represent significant concerns,
prompting the move toward wireless sensor network. As cost
effectiveness and energy efficiency is a major concern, our
main interest is to reduce the amount of overhead while
keeping the structural health monitoring accurate. Since most
of the compression algorithm is heavy weight for wireless
sensor network with respect to payload compression, here we
have analyzed an algorithmic comparison of arithmetic
coding algorithm and Huffman coding algorithm. Evaluation
shows that arithmetic coding is more efficient than Huffman
coding for payload compression.
Energetic Slot Allotment for Improving Interchange in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving energy efficiency and throughput in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their design challenges, including limited energy capacity. It then discusses how existing medium access control protocols provide energy efficiency but at the cost of increased delay and limited throughput. The document proposes dynamic slot allocation as a way to adapt bandwidth based on traffic load, maintaining low duty cycles with light traffic but scheduling more transmission opportunities with increased traffic. This allows energy to only be used when needed to carry application traffic. The document surveys dynamic slot allocation approaches in wireless sensor networks.
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It outlines their applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and military uses. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, and power consumption. The communication architecture of sensor networks is presented, including the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Sensor networks have the potential to be widely used in many applications due to their flexibility and fault tolerance.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Preliminary study of wireless balloon network using adaptive position trackin...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Limited resources in post-disaster areas, one of which is a communication where coordination needed for aid distribution in disaster areas. Wireless balloon technology as a solution for use in post-disaster areas. Bandwidth limitations and high delay in communication systems on wireless balloons create limitations in aid coordination, especially mobile device tracking on BPBD volunteers or officers. This research develops an effective communication system at the wireless balloon to track personal device officers in disaster areas that use cellular devices. This mobile device tracking system utilizes a wireless balloon using a publish-subscribe system on their mobile devices, namely volunteers as publishers and those responsible for disasters or communities as subscribers. To overcome the limitations of communication resources on cellular devices and wireless balloons using the Adaptive method on publish-subscribe called UM-Disaster. The results of this study, the UM-Disaster system for multi-cell tracking has an average efficiency of 40-63% for bandwidth and processor use on mobile devices at 51-70%.
Optical Quantum Generation and Transmission of 57–61 GHz Frequency Band Using...University of Malaya (UM)
An optical panda ring resonator connecting to two microring resonators (MRRs) can be used to
generate a high frequency optical soliton. The optical soliton pulse of 57–61 GHz can be generated
and transmitted via an optical quantum transmission link. This system uses a Gaussian laser pulse
propagating within a nonlinear MRRs system. The ultra-short single and multi soliton pulses within
the range of 57–61 GHz can be generated and seen at the through and drop ports of the system.
The transmission link consists of MRRs system, optical transmitter, connector, fiber optics, erbium
doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), receiver and antenna which provide transmission of optical soliton via
the wired/wireless communications. The fiber optic has a length of 1 km, where the wireless link
covers a short distance optical communication of 10 m. Here, the transmitted optical soliton pulses
can be received, detected and used by the users.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Review on MAC Protocols for underwater acoustic networksIRJET Journal
The document reviews MAC (media access control) protocols for underwater acoustic networks. It discusses the unique challenges of the underwater acoustic environment including high propagation delay, limited bandwidth, noise, and energy efficiency concerns. It then summarizes several key MAC protocols that have been proposed to address these challenges, including protocols using CDMA, packet fragmentation, dynamic frequency selection, and approaches that leverage or schedule around propagation delay. Overall, the review examines the considerations for designing MAC protocols for underwater acoustic networks and provides an overview of several example protocols and their advantages and disadvantages.
