IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development and validation of eevc wg17 lower legform fe model for pedestrian...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vehicle-pedestrian collisions had claimed the lives of many in the world roads yearly. Among the types of injury that may occur in a vehicle-pedestrian collision, lower extremity injuries have the highest account. These alarming statistic has encouraged joining effort from researchers, car manufacturers and the government to find solutions in reducing the risk of vulnerable road users. The car bumper structure design plays a crucial role in cushioning the impact on the pedestrian leg during a collision. The European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC) has developed test methods to evaluate severity of the lower leg injury, upper leg injury and head impact injury in a vehicle-pedestrian simulated collision. Since lower extremity injury are most common, undivided attention should be paid on the lower legform to bumper test. The maximum bending angle, maximum shearing displacement and maximum tibia acceleration are among the three injury criterion determined for lower legform to bumper test. Before the lower legform to bumper test can be perform the lower legform has to be certified statically and dynamically. The advancement of computerization had supported the usage of Finite Element Method(FEM) in simulating real life scenarios for analysis. Irregular geometries are now discretized and solved numerically. Finite Element Analysis(FEA) has proven to reduce time and cost significantly therefore the author took advantaged of this tool and simulated a lower legform to bumper collision. This paper presents in detail the static and dynamic certification of the Finite Element (FE) legform model using the HyperWorks software. The static results for both bending and shearing has to be within the EEVC/WG17 limits and the internal energy at 15º shall be 100±7J. The maximum bending angle shall not be less than 6.2º and not more than 8.2º, the maximum shearing displacement shall not be less than 3.5mm and not more than 6mm, and the maximum upper tibia acceleration shall not be less than 120g and not more than 250g in the dynamic certification test. Index Terms: Pedestrian Safety, Legform Impactor, EEVC WG17, Finite Element Analysis
This document describes a novel surgical technique for primary ACL reconstruction using both autograft and a biomimetic graft. The technique involves a four-stranded anatomical single-bundle reconstruction that places the femoral tunnel low to overlap both the AM and PL bundles. Preliminary results on 18 elite football players showed improved IKDC scores, reduced pivot shift, and allowed return to full athletic performance by 3.5 months. However, long-term follow up is still needed to evaluate the outcomes of this new single-bundle technique.
Fatigue Analysis of a Bone Implant ConstructMert G
This document discusses a graduation project report on fatigue analysis of a bone implant construct. It provides background on limb lengthening procedures using intramedullary devices and discusses reliability issues with the distal locking screw. The aim of the project is to apply a sample fatigue analysis calculation to the distal interlocking screw of an intramedullary nail placed in the femur bone of a 1.90m tall patient weighing 80kg. The analysis will involve load, stress, and fatigue calculations to evaluate the reliability of the implant construct.
Knee Replacement surgery or Knee Arthroplasty is a surgical drill of replacing a damaged, worn or diseased knee joint with an artificial joint(made from metal and plastic components) to relieve pain, disability and provide continued motion of the knee. Knee Replacement is mostly performed for osteoarthritis. Adults of any age can be considered for a knee replacement, although most are carried out on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Read more at: http://www.jyotinursinghome.com/knee-replacement-in-jaipur.html
This document presents a study analyzing stress levels in various materials used in total knee replacements under static conditions. A 3D model of a knee prosthesis was created in SolidWorks. Finite element analysis was then performed in ABAQUS to calculate stress, contact pressure, and deformation in different biomaterials. The materials analyzed for the femoral component included 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, porous tantalum, and zirconia. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene was used for the tibial component. An analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the best femoral material considering factors like stress levels, strain, density, and osseointegration. The results indicated titanium alloy experienced the highest stress and strain
Myontec case study- Muscle EMG Activity During a Soccer MatchMyontec
In the case study Mbody is used to measure EMG activity during an actual soccer match in order to find out how the workload induced by this physically demanding sport will affect the activity of two important lower limb’s group of muscle, quadriceps and hamstrings.
Pectoralis major allograft reconstructionLennard Funk
Presentation at ISAKOS, 2019
We performed a total of 142 pectoralis major repairs over a ten year period, of which 19 required allograft reconstruction. Of these 19 patients, 11 were available for response. All 11 patients were male with a mean age of 38.3 years (21 to 48 years). The mean time between injury and surgery was 12.2 months (4 to 30 months). Ten patients (91%) were unable to perform their previous level of work pre-operatively, with all patients returning to pre-injury occupation levels post-operatively.
The main complaint prior to surgery was pain on pushing and moving the affected arm across the body, which improved in nine patients (82%), with no improvement reported in two patients. Strength improved significantly post-operatively, with only three patients reporting no improvement (paired t-test p=0.01). Six patients reported an improvement in cosmesis (50%).
Development and validation of eevc wg17 lower legform fe model for pedestrian...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vehicle-pedestrian collisions had claimed the lives of many in the world roads yearly. Among the types of injury that may occur in a vehicle-pedestrian collision, lower extremity injuries have the highest account. These alarming statistic has encouraged joining effort from researchers, car manufacturers and the government to find solutions in reducing the risk of vulnerable road users. The car bumper structure design plays a crucial role in cushioning the impact on the pedestrian leg during a collision. The European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC) has developed test methods to evaluate severity of the lower leg injury, upper leg injury and head impact injury in a vehicle-pedestrian simulated collision. Since lower extremity injury are most common, undivided attention should be paid on the lower legform to bumper test. The maximum bending angle, maximum shearing displacement and maximum tibia acceleration are among the three injury criterion determined for lower legform to bumper test. Before the lower legform to bumper test can be perform the lower legform has to be certified statically and dynamically. The advancement of computerization had supported the usage of Finite Element Method(FEM) in simulating real life scenarios for analysis. Irregular geometries are now discretized and solved numerically. Finite Element Analysis(FEA) has proven to reduce time and cost significantly therefore the author took advantaged of this tool and simulated a lower legform to bumper collision. This paper presents in detail the static and dynamic certification of the Finite Element (FE) legform model using the HyperWorks software. The static results for both bending and shearing has to be within the EEVC/WG17 limits and the internal energy at 15º shall be 100±7J. The maximum bending angle shall not be less than 6.2º and not more than 8.2º, the maximum shearing displacement shall not be less than 3.5mm and not more than 6mm, and the maximum upper tibia acceleration shall not be less than 120g and not more than 250g in the dynamic certification test. Index Terms: Pedestrian Safety, Legform Impactor, EEVC WG17, Finite Element Analysis
This document describes a novel surgical technique for primary ACL reconstruction using both autograft and a biomimetic graft. The technique involves a four-stranded anatomical single-bundle reconstruction that places the femoral tunnel low to overlap both the AM and PL bundles. Preliminary results on 18 elite football players showed improved IKDC scores, reduced pivot shift, and allowed return to full athletic performance by 3.5 months. However, long-term follow up is still needed to evaluate the outcomes of this new single-bundle technique.