IRJET- Research on Dynamic Spectrum AllocationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dynamic spectrum allocation using cognitive radio. It first provides background on the increasing interference in wireless networks due to the growing number of devices operating in unlicensed bands like the ISM band. It then introduces cognitive radio as a potential solution, which can detect available channels and adapt transmission accordingly to allow more concurrent devices. It discusses the main challenges for cognitive radios in not interfering with licensed users. The document reviews several papers on related topics like online spectrum allocation algorithms and surveys of spectrum management techniques. It also describes common spectrum sensing methods used by cognitive radios to detect spectrum holes like matched filtering, cyclostationary detection, and energy detection. Results are presented on performance metrics like end-to-end delay
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIHOP QUALITY PATH BASED DATA COLLECTION IN WIRELESS SENS...Editor IJMTER
In recent years there has been an increased focus on the use of sensor networks to sense and measure
the environment. This leads to a wide variety of theoretical and practical issues on appropriate protocols for data
sensing and transfer. Recent work shows sink mobility can improve the energy efficiency in wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). However, data delivery latency often increases due to the speed limit of mobile sink. Most of
them exploit mobility to address the problem of data collection in WSNs. The WSNs with MS (mobile Sink) and
provide a comprehensive taxonomy of their architectures, based on the role of the MS. An overview of the data
collection process in such a scenario, and identify the corresponding issues and challenges. A protocol named
weighted rendezvous planning (WRP) which is a heuristic method that finds a near-optimal traveling tour that
minimizes the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Focus on the path selection problem in delay-guaranteed
sensor networks with a path-constrained mobile sink. Concentrate an efficient data collection scheme, which
simultaneously improves the total amount of data and reduces the energy consumption. The optimal path is chosen
to meet the requirement on delay as well as minimize the energy consumption of entire network. Predictable sink
mobility is exploited to improve energy efficiency of sensor networks.
EFFECT OF INTER PACKET DELAY IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COEXISTENCE HETEROGEN...IJNSA Journal
As the explosive growth of the ISM band usage continues, there are many scenarios where different systems operate in the same place at the same time. One of growing concerns is the coexistence of heterogeneous wireless network systems. For the successful deployment of mission-critical systems such as wireless sensor networks, it is required to provide a solution for the coexistence. In this paper, we propose a new scheme using inter packet delay for the coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 LRWPAN and IEEE 802.11b WLAN. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, measurement and simulation study are conducted using Qualnet 4.5 simulation software. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is effective in performance improvement for coexistence network of IEEE 802.15.4 for varioustopologies.
Java localization-based radio model calibration for fault-tolerant wireless ...Ecway Technologies
This paper proposes a localization-based method to calibrate radio propagation models by finding mobile station locations via localization and using radio signal strength measurements to adjust model parameters to better fit the real environment. This calibration method is integrated into a fault-tolerance framework to automatically detect environmental changes and propose network reconfigurations before service failures occur. An evaluation in a real industrial scenario demonstrated the practicality of the approach.
A Comparative Performance Analysis of Centralized and Distributed Hierarchica...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares centralized and distributed hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It analyzes the performance of several hierarchical routing protocols (LEACH, LEACH-C, MOD LEACH, HEED, EAMMH, EAMRP) with respect to parameters like throughput, alive nodes, energy consumption, dead nodes, and scalability. Hierarchical clustering protocols are among the most energy efficient routing techniques for WSNs. The document also discusses the importance of environmental monitoring using WSNs given the increasing impacts of climate-related disasters.
An Efficient Tracking System for Air and Sound.pdfAakash Sheelvant
This document describes a proposed system for efficiently tracking air and sound pollution using IoT technology. The system uses sensors to monitor air quality and sound levels, sending the data to a microcontroller and then to the cloud over the internet. This allows authorities to remotely monitor pollution levels in various areas and take appropriate action if levels exceed thresholds. The system is intended to help control pollution and its health impacts on people.
Design and Implementation of Smart Air Pollution Monitoring System Based on I...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that designed and implemented a smart air pollution monitoring system in Mosul, Iraq based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses low-cost sensors to detect concentrations of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, dust, and humidity. A Particle Photon microcontroller collects data from the sensors and sends it via MQTT protocol to the UBIDOTS IoT platform for storage, analysis and visualization. The system aims to provide low-cost, real-time air pollution monitoring at different locations in Mosul.
This document summarizes a research paper on medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses how MAC protocols are needed to manage shared access to communication channels in wireless sensor networks and outlines some key characteristics and requirements for efficient MAC protocols, including energy efficiency, scalability, and supporting variable traffic loads. It then reviews some traditional MAC protocols, including time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). The full paper provides a more in-depth survey and comparison of schedule-based and contention-based MAC protocols designed specifically for wireless sensor networks.
A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Undergroun...ijtsrd
In this paper, the 424MHz ZigBee module, which uses a relatively lower frequency for wireless transmission and reception, is found to have a much higher data transfer rate than that of the 2.4GHz XBee PRO in the presence of obstacles such as subway waiting rooms, platform like stairs, complicated structures, and crowded passengers. This indicates that low frequency radio waves have better diffraction characteristics and thus better performance in face of obstacles. Therefore, it was found that low frequency Zigbee modules are advantageous in areas with complex structures such as subways. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26820.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26820/a-study-on-the-zigbee-wireless-communication-for-iaq-monitoring-of-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Implementation of environmental monitoring based on KAA IoT platformjournalBEEI
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a key to access the internet of things (IoT). The popularity of IoT and the prediction that there will be more devices connected to the Internet cause difficulties in integrating and making connected devices. The problem of IoT implementation are the lack of real-time data collection, processing, and the inability to provide continuous monitoring. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an IoT device for monitoring environmental conditions through the IoT KAA platform that can be monitored anywhere and anytime in real time. The end device node consists of several sensors such as as temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. The collected data from the end device node will be transmitted via a communication based on IEEE 802.15.4 to Raspberry Pi gateway, then sent to the KAA cloud server and saved into the database. The environmental data can be accessed via a web-based sensor application. We Analize the performance evaluation in terms of transaction, availability, data transfer, response time, transaction rate, throughput, and concurrency. The experimental result shows that the use of KAA IoT platform is better than that without platform.
January 2024 Top 10 Read Article -International Journal of Wireless & Mobile ...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer- reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Wireless and Mobile Networks.
February 2024 - Top 10 Read Article for Wireless & Mobile Networks -Internati...ijwmn
Call for Papers..!!!
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN)
ISSN:0975-3834 [Online]; 0975-4679 [Print]
(ERA Listed, WJCI Indexed)
Web Page URL : https://airccse.org/journal/ijwmn.html
Submission URL :https://airccse.com/submissioncs/home.html
February 2024 - Top 10 Read Article for Wireless & Mobile Networks
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN)- ERA, WJCI Indexed
https://www.academia.edu/115661722/February_2024_Top_10_Read_Article_International_Journal_of_Wireless_and_Mobile_Networks_IJWMN_ERA_Listed_WJCI_Indexed
Submission Deadline : March 03, 2024
Contact Us : ijwmn@airccse.org or ijwmn@aircconline.com
Performance Evaluation of Mini-sinks Mobility Using Multiple Paths in Wireles...CSCJournals
This paper presents a new approach based on the use of many data collectors, which we designate Mini-Sinks (MSs), instead of a single sink to collect the data in order to improve Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) performance. One or more MS are mobile and move according to a controlled arbitrary mobility model inside the sensor field in order to maintain a fully-connected network topology, collecting data within their coverage areas and forwarding it towards the single main sink. Energy Conserving Routing Protocol (ECRP), based on route diversity, is implemented in MSs and sensors in order to optimize the transmission cost of the forwarding scheme. A set of multiple routing paths between MSs and sensors is generated to distribute the global traffic over the entire network. Simulations were performed in order to validate the performance of our new approach. We compare the results obtained with those for a single static sink and mobile sink, and show that our approach can achieve better performances such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, network lifetime, residual energy, energy and routing diversity overhead.
DATA TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR EFFECTIVE AND SECURE COMMUN...IJEEE
Data transmission occurs from transmitting node to sink node, which communicate each other via large number of intermediate nodes or directly to an external base station. A network consists of numbers of nodes with one as a source and one or more as a destination node.
April 2024 Top 10 Read Article for Wireless & Mobile Networksijwmn
Call for Papers..!!!