Fatigue Analysis of a Bone Implant ConstructMert G
This document discusses a graduation project report on fatigue analysis of a bone implant construct. It provides background on limb lengthening procedures using intramedullary devices and discusses reliability issues with the distal locking screw. The aim of the project is to apply a sample fatigue analysis calculation to the distal interlocking screw of an intramedullary nail placed in the femur bone of a 1.90m tall patient weighing 80kg. The analysis will involve load, stress, and fatigue calculations to evaluate the reliability of the implant construct.
Knee Replacement surgery or Knee Arthroplasty is a surgical drill of replacing a damaged, worn or diseased knee joint with an artificial joint(made from metal and plastic components) to relieve pain, disability and provide continued motion of the knee. Knee Replacement is mostly performed for osteoarthritis. Adults of any age can be considered for a knee replacement, although most are carried out on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Read more at: http://www.jyotinursinghome.com/knee-replacement-in-jaipur.html
This document presents a study analyzing stress levels in various materials used in total knee replacements under static conditions. A 3D model of a knee prosthesis was created in SolidWorks. Finite element analysis was then performed in ABAQUS to calculate stress, contact pressure, and deformation in different biomaterials. The materials analyzed for the femoral component included 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, porous tantalum, and zirconia. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene was used for the tibial component. An analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the best femoral material considering factors like stress levels, strain, density, and osseointegration. The results indicated titanium alloy experienced the highest stress and strain
Myontec case study- Muscle EMG Activity During a Soccer MatchMyontec
In the case study Mbody is used to measure EMG activity during an actual soccer match in order to find out how the workload induced by this physically demanding sport will affect the activity of two important lower limb’s group of muscle, quadriceps and hamstrings.
Pectoralis major allograft reconstructionLennard Funk
Presentation at ISAKOS, 2019
We performed a total of 142 pectoralis major repairs over a ten year period, of which 19 required allograft reconstruction. Of these 19 patients, 11 were available for response. All 11 patients were male with a mean age of 38.3 years (21 to 48 years). The mean time between injury and surgery was 12.2 months (4 to 30 months). Ten patients (91%) were unable to perform their previous level of work pre-operatively, with all patients returning to pre-injury occupation levels post-operatively.
The main complaint prior to surgery was pain on pushing and moving the affected arm across the body, which improved in nine patients (82%), with no improvement reported in two patients. Strength improved significantly post-operatively, with only three patients reporting no improvement (paired t-test p=0.01). Six patients reported an improvement in cosmesis (50%).
The document discusses graft fixation options in ACL reconstruction. It notes that fixation is the weakest link in the early postoperative period and that tibial fixation carries a greater risk of failure. Interference screws provide the gold standard for fixation but tunnel widening remains a concern. The ideal fixation is strong, stiff, and secure to avoid graft slippage and interference with healing while allowing revision. Aperture fixation and hybrid techniques may improve outcomes over suspensory fixation alone. Rehabilitation must also account for the biomechanical strengths and weaknesses of the fixation method used.
This document discusses ACL reconstruction failure and revision surgery. It notes that instability, stiffness, and pain could indicate failure. The main causes of failure discussed are traumatic failure, biologic failure, and technical error, particularly malpositioned tunnels. It provides statistics on ACL reconstruction and failure rates. It highlights potential pitfalls in revision surgery like malpositioned tunnels, widened tunnels, soft tissue grafts, and fixation devices. The conclusion emphasizes that ACL revision is demanding, requires careful preoperative planning, and has lower success rates than primary ACL reconstruction. Experience is important for managing revision cases.
MRI Study of Anterolateral Ligament and Its Association with Knee Injury-Dr. ...TheRightDoctors
This study used 161 knee MRI scans to examine the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and its association with knee injuries. The ALL was clearly visible on all scans using specific imaging sequences. 21% of scans showed a torn ALL. Of those with a torn ACL, 40% also had a torn ALL, suggesting the two ligaments may work together to stabilize the knee. While the ALL's role requires more research, this study demonstrated the ALL can be identified on MRI and may be involved in controlling internal knee rotation and the pivot shift mechanism.
The document discusses the use of surgical landmarks in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It outlines several important landmarks including the femoral epicondyles, fibular head, tibial tubercle, inferior pole of patella, and adductor tubercle. The adductor tubercle distance to femoral width ratio of 0.52 is identified as the most accurate and reliable landmark for determining joint line position. The landmarks can be used for preoperative planning, proper surgical exposure, component removal, establishing a stable tibial platform, and re-establishing the correct joint line position during revision TKA.
Biomechanical Properties of the AnteroLateral Ligament (ALL) of the Knee comp...KHALIFA ELMAJRI
This document discusses a study comparing the biomechanical properties of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and iliotibial tract (ITT) of the knee. Testing of ALL and ITT specimens harvested from cadavers found that the ITT is about 10 times more resistant and slightly more viscous than the ALL under 5% strain. The ITT is also about 6 times more resistant to large deformations and fails at lower strains and higher stresses compared to the ALL. The study helps address gaps in understanding the mechanical properties of these ligaments, but comparisons are limited by controversies around anatomical definitions and the effects of preservation methods.
This document summarizes a study that aims to evaluate knee stability following injury and reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament (ALL). It introduces the pivot shift test, a common method used to examine ACL stability by inducing internal rotation and a valgus force on the extended knee. The study seeks to determine the importance of the deep fibers of the iliotibial band as they relate to combined anterior tibial translation and internal rotation during a pivot shift test. It also aims to clarify the roles of the deep iliotibial band fibers and ALL in relation to the ACL and their overall contribution to knee stability. The study method involves using metal clamps and instrumentation to reproduce the strain of a pivot shift test on
Presentation on the Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) with information on diagnosis with ultrasound and treatment using an ultrasound guided, percutaneous, reconstruction and an internal brace
The document discusses the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee and its role in rotational stability. While ACL reconstruction can restore anterior-posterior stability, it does not fully restore rotational control. The ALL is found in 97% of knees and acts as an internal rotatory stabilizer. Injury to the ALL can explain residual pivot shift seen after ACL reconstruction and why the pivot shift gets worse over time in ACL-deficient knees. Modified Lemaire's procedure, which adds an extra-articular tendon graft to ACL reconstruction, may help reduce rotational instability and graft failures by restoring the ALL.
As an orthopedic surgeon at Aurora Advanced Healthcare Orthopaedics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Dr. Mark Wichman builds on his extensive experience in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL. Dr. Mark Wichman contributed a section explaining the use of a particular soft tissue fastener in the ACL procedure to the surgical technique manual of Medshape Orthopaedics, a manufacturer of orthopedic devices in Atlanta, Georgia.
Background
Traditionally, metallic interference screws were considered to have increased resistance to load than bio absorbable screws in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We did a comparative evaluation of biodegradable and metallic interference screws for tibial sided ACL reconstruction and also analysed complications, compared clinical outcome, did imaging study of ACL single bundle reconstruction by using titanium & newer poly–L-lactic acid (PLLA) bio absorbable screws to determine as to whether bio absorbable screw which costs double the metallic screw, is functionally better than standard metallic screws.
Methods
This is a prospective comparative study conducted among 50 patients aged between 15 and 55 years with clinical and MRI confirmation of complete ACL tear, treated arthroscopically with ACL reconstruction with either bio absorbable (group 1) or metallic (group 2) interference screw and both the groups were compared on follow up for an average duration of 12 months. Lysholm and Gillquist Knee Scoring Scale were used and outcome scores were divided into excellent, good, fair and poor.
Results
In our study 41 patients were males and 9 were females. Bio screw was used in 24 males and 6 female patients. Metallic screw was used in 17 males and 3 females. Outcome score was excellent in 26 (52 %) cases, good in 18 (36 %) cases, fair in 4 (8 %) cases, poor in 2 (4 %) cases. The mean Lysholm score in bio absorbable group was 93.13 and in metallic group was 89.70. Knee effusion was higher in bio screw group and infection rate was higher in metallic group.
Conclusions
In our study, the difference between bio absorbable screw group and metallic screw group was insignificant with regard to final patient outcome. Final osseointegration was better with bio absorbable screw, but increased cost of implant and almost same results compared to metallic screw does not make the bio absorbable screw superior to its counterpart.
Dr. Calvin Johnson is an orthopedic surgeon who specializes in knee and shoulder surgery as well as sports medicine. He completed his medical school, residency, and fellowships at the University of Oklahoma. The document discusses the anterolateral ligament of the knee and provides evidence for reconstructing the ALL in certain cases, such as primary ACL reconstruction with selected indications, a high-grade pivot shift, high-risk athletes, or hyperlaxity. It explains how injury to the ALL can cause the pivot shift to worsen over time after an untreated ACL tear and discusses the nature of a Segond fracture.
The document summarizes a retrospective analysis of rehabilitation outcomes for 18 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with an Achilles tendon allograft. Key findings included:
1) Patients demonstrated improvements in strength and Lysholm scores over time, with 87% achieving minor or no functional limitations at discharge.
2) 80% of patients with fair Lysholm scores at discharge terminated therapy early.
3) 100% of patients returned to their prior level of function subjectively.
1. The document discusses 3D printing bio-models of the ilium and femur bones to study their biomechanics through finite element analysis (FEA).
2. FEA was performed on 3D printed models of the ilium and femur bones under different loads to understand their stress responses. For the ilium bone, stresses were found to be within safety limits under normal loads but high stresses were observed near the symphysis under high impact loads.
3. For the femur bone, high stresses were observed in the neck region under single-leg loading, indicating this is a likely fracture point, especially for people with osteoporosis and low bone mineral density. The analyses provide insights into
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of posterior stabilized (PS) and posterior cruciate retaining (PCR) total knee arthroplasty designs. PS designs offer better range of motion and are easier for deformity cases but require tight gaps and alignment. They may have increased wear from the spine/cam articulation. PCR designs have less exaggerated knee motions and translation but less range of motion. Mobile bearing designs and patient factors should be considered when choosing between PS and PCR.
Update on ACL reconstruction, with information on current direction of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) use in bone tunnels and biocartilage on chondral lesions
1) Computer navigation can help improve alignment and outcomes in total knee replacement surgery. Navigation systems use cameras and trackers to provide real-time positioning information to the surgeon to help accurately place implants.
2) Navigation allows for improved leg alignment within 3 degrees of normal compared to 5-7 degrees without navigation. This leads to better implant longevity and functional outcomes.
3) Surgeons can also learn "self navigation" techniques from frequent use of computer assistance, allowing accurate implant placement without reliance on the navigation system itself. This improves efficiency while maintaining positioning accuracy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Critical comparison of ground motion attenuation formulae for recent earthqua...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study on shear strength characteristics of coir mat reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses graft fixation options in ACL reconstruction. It notes that fixation is the weakest link in the early postoperative period and that tibial fixation carries a greater risk of failure. Interference screws provide the gold standard for fixation but tunnel widening remains a concern. The ideal fixation is strong, stiff, and secure to avoid graft slippage and interference with healing while allowing revision. Aperture fixation and hybrid techniques may improve outcomes over suspensory fixation alone. Rehabilitation must also account for the biomechanical strengths and weaknesses of the fixation method used.
This document discusses ACL reconstruction failure and revision surgery. It notes that instability, stiffness, and pain could indicate failure. The main causes of failure discussed are traumatic failure, biologic failure, and technical error, particularly malpositioned tunnels. It provides statistics on ACL reconstruction and failure rates. It highlights potential pitfalls in revision surgery like malpositioned tunnels, widened tunnels, soft tissue grafts, and fixation devices. The conclusion emphasizes that ACL revision is demanding, requires careful preoperative planning, and has lower success rates than primary ACL reconstruction. Experience is important for managing revision cases.
MRI Study of Anterolateral Ligament and Its Association with Knee Injury-Dr. ...TheRightDoctors
This study used 161 knee MRI scans to examine the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and its association with knee injuries. The ALL was clearly visible on all scans using specific imaging sequences. 21% of scans showed a torn ALL. Of those with a torn ACL, 40% also had a torn ALL, suggesting the two ligaments may work together to stabilize the knee. While the ALL's role requires more research, this study demonstrated the ALL can be identified on MRI and may be involved in controlling internal knee rotation and the pivot shift mechanism.
The document discusses the use of surgical landmarks in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It outlines several important landmarks including the femoral epicondyles, fibular head, tibial tubercle, inferior pole of patella, and adductor tubercle. The adductor tubercle distance to femoral width ratio of 0.52 is identified as the most accurate and reliable landmark for determining joint line position. The landmarks can be used for preoperative planning, proper surgical exposure, component removal, establishing a stable tibial platform, and re-establishing the correct joint line position during revision TKA.