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) – H- Index -37
ISSN: 0975-3834 [Online]; 0975-4679 [Print]
Web Page URL : https://airccse.org/journal/ijwmn.html
Submission URL :https://airccse.com/submissioncs/home.html
Submission Deadline : April 27, 2024
Contact Us : ijwmn@airccse.org or ijwmn@aircconline.com
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
Data Centric Approach Based Protocol using Evolutionary Approach in WSNijsrd.com
The evolution of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the development of an infrastructure consists of sensing, computation and communication units that makes administrator capable to observe and react to a phenomena in a particular environment. In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are scattered densely in a large area. Sensor nodes can communicate with the sink node directly or through other nodes. Data transmission is the major issue in WSN. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data. Various routing protocols have been proposed to save the energy during the transmission of data. data centric approach based routing protocol which efficiently propagates information between sensor nodes in an energy constrained mode. This paper proposes a data centric routing Using evolutionary apporoach in WSN.The main objective of this protocol with evolutionary apporoach is to use artificial intelligence, to reduce the energy consumption by the nodes in transmitting and receiving the data. Implementation of Basic SEP, intelligence cluster routing and proposed protocols will be done using MATLAB.
IRJET-E-Waste Management using RoboticsIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed air quality monitoring system for cities using IoT technology. The system would use sensors to measure pollutants, temperature, humidity and air quality index in various locations. The sensor data would be wirelessly transmitted via Wi-Fi modules to a server hosting a website. The website would display the sensor readings in tabular form and provide alerts, news, and surveys about air pollution levels to raise public awareness. The proposed system was intended to be implemented using Arduino boards connected to sensors and ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules to transmit data to a cloud-based server and website.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
Development in the technology of sensor such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), wireless communications, embedded systems, distributed processing and wireless sensor applications have contributed a large transformation in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) recently. It assists and improves work performance both in the field of industry and our daily life. Wireless Sensor Network has been widely used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring in agriculture and habitat monitoring. Environment monitoring has become an important field of control and protection, providing real-time system and control communication
with the physical world. An intelligent and smart Wireless Sensor Network system can gather and process a large amount of data from the beginning of the monitoring and manage air quality, the conditions of traffic, to weather situations.
Review on Environment Monitoring System and Energy EfficiencyIJERA Editor
The Environment monitoring is one of the applications of wireless sensor network. The most serious environment pollution is air pollution because different air pollutant causes damage to human health and causes global warming. To avoid such effect on human health and climate change Environment monitoring systems are used. This paper provides the short overview of different environmental air pollution monitoring systems and Energy efficiency in WSN to reduced the power consumption of system.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Top 10 Read Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJ...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.8, 2014
Air Pollution Monitoring System based on Wireless Networks -
Simulation
Godbless Swagarya1, Shubi Kaijage2 , Ramadhani S. Sinde3
Electronics and Telecommunication department, Nelson MandelaAfrican Institution of Science and Technology,
P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
E-mail1: swagaryag@nm-aist.ac.tz
E-mail2: shubi.kaijage @nm-aist.ac.tz
E-mail3: ramadhani.sinde @nm-aist.ac.tz
Abstract
Air pollution is one of environmental issues that cannot be ignored. Industrial growth and urbanization results in
the air pollutants concentrations in many areas. These pollutants can cause damages in human health and other
living organisms. The available pollutant emission monitoring systems, such as Opsis, Codel, Urac and TAS-Air
metrics are typically expensive. In addition, these systems have limitations to be installed on chimney due to
their principle of operation. This causes other areas surrounding the factories being unmonitored and hence cause
healthy issues. This paper proposes an industrial air pollution monitoring system based on the technology of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This system is integrated with the global system for mobile communications
(GSM) and its communication protocol used is zigbee. The system consists of sensor nodes, a control center and
data base through which sensing data can be stored for history and future plans. The proposed system can be
deployed to the industries for monitoring carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and dust concentration
caused by industrial emissions due to process.
Keywords: Zigbee, wireless sensor network, air pollution, GSM, network topology.
9
1. INTRODUCTION
With the fast development of the industrialization and urbanization process in the world, environmental pollution
is now a common problem in most of the countries. Environmental pollution includes; air pollution, water
pollution and soil pollution. Air pollution can be defined as the presence of contaminants or pollutant substances
in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects [1]. These
pollutant substances usually result from vehicle emissions, Industrial emissions and volatile organic compounds
.The health issues caused by air pollutants are difficulty in breathing, coughing and aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiac conditions. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year
from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air
pollution [2]. Based on the fact mentioned above, there is a need to focus on air pollution monitoring activities.