Biomechanical Properties of the AnteroLateral Ligament (ALL) of the Knee comp...KHALIFA ELMAJRI
This document discusses a study comparing the biomechanical properties of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and iliotibial tract (ITT) of the knee. Testing of ALL and ITT specimens harvested from cadavers found that the ITT is about 10 times more resistant and slightly more viscous than the ALL under 5% strain. The ITT is also about 6 times more resistant to large deformations and fails at lower strains and higher stresses compared to the ALL. The study helps address gaps in understanding the mechanical properties of these ligaments, but comparisons are limited by controversies around anatomical definitions and the effects of preservation methods.
This document summarizes a study that aims to evaluate knee stability following injury and reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament (ALL). It introduces the pivot shift test, a common method used to examine ACL stability by inducing internal rotation and a valgus force on the extended knee. The study seeks to determine the importance of the deep fibers of the iliotibial band as they relate to combined anterior tibial translation and internal rotation during a pivot shift test. It also aims to clarify the roles of the deep iliotibial band fibers and ALL in relation to the ACL and their overall contribution to knee stability. The study method involves using metal clamps and instrumentation to reproduce the strain of a pivot shift test on
Presentation on the Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) with information on diagnosis with ultrasound and treatment using an ultrasound guided, percutaneous, reconstruction and an internal brace
The document discusses the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee and its role in rotational stability. While ACL reconstruction can restore anterior-posterior stability, it does not fully restore rotational control. The ALL is found in 97% of knees and acts as an internal rotatory stabilizer. Injury to the ALL can explain residual pivot shift seen after ACL reconstruction and why the pivot shift gets worse over time in ACL-deficient knees. Modified Lemaire's procedure, which adds an extra-articular tendon graft to ACL reconstruction, may help reduce rotational instability and graft failures by restoring the ALL.
As an orthopedic surgeon at Aurora Advanced Healthcare Orthopaedics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Dr. Mark Wichman builds on his extensive experience in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL. Dr. Mark Wichman contributed a section explaining the use of a particular soft tissue fastener in the ACL procedure to the surgical technique manual of Medshape Orthopaedics, a manufacturer of orthopedic devices in Atlanta, Georgia.
Background
Traditionally, metallic interference screws were considered to have increased resistance to load than bio absorbable screws in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We did a comparative evaluation of biodegradable and metallic interference screws for tibial sided ACL reconstruction and also analysed complications, compared clinical outcome, did imaging study of ACL single bundle reconstruction by using titanium & newer poly–L-lactic acid (PLLA) bio absorbable screws to determine as to whether bio absorbable screw which costs double the metallic screw, is functionally better than standard metallic screws.
Methods
This is a prospective comparative study conducted among 50 patients aged between 15 and 55 years with clinical and MRI confirmation of complete ACL tear, treated arthroscopically with ACL reconstruction with either bio absorbable (group 1) or metallic (group 2) interference screw and both the groups were compared on follow up for an average duration of 12 months. Lysholm and Gillquist Knee Scoring Scale were used and outcome scores were divided into excellent, good, fair and poor.
Results
In our study 41 patients were males and 9 were females. Bio screw was used in 24 males and 6 female patients. Metallic screw was used in 17 males and 3 females. Outcome score was excellent in 26 (52 %) cases, good in 18 (36 %) cases, fair in 4 (8 %) cases, poor in 2 (4 %) cases. The mean Lysholm score in bio absorbable group was 93.13 and in metallic group was 89.70. Knee effusion was higher in bio screw group and infection rate was higher in metallic group.
Conclusions
In our study, the difference between bio absorbable screw group and metallic screw group was insignificant with regard to final patient outcome. Final osseointegration was better with bio absorbable screw, but increased cost of implant and almost same results compared to metallic screw does not make the bio absorbable screw superior to its counterpart.
Dr. Calvin Johnson is an orthopedic surgeon who specializes in knee and shoulder surgery as well as sports medicine. He completed his medical school, residency, and fellowships at the University of Oklahoma. The document discusses the anterolateral ligament of the knee and provides evidence for reconstructing the ALL in certain cases, such as primary ACL reconstruction with selected indications, a high-grade pivot shift, high-risk athletes, or hyperlaxity. It explains how injury to the ALL can cause the pivot shift to worsen over time after an untreated ACL tear and discusses the nature of a Segond fracture.
The document summarizes a retrospective analysis of rehabilitation outcomes for 18 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with an Achilles tendon allograft. Key findings included:
1) Patients demonstrated improvements in strength and Lysholm scores over time, with 87% achieving minor or no functional limitations at discharge.
2) 80% of patients with fair Lysholm scores at discharge terminated therapy early.
3) 100% of patients returned to their prior level of function subjectively.
1. The document discusses 3D printing bio-models of the ilium and femur bones to study their biomechanics through finite element analysis (FEA).
2. FEA was performed on 3D printed models of the ilium and femur bones under different loads to understand their stress responses. For the ilium bone, stresses were found to be within safety limits under normal loads but high stresses were observed near the symphysis under high impact loads.
3. For the femur bone, high stresses were observed in the neck region under single-leg loading, indicating this is a likely fracture point, especially for people with osteoporosis and low bone mineral density. The analyses provide insights into
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of posterior stabilized (PS) and posterior cruciate retaining (PCR) total knee arthroplasty designs. PS designs offer better range of motion and are easier for deformity cases but require tight gaps and alignment. They may have increased wear from the spine/cam articulation. PCR designs have less exaggerated knee motions and translation but less range of motion. Mobile bearing designs and patient factors should be considered when choosing between PS and PCR.
Update on ACL reconstruction, with information on current direction of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) use in bone tunnels and biocartilage on chondral lesions
1) Computer navigation can help improve alignment and outcomes in total knee replacement surgery. Navigation systems use cameras and trackers to provide real-time positioning information to the surgeon to help accurately place implants.
2) Navigation allows for improved leg alignment within 3 degrees of normal compared to 5-7 degrees without navigation. This leads to better implant longevity and functional outcomes.
3) Surgeons can also learn "self navigation" techniques from frequent use of computer assistance, allowing accurate implant placement without reliance on the navigation system itself. This improves efficiency while maintaining positioning accuracy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Critical comparison of ground motion attenuation formulae for recent earthqua...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study on shear strength characteristics of coir mat reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a proposed mobile application that would allow users to report hazardous objects to the appropriate authorities. The application would use the device's GPS to tag photos, videos, or audio recordings with location data. This media would then be uploaded to a central server and displayed on a map for relevant government departments to view. The goal is to create a single platform for citizens to report issues and hazards, so authorities can better understand problems and locations that require attention. Key features would include media capture, GPS integration, and displaying reported incidents on a map via the Google Maps API.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concreteeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete. It summarizes the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the effect of a blend of calcium nitrite and calcium hypophosphite corrosion inhibitors on the physical properties and corrosion resistance of cement and concrete. The experiments found that the corrosion inhibitor blend did not adversely affect the setting time, pH, or compressive strength of cement or concrete. Electrochemical tests also showed that the corrosion inhibitor blend reduced the corrosion current density, demonstrating its potential to control corrosion initiation and propagation in reinforced concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on ontology-based web personalization. It discusses how web personalization aims to personalize content based on a user's navigational behavior. Ontology-based approaches use formal domain knowledge to build more accurate user profiles than traditional web mining methods alone. The document surveys recent works applying ontologies to areas like user modeling, recommendation systems, and information retrieval. It also outlines challenges in developing personalized systems, such as building accurate user profiles and addressing privacy and scalability issues. Future work opportunities include better integrating ontology and web mining techniques to improve personalization over time as a user's interests evolve.
Efficient distributed detection of node replication attacks in mobile sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vibration analysis and diagnostics for oil production units by pumping rodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Production of lactic acid from sweet meat industry waste by lactobacillus del...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of macro mechanical properties of ultra high strength concrete using qu...eSAT Publishing House
The document discusses a study on developing ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) using locally available materials to achieve a compressive strength over 180 MPa. Various mixes were tested with different percentages of quartz powder (30-45%) and curing methods including normal water curing and hot air curing at 200°C for 1-3 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to 187 MPa for mixes with 40% quartz powder that were hot air cured for 1 day, compared to 116 MPa for normal water curing only. Higher quartz powder content and thermal curing improved strength through increased packing density and hydration reactions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and manufacture of an angle adjustable crutch with kennedy key mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It has been observed that users of walking aids require double the energy than the normal gait. Users experience a lot of stress at underarm and wrist while using standard underarm or forearm crutches which is the primary reason for pain and various medical complications. Therefore, a new design of crutch has been developed which allows the user to apply his/her weight over a larger area along the forearm instead of wrist and underarm. The primary objective of the study is provide more comfort to the end user of the crutch. The modeling of the new crutch design has been done using CAD modeling package (Catia). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the design has been conducted using ANSYS to understand the stress behavior in the new model. The new crutch has been fabricated using aluminum alloy because of its properties like high strength to weight ratio and low density. The fabrication of the new crutch has been performed in such a way that it ensured the entire crutch can be disassembled easily thus making it easily transportable. The testing of the new crutch has been carried out using energy expenditure method to assess the comfort level of the user. Keywords: Finite element analysis, crutch, gait, energy expenditure method, CAD
Nonlinear static simulation of automotive bumper of a passenger car in low sp...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the nonlinear static finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of an automotive front bumper. It describes the bumper components and their purpose in absorbing impact forces during collisions. Experimental testing of the bumper was conducted according to standard procedures. The bumper CAD model was meshed and simulated under static loads applied at different points. The simulation results showed displacements up to 31.5 mm under 250 N of load. Comparison to physical test data found errors ranging from 3.4% to 28.36% due to factors like contact modeling, meshing issues, and differences in the material model. Improving the modeling of these factors led to better correlation between simulation and test results.
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis and Mechanical Strength Evaluatio...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and mechanical strength evaluation of additively manufactured customized bone scaffolds. Static structural analysis using finite element analysis was conducted on 3D printed cobalt chrome scaffold models to evaluate mechanical properties under different loads. CFD analysis using ANSYS Fluent was also performed to analyze fluid behavior through the porous scaffold structures when exposed to synovial fluid conditions. The results show that cobalt chrome scaffolds experience lower deformation and equivalent stress compared to titanium scaffolds, indicating better mechanical properties. Fluent analysis results demonstrate variations in streamline velocity and pressure contours through different scaffold designs that mimic natural bone conditions in the human body. The study aims to evaluate scaffold designs for orthopedic implants that are both mechanically
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Jointijtsrd
Ankle replacement is a fairly new concept and is one of the popular treatments of ankle fractures and arthritis. This project focuses on modelling and 3D Printing of a prosthetic talocrural joint. The standard sizes of tibia which is the larger bone of lower leg and talus being lower part of the ankle joint, are observed and modeled accordingly by using CATIA with standard dimensions. The prototype is made with PLA plastic using an FDM Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printer. The analytical tests carried on ANSYS by applying human weight on the tibial surface and physical tests are conducted on Universal testing machine. The compression force is applied on the prototype and observed till failure. Results obtained are compared for static position of the foot, of both analytical and physical outcomes. Yogesh Avula | Adi Seshan Mula | Vishal Onnala | Kartheek Merugu ""Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Joint"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23216.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/bio-mechanicaland-biomedical-engineering/23216/additive-manufacturing-and-testing-of-a-prosthetic-foot-ankle-joint/yogesh-avula
This document summarizes a study that performed dual modeling and nonlinear optimization of two ceramic materials commonly used for ceramic-on-ceramic hip implants: alumina and zirconium. Numerical optimization results showed acceptable figures with low residuals. Two-dimensional graphical optimization also demonstrated acceptable results. The optimized model parameters were mathematically proven and verified. The results provide data that can inform future biomaterial designs for biomedical engineering applications.
IRJET- Material Optimization for Knuckle Joint by using FEAIRJET Journal
The document discusses analyzing a knuckle joint using finite element analysis to determine the optimal material. Five materials were considered for the knuckle joint: structural steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, Teflon, and gray cast iron. The stresses in each material were calculated and it was found that aluminum alloy experienced the lowest stresses under tensile loading, making it the best optimized material. The FEA results for aluminum alloy were then validated through tensile testing. It was observed that magnesium alloy experienced the lowest stresses while aluminum alloy could sustain the highest tensile load without failure, making aluminum alloy the most suitable material.
Static Analysis of the Roll Cage of an All-Terrain Vehicle (SAE BAJA)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the static structural analysis of the roll cage for an all-terrain vehicle conducted by Shivam Mishra. The analysis was performed using ANSYS Workbench to simulate various collision scenarios, including front, rear, side impacts and rollovers. The roll cage was designed and modeled in Solidworks considering factors like safety, manufacturability, and weight. A finite element analysis was then conducted in ANSYS to analyze von Mises stresses and deformations. The results showed safety factors above 1 in all tests, confirming the roll cage design can withstand impacts while remaining lightweight.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
This document presents the design of an active prosthetic knee. It describes the mechanical system including a ball screw drive mechanism powered by a brushless motor to provide movement. The CAD drawing shows the overall dimensions and angular velocity calculations. It has 12 bearings, 18 screws, and 13 parts. Future work will explore using these technologies to enhance human capabilities beyond injury repair in military and other applications.