Due to the rapid development of communication technology, network technology and remote sensing technology,
there is a trend that air pollution monitoring system is often designed in wireless mode [3]. Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) have been rapidly developed during recent years. Starting from military to industrial controls
and its advantages include the liability, simplicity, and low cost. The (WSNs) are a kind of self-configuring
networks which consist of large numbers of low-cost, low-power, multi-functional wireless sensors nodes. These
wireless sensor nodes, which are small in size, are capable of sensing and reacting to specific physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, speed, humidity, and so on. These sensor nodes
have the wireless communication ability in short distances and pass their data through the network to their
desired locations. In a WSN, the position of wireless sensor nodes need not to be pre-determined, this is because,
a wireless sensor node may join in or leave the network very quickly and unpredictably [4]. WSN provides a
bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds. It has the ability to observe the places where it is difficult to
fix the wired system and at terrestrial environments at a fine resolution over large scales. Its characteristics give
the WSN a wide range of applications, such as industrial automation, agricultural monitoring, air pollution
monitoring, health care, security systems, etc.
2. RELATED WORK
A number of air quality monitoring systems have been developed by researchers. For instance, In 2008,
2. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.8, 2014
Völgyesi, P. et al introduced a Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Network (MAQUMON) that utilized moving
vehicles equipped with sensor nodes to monitor air quality in a large area [5]. Each sensor node consisted of a
microcontroller, an on-board Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, and a set of sensors to detect the
concentrations of ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The node was able to send
the sensed data to the gateway in a car through the Bluetooth connection. When the car move, the sensor node
detects the concentrations every minute and store the data tagged with location information into a memory.
When the car moves to a Wi-Fi hotspot, the gateway in the car transmits the data to the server, and the data
would be processed and published on the sensor Map portal. MAQUMON provides a record regarding air
quality and pollutant dispersion within the area. But this monitoring system could not immediately send the
monitoring data back.
Kavi K. Khedo, at el [6] proposed an innovative system named Wireless Sensor Network Air Pollution
Monitoring System (WAPMS) to monitor air pollution in Mauritius through the use of wireless sensors deployed
in huge numbers around the island. In order to improve the efficiency of WAPMS, they designed and
implemented a data aggregation algorithm named Recursive Converging Quartiles (RCQ). The algorithm is used
to merge data to eliminate duplicates, filter out invalid readings and summarize them into a simpler form which
significantly reduce the amount of data to be transmitted to the sink and thus saving energy. For better power
management they used a hierarchical routing protocol which causes the nodes to sleep during idle time.
North, R., et al developed An integrated mobile environmental sensing system [7] to support the management of
transport and urban air quality. Sensor nodes are deployed on vehicles and infrastructure to monitor traffic,
weather and pollutant concentrations at far higher spatial and temporal resolutions and send data into a
dynamically configurable computing platform that supports both near real-time incident management and longer
term strategic planning decisions.
The work done by Jelicic et al. [8] introduces an Indoor Air Quality monitoring (IAQ) system using a sensor
network that integrates a power management approach to reduce sensors energy consumption by using an
adaptive duty cycling mechanism for metal oxide semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors.
The work done by Liu et al. [9] proposes a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based urban air quality monitoring
system that is connected to a GSM system for centralized control by a LabVIEW program that stores sensed data
in a database. They implemented the monitoring systems in the city road of Taipei to monitor the carbon
monoxide (CO) concentration caused by vehicle emissions.
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3. NETWORK TOPOLOGY
The network is composed of many nodes which are interacting with each other by transmitting and receiving
data over communication channels. In this paper, the network protocol which we are using for communication is
Zigbee. The Zigbee network model supports star, tree and mesh topologies as shown in fig. 1. The Zigbee
coordinator (ZC) is responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices on the network, and all other devices.
Zigbee end (ZE) devices and Zigbee routers (ZR), can directly communicate with the Zigbee coordinator
depending with the network topology used. In mesh and tree topologies, the coordinator (ZC) is responsible for
initiating the network with default values and for choosing certain key network parameters but the network may
be extended through the use of routers.