This document discusses testing methods for total ankle and shoulder replacement implants. It notes that while testing methods are standardized for knee and hip implants, extremity implants like ankle and shoulder prosthetics have not been as extensively tested. The document outlines current testing procedures for these implants, which typically use modified knee or hip simulators. It discusses adapting simulators to test total ankle replacements, including setting up fixtures and inputting motion profiles. Testing procedures for total shoulder replacements are also described, such as using a hip simulator with custom fixtures to simulate shoulder motion. The document stresses the need for more research on in vivo joint motions and forces to further improve testing methods for these implants.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze the stress distribution in transfemoral prosthetic sockets made of different materials and geometries. A 3D model of a prosthetic socket was developed and analyzed in Solidworks. Various materials were tested including PEEK, Perlon, and glass fiber. The results showed that a PEEK socket design provided the best results with 94.64% stress reduction compared to other materials. The study aims to identify optimal socket designs that improve comfort and reduce failure rates by better distributing stresses on the residual limb. Future work could involve analyzing different soft tissue and residual limb shapes to make the models and results more applicable.
Development of Prosthetic Finger using Pneu-Nets Soft Actuator to Mimic Flexi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a soft robotic prosthetic finger using pneumatically actuated soft actuators (Pneu-Nets) to mimic human finger flexion motion. The researchers designed a three-layer soft actuator with embedded chambers to enable bending at the metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints when each chamber is pressurized. They analyzed the actuator design using finite element simulations in Abaqus and optimized the geometry. A prototype was fabricated using silicone rubber and tested, showing good agreement with the simulation results. The soft robotic finger has the potential to improve prosthetics by offering flexible kinematic control of finger bending motion
IRJET - Ergonomic Assessment in Vehicle Assembly Line using Reba ToolIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ergonomic assessment of a vehicle assembly line using the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) tool. The assembly line consists of 36 jobs. REBA was used to assess the risk level of postures for each job at the start and end of shifts for 10 workers. The front brake assembly job posed a very high risk, with discomfort to the upper arm and back from bending 20-60 degrees. Frame assembly also posed high risk to the back and legs. Suggestions were made to improve ergonomics, such as changing the front brake assembly location or adding a hydraulic ramp for frame assembly.
Car-pedestrian accidents account for a considerable number of automobile accidents in industrialized countries. Head injury continues to be more concerned in Automobile impacts.
Because the head is the most seriously injured part in many collisions including in pedestrian automobile collisions. Head injuries are the most common cause of pedestrian deaths in car to pedestrian collisions.
Comparison of Bending Stresses in Involute and Cycloidal Profile Spur Gear ToothIRJET Journal
The document compares the bending stresses in involute and cycloidal profile spur gears using finite element analysis. Gear models with different modules are created in Creo Parametric software and analyzed in ANSYS. The results show that bending stress decreases with increasing module and is lower for involute gears compared to cycloidal gears of the same module. Involute gear teeth experience less bending stress and are stronger than cycloidal gear teeth. The finite element analysis results are slightly different but comparable to values obtained from Lewis equation.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chassis for Solar Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a chassis for a solar electric vehicle. It begins with an introduction to solar vehicles and then describes the challenges in developing an effective solar car chassis, namely maximizing strength while minimizing weight. It then outlines the various types of chassis frames that were considered for the vehicle, including ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. The design process is discussed, including considerations for ergonomics, dimensions based on a standardized anthropometric model, and using triangulation to increase torsional stiffness. A CAD model was generated and an analysis was performed using ANSYS software to simulate front, side, rear impacts and torsion. The final designed chassis was optimized for increased stiffness and strength.
IRJET- Modification of Root Fillet Profile for Optimum Gear LifeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the modification of root fillet profiles in spur gears to optimize gear life and reduce failure from pitting.
2. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS on spur gear models with varying root fillet radii. Maximum contact stresses and deformations are compared for different fillet profiles.
3. Experimental analysis is also carried out using the photoelastic method to validate the finite element results. Optimizing the root fillet profile can help improve the strength of gears and increase gear life.
Static structural analysis of suspension arm using finite element methodeSAT Journals
Abstract The function of suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to rough terrains or road disturbances and to provide stability under circumstances like accelerating, cornering, uneven road, braking, loading and unloading etc. Control arm is one of the most important part of the suspension system, as it joins the steering knuckle to the vehicle frame. Also suspension arm is responsible for up and down movement of wheels when hitting bumps. It is also designed to maximize the friction between tire contacts, patch the road surface to provide vehicle stability under any circumstances. It can be seen in many types of the suspensions like wishbone or double wishbone suspensions. Many times it is also called as A-type control arm. In this study control arm was reverse engineered. Reverse engineering refers to the process of obtaining a CAD model from an existing physical part. CAD model was prepared using CATIA v5 software and finite element analysis was done using ANSYS 14.5 software by importing the parasolid file to ANSYS. The model is subjected to loading and boundary conditions and then analyzed using the FEA techniques. The static structural analysis was done to find out the stress, deformation and safety factor of component. The model was meshed using 10-noded tetrahedral elements. Result obtained from the analysis were studied to check whether the design is safe or not. In some cases the stresses becomes more than safe limit. In that case optimization approach is carried out to increase the structural strength of the component. In this case maximum von-misses stress is 211 MPa which is below the yield strength of the material. Keywords – Suspension System, Control Arm, FEA analysis, Reverse Engineering
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Similar to Development and validation of eevc wg17 lower (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
This document summarizes a product called H-HUTS that aims to provide sustainable disaster recovery housing. H-HUTS uses cardboard and origami-inspired modular construction to quickly provide temporary shelters after disasters. The cardboard shelters are designed to be upgraded into permanent homes over time using low-cost materials like shotcrete or concrete. The modular design allows for flexibility and community participation in construction. Testing has shown the shelters can withstand wind loads and provide adequate insulation. The goal of H-HUTS is to not just provide initial shelter but help disaster-affected communities regain permanency in housing and recover in the long-term.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF EEVC WG17 LOWER
LEGFORM FE MODEL FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
Khoo Y.C1
, F. Tarlochan2
1, 2
Center for Innovation and Design, College of Engineering, Universiti TenagaNasional, 43009 Selangor
Abstract
Vehicle-pedestrian collisions had claimed the lives of many in the world roads yearly. Among the types of injury that may occur in a
vehicle-pedestrian collision, lower extremity injuries have the highest account. These alarming statistic has encouraged joining effort
from researchers, car manufacturers and the government to find solutions in reducing the risk of vulnerable road users. The car
bumper structure design plays a crucial role in cushioning the impact on the pedestrian leg during a collision. The European
Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC) has developed test methods to evaluate severity of the lower leg injury, upper leg injury
and head impact injury in a vehicle-pedestrian simulated collision. Since lower extremity injury are most common, undivided attention
should be paid on the lower legform to bumper test. The maximum bending angle, maximum shearing displacement and maximum
tibia acceleration are among the three injury criterion determined for lower legform to bumper test. Before the lower legform to
bumper test can be perform the lower legform has to be certified statically and dynamically.
The advancement of computerization had supported the usage of Finite Element Method(FEM) in simulating real life scenarios for
analysis. Irregular geometries are now discretized and solved numerically. Finite Element Analysis(FEA) has proven to reduce time
and cost significantly therefore the author took advantaged of this tool and simulated a lower legform to bumper collision. This paper
presents in detail the static and dynamic certification of the Finite Element (FE) legform model using the HyperWorks software. The
static results for both bending and shearing has to be within the EEVC/WG17 limits and the internal energy at 15º shall be 100±7J.
The maximum bending angle shall not be less than 6.2º and not more than 8.2º, the maximum shearing displacement shall not be less
than 3.5mm and not more than 6mm, and the maximum upper tibia acceleration shall not be less than 120g and not more than 250g in
the dynamic certification test.
Index Terms: Pedestrian Safety, Legform Impactor, EEVC WG17, Finite Element Analysis
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
World Health Organization (WHO 2013) reported that more
than 270 000 pedestrian in the world loses their lives on the
roads yearly. This amount contributes to 22 percent of the 1.24
million road traffic deaths around the world.[1] Millions of
pedestrians suffer serious injuries in traffic accident and some
unfortunate victims become permanently disabled. These
tragical injuries and deaths cause immeasurable heartache and
inconvenience to both family members and friends especially
individuals who are economically challenged. Globalization in
low and middle-income countries has led to an increase in
motorization, accounting to 52 percent out of 1.6 billion
globally registered vehicles[6]. The escalation in vehicle usage
contributes to a higher probability in the occurrence of
pedestrian-vehicle accident
The common injuries in a pedestrian-vehicle collision includes
dislocation of the pelvis, fracture of bones, torn of ligaments
and head damage. The International Harmonizes Research
Activities’ (IHRA) statistic has shown than 67.1 percent of the
lower extremities are caused by the car bumper, 12.1 percent
by the bonnet leading edge and 7.6 percent by the front panel
of the vehicle structure.[2] Due to the high percentage of
lower extremity injuries, considerable effort needed to be
focused on re-engineering the car bumper system to mitigate
pedestrian lower extremity injuries and hence the author will
focus on the lower leg . Injuries on the lower extremities
include fracture of the bones and a tear in any of the knee
ligaments i.e anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior
cruciate ligament (PCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and
medial collateral ligament (MCL) [7].
The alarming pedestrian fatalities statistic has raised global
awareness on pedestrian safety, prompting researchers and car
manufacturers to improve the current vehicle design. Many
government and independent agencies such as the European
New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) , Japan New Car
Assessment Program (JNCAP), Japan Automobile
Manufacturers’ Association (JAMA), the Japan Automobile
Research Institute (JARI) and National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States took the
initiative to perform crash test and in-depth research on
pedestrian protection.
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The basis of this study follows the test procedure proposed by
the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee Working
Group 17 Report (EEVC/WG17)EEVC (2002). A legform
impactor is a tool used to evaluate the severity of the leg
injury in a vehicle-pedestrian simulated collision. The EEVC
lower legform impactor consists of a deformable knee joining
two 70mm diameter rigid steel tubes that represents the tibia
and femur. The tubes are covered with 25mm CF
Foam representing flesh and 6mm Neoprene representing the
skin. The knee joint is capable of lateral bending and shearing.
The shearing displacement of the knee, bending angle of the
knee and the tibia acceleration are measured to evaluate the
severity of the injury. The shearing displacement is used to
evaluate cruciate ligament injuries, the bending angle is used
to evaluate collateral ligament injuries and the tibia
acceleration is used to evaluate the tibia fractur
The main objective of this study is to use Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) to simulate the static and dynamic
certification of the lower legform impactor according to the
EEVC/WG17 procedures.
2 EEVC/WG17 LOWER LEGFORM IMPACT
TEST
In this study, the author used the EEVC WG17 as a reference
to ensure the FE legform model complies with appropriate
performance requirements. Although the standard caters for
three test methods; legform to bumper test, upper legform to
bonnet leading edge test and the headform to bonnet top test,
the author will only focus on the legform to bumper test as this
is the only test that caters for injuries on the lower extremities.
The validation of the lower legform impactor consists of two
parts, which are the static test and the dynamic test. The static
test is further divided into knee bending test and knee shearing
test.
2. 1- STATIC TEST
2.1.1- Bending Test
A bending test set-up shown in Figure 1 is proposed in the
EEVC/WG17 whereby the tibia is being fully constrained. A
horizontal normal force is applied to the metal tube at a
distance of 2.0±0.01m from the center of the knee joint. The
corresponding knee bending angle was recorded and the load
shall be increased until the knee bending angle is in
22 degree. The energy taken to generate 15 degree of bending
shall not be more than 100±7J. According to the EEVC/WG17
report, the energy limit function to minimise variation in
performance of the deformable elements [3].
be calculated by integrating the force with respect to the
bending angle in radians, and by multiplying the lever length
of 2.0±0.01m. The corresponding knee bending angle
compiled and the applied force in Newton against the knee
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
The basis of this study follows the test procedure proposed by
Safety Committee Working
Group 17 Report (EEVC/WG17)EEVC (2002). A legform
tor is a tool used to evaluate the severity of the leg
pedestrian simulated collision. The EEVC
lower legform impactor consists of a deformable knee joining
two 70mm diameter rigid steel tubes that represents the tibia
bes are covered with 25mm CF-45 Confor
Foam representing flesh and 6mm Neoprene representing the
skin. The knee joint is capable of lateral bending and shearing.
The shearing displacement of the knee, bending angle of the
e measured to evaluate the
severity of the injury. The shearing displacement is used to
evaluate cruciate ligament injuries, the bending angle is used
te collateral ligament injuries and the tibia
acceleration is used to evaluate the tibia fracture risk[8].
The main objective of this study is to use Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) to simulate the static and dynamic
certification of the lower legform impactor according to the
2 EEVC/WG17 LOWER LEGFORM IMPACT
In this study, the author used the EEVC WG17 as a reference
to ensure the FE legform model complies with appropriate
performance requirements. Although the standard caters for
three test methods; legform to bumper test, upper legform to
test and the headform to bonnet top test,
the author will only focus on the legform to bumper test as this
is the only test that caters for injuries on the lower extremities.