Fig.1: Network topologies [7]
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In Star topology, all the devices of network are connected to the central device which may be a hub, a router or a
switch. All the workstations are connected to central device with a point-to-point connection. So it can be said
that every node is indirectly connected to every other node by the help of ‘hub’. All the data on the star topology
passes through the central device before reaching the intended destination. Hub acts as a junction to connect
different nodes present in Star Network, and at the same time it manages and controls the whole network.
Depending on which central device is used, hub can act as repeater or signal booster. Central device can also
communicate with other hubs of different network.
The Tree topology is a generalization of the Bus topology. A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus
and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone
cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network.
In a mesh topology, any device is allowed to attempt to contact any other device either directly or by taking
advantage of routing-capable devices to relay the message on behalf of the message originator. In this topology,
the route from the source device to the destination is created on demand and can be modified if the environment
changes. The capability of a mesh network to create and modify routes dynamically increases the reliability of
the wireless connections. Incase, for any reason, the source device cannot communicate with the destination
device using a previously established route, the routing capable devices in the network can cooperate to find an
alternative path from the source device to the destination device [10]
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4. ZIGBEE STANDARD
A Zigbee standard is a short range, low power, and low data rate wireless networking technology for many real
time application. It specifies the three bottom layers (Physical, Data Link, and Network), as well as an
Application Programming Interface (API) based on the 7-layer OSI (Open System Interconnection) model for
layered communication systems. Fig. 2 shows the layered architecture adopted by the alliance industries. It
should be noted that the Zigbee Alliance choose to use an already existing data link and physical layer
specifications. These specifications are IEEE 802.15.4 standards for low rate personal area networks (PAN).
Fig. 2 Zigbee communication layers [7].
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard supports three frequency bands of operation: 868 MHz (in Europe), 916 MHz (in
the United States) and the 2.4GHZ bands (worldwide). 2.4GHz bands are most commonly used throughout the
world because of ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band. In addition this band facilitates the highest
achievable data rate of 250Kbps and 16 communication channels between 2.4GHz and 2.4835GHz at the
physical layer [11]. Typical communication distances are within the range from 30 meters in an indoor/non-line
of sight environment to over 100 meters in a line of sight environment depending on specifications of module.
Zigbee modules employ dipole type antenna to increase gain of antenna[12].
5. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
The proposed system is designed by integrating the following hardware modules as shown in figure 3.
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Fig. 3 System hardware architecture block diagram
5.1 PIC16F887 microcontroller
The PIC16F887 microcontroller is the main component of this system and it acts as a brain of the system. The
operating system that runs inside this chip coordinates the substances measurement process, the acquisition of
the GSM Modem and the data transmission to the central server for our case is personal computer connected to
internet. The microcontroller is provided with an RS232 serial communication to the Zigbee modem and GSM
Modem and a parallel connection to the gas and dust sensors. There is an amplifiers between the sensors and the
PIC16F887 microcontroller because of the very small output voltages provided by the sensors (mA).
5.2 Sensors Array
The sensor array consists of three air pollutant sensors which are Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and Dust. Each of the above sensors has a linear current output in the range of 4–20 mA. The 4 mA output
corresponds to zero-level and the 20 mA corresponds to the maximum level. A simple signal conditioning circuit
is designed to convert the 4–20 mA range into 0–5 V to be compatible with the voltage range of the built-in
analog-to-digital converter in the PIC microcontroller.
5.3 Zigbee Modules
The Zigbee module is hardware platform of wireless device. The modules realize the basic function of Physical
and MAC layers, such as transmit and receive, modulation and demodulation, channel and power control. In this
system, two types of Zigbee modules have been used to organize the network, i.e Zigbee coordinator modem
(ZCM) and Zigbee end devices (ZED). The ZCM is responsible for coordinating and collecting data from ZED
and maintaining the network, and ZEDs are responsible for sending data collected from sensors, directly to ZCM.
The modules include a digital direct sequence spread spectrum base band modem and an effective data rate of
250 kbps.
5.4 Central Server
The Central Server is a personal computer with accessibility to the Internet. The Pollution Server is connected to
the Microcontroller with Zigbee coordinator modem via RS-232 communication standard. The air pollution
information sent from each ZED are collected to ZCM and then the data are saved to database of central server.
5.5 GSM modem
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modems are specialized types of modems that operate over
subscription based wireless networks, similar to a mobile phone. A GSM modem accepts a Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) card, and basically acts like a mobile phone. This type of modem is an external device connected
via a USB cable or a serial cable. In this project, the GSM modem is connected to the Microcontroller via Max
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Vol.5, No.8, 2014
232(level converter). If the received data values exceeds the limit values, the modem will send the alerting
message with the current values to the responsible person and Authorities.
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6. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulations have been performed using the Proteus software and MicroC Pro. for PIC. The designed sensor
array consist of CO, SO2, and dust sensors. These sensors are connected to the PIC16F887 microcontroller, as
shown in Fig. 3 below. The sensor output voltages representing the level of each pollutant were converted to a
mg/m3 value and simultaneously these data are sent to the database to be displayed.
Fig. 3.1 Pollutant measurement at area 1
Fig. 3.2 Pollutant measurements at area 2
The microcontroller generates a frame consisting of the acquired air pollutant level from the sensors array and
then upload it to the Zigbee modem and transmit it to the Central-Server via Zigbee network. The Zigbee modem
connected to the central server via RS-232 interface receives the transmitted frame and the pollutant data
displayed on the central server as shown in fig. 4.
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Figure 4 shows the live environmental monitoring in which the pollutant values are displayed showing date and
time received. It displays the data values (CO, SO2 and dust) of particular area after every 1 minute.
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Fig 4. The live environmental monitoring faceplate
This system can be used for monitoring the concentration of air pollutants both at the indoor as well as at the
outdoor environment.
7. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
In this paper we have designed an air pollution monitoring system based on wireless networks by using Proteus
software to provide live monitoring and measure harmful air pollutants. Our system has been designed
specifically in the context of cement factories, particularly for those in Sub-Saharan countries where there is a
lack of technologies in environmental monitoring because most of industries are using wired and traditional
systems. Since there is no seriousness concerning air pollution in many industries, we intend in the future to
deploy our developed system in many other production industries in Tanzania. We expect the results to give us
more information about the performance and efficiency of our system, and to provide data that could allow
decision-makers to put emphasize in regulations concerning air pollution.
References
1. Vallero, D., Fundamentals of air pollution. 2007: Academic press.
2. Smith, K.R., et al., Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory
infections in children. Thorax, 2000. 55(6): p. 518-532.
3. Zhang, Q., et al., A wireless solution for greenhouse monitoring and control system based on
ZigBee technology. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, 2007. 8(10): p. 1584-1587.
4. Akyildiz, I.F., et al., Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer networks, 2002. 38(4): p.
393-422.
5. Völgyesi, P., et al. Air quality monitoring with sensormap. in Proceedings of the 7th
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6. Khedo, K.K., R. Perseedoss, and A. Mungur, A wireless sensor network air pollution
monitoring system. arXiv preprint arXiv:1005.1737, 2010.
7. North, R., et al. A mobile environmental sensing system to manage transportation and urban
air quality. in Circuits and Systems, 2008. ISCAS 2008. IEEE International Symposium on.
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8. Jelicic, V., et al. Design, characterization and management of a wireless sensor network for
smart gas monitoring. in Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI), 2011 4th IEEE
International Workshop on. 2011. IEEE.
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9. Liu, J.-H., et al. Developed urban air quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor
networks. in Sensing Technology (ICST), 2011 Fifth International Conference on. 2011. IEEE.
10. Farahani, S., ZigBee wireless networks and transceivers. 2011: Newnes.
11. Jung, Y.J., et al. Air pollution monitoring system based on geosensor network. in Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2008. IGARSS 2008. IEEE International. 2008. IEEE.
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Author Profile
Godbless Swagarya, Msc student, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha
Tanzania. Email; - swagaryag@nm-aist.ac.tz.
Dr. Shubi Kaijage, Lecturer, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha Tanzania.
Email; - shubi.kaijage@nm-aist.ac.tz
Ramadhani S. Sinde, Assistance Lecturer, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology,
Arusha Tanzania. Email; - ramadhani.sinde@nm-aist.ac.tz
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