The validation of the lower legform impactor consists of two
e static test and the dynamic test. The static
test is further divided into knee bending test and knee shearing
up shown in Figure 1 is proposed in the
EEVC/WG17 whereby the tibia is being fully constrained. A
horizontal normal force is applied to the metal tube at a
distance of 2.0±0.01m from the center of the knee joint. The
ending angle was recorded and the load
shall be increased until the knee bending angle is in excess of
22 degree. The energy taken to generate 15 degree of bending
According to the EEVC/WG17
to minimise variation in
performance of the deformable elements [3]. The energy can
be calculated by integrating the force with respect to the
bending angle in radians, and by multiplying the lever length
of 2.0±0.01m. The corresponding knee bending angle were
compiled and the applied force in Newton against the knee
bending angle in Degrees was plotted and compared with the
EEVC limitations [3].
Figure 1: Top view of test set
bending certification test
2.1.2- Shearing Test
Figure 2 shows the test set
The tibia was fully constrained while the femur was restraint
2.0m from the center of the knee joint. A horizontal normal
force was applied on the femur 50mm from the center of the
knee joint. The load shall be increased until the shearing
displacement of the knee reaches an excess of 8.0mm or the
load is in excess of 6.0kN. The correspo
displacement was recorded and plotted against the applied
force.[3]
Figure 2: Top view of test set
shearing certification test
2. 2- DYNAMIC TEST
For dynamic test certification, the legform impactor is with
foam and skin covering. It shall be suspended horizontally by
three wire ropes of 1.5±0.2mm diameter and of 2.0m
minimum length as shown in figure 3. The legform impactor
shall be suspended along its longitudinal
with a tolerance of ±2°. The total mass of the femur and tibia
shall be 8.6±0.1kg and 4.8±0.1kg respectively, and the total
mass of the legform shall be 13.4±0.2kg. The centre of gravity
of the femur and tibia shall be 217±10mm and 233±1
from the center of knee respectively. The moment of inertia of
the femur and tibia, about
respective centre of gravity and perpendicular to the direction
of impact, shall be 0.127±0.010kgm
A uniaxial accelerometer shall be mounted on the non
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bending angle in Degrees was plotted and compared with the
Top view of test set-up for static legform impactor
bending certification test [3]
Figure 2 shows the test set-up for shearing of the certification.
The tibia was fully constrained while the femur was restraint
of the knee joint. A horizontal normal
force was applied on the femur 50mm from the center of the
knee joint. The load shall be increased until the shearing
displacement of the knee reaches an excess of 8.0mm or the
load is in excess of 6.0kN. The corresponding knee shearing
displacement was recorded and plotted against the applied
Top view of test set-up for static legform impactor
shearing certification test [3]
DYNAMIC TEST
certification, the legform impactor is with
foam and skin covering. It shall be suspended horizontally by
three wire ropes of 1.5±0.2mm diameter and of 2.0m
minimum length as shown in figure 3. The legform impactor
shall be suspended along its longitudinal axis horizontally
with a tolerance of ±2°. The total mass of the femur and tibia
shall be 8.6±0.1kg and 4.8±0.1kg respectively, and the total
mass of the legform shall be 13.4±0.2kg. The centre of gravity
of the femur and tibia shall be 217±10mm and 233±10mm
from the center of knee respectively. The moment of inertia of
the femur and tibia, about the horizontal axis through
respective centre of gravity and perpendicular to the direction
of impact, shall be 0.127±0.010kgm2 and 0.120±0.010kgm2.
celerometer shall be mounted on the non-
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impacted side of the tibia, 66±5mm below the knee joint
center. Refer to figure 5, for legform impactor with skin and
foam covering.
The certification impactor shall have a mass of 9.0±0.05kg,
the mass includes those propulsion and guidance components
which are effectively part of the impactor during the impact.
The dimension of the face of the certification impactor shall
be as specified in figure 6. The impactor shall be made of
aluminium alloy with an outer surface finish of better than
2.0µm. The certification impactor shall be propelled
horizontally at a velocity of 7.5±0.1m/s into a stationary
legform impactor as shown in figure 3 and 4.
When the legform impactor is impacted by a linearly guided
certification impactor, the maximum upper tibia acceleration
shall be not less than 120g and not more than 250g. The
maximum bending angle shall be not less than 6.2° and not
more than 8.2°. The maximum shearing displacement shall be
not less than 3.5mm and not more than 6.0mm
Figure 3: Side view-Test set-up for dynamic legform
impactor certification test [3]
Figure 4: Top view- Test set-up for dynamic legfo
impactor certification test [3]
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
impacted side of the tibia, 66±5mm below the knee joint
center. Refer to figure 5, for legform impactor with skin and
The certification impactor shall have a mass of 9.0±0.05kg,
those propulsion and guidance components
which are effectively part of the impactor during the impact.
The dimension of the face of the certification impactor shall
be as specified in figure 6. The impactor shall be made of
rface finish of better than
2.0µm. The certification impactor shall be propelled
horizontally at a velocity of 7.5±0.1m/s into a stationary
legform impactor as shown in figure 3 and 4.
When the legform impactor is impacted by a linearly guided
on impactor, the maximum upper tibia acceleration
shall be not less than 120g and not more than 250g. The
maximum bending angle shall be not less than 6.2° and not
more than 8.2°. The maximum shearing displacement shall be
than 6.0mm [3].
up for dynamic legform
[3]
up for dynamic legform
impactor certification test [3]
Figure 5: Legform impactor with s
Figure 6: Detail dynamic legform certification impactor
3. LOWER LEGFORM FINITE ELEMENT
MODEL
3. 1- STATIC TEST
3.1.1- Bending Test
The static bending test was represented in the FE model,
Hypercrash interface as shown in figure 7. The sides of the
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Legform impactor with skin and foam covering [3]
Detail dynamic legform certification impactor [3]
LOWER LEGFORM FINITE ELEMENT
The static bending test was represented in the FE model,
Hypercrash interface as shown in figure 7. The sides of the
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 140
tibia was fully constrained, defining clamps holding the tibia.
Shell elements were used to model all parts in the static
bending test with steel properties assigned. A 16mm diameter
cylindrical knee joint was modelled with the length of 20mm,
a thickness of 3mm, density of 1100kg/m3 and Young's
modulus of 650MPa. Concentrated force was applied at 2m
from the center of the knee joint, the normal horizontal force
applied is tabulated in table 1. Type 7 - multi usage contact
interface was assigned on the model, as the nodes were well
connected, self-impact was applied.
Figure 7: FE model of static bending test set-up
Table 1: Concentrated force(N) applied on static bending test
t f(t)
1 15
2 30
3 55
4 73
5 85
6 97
7 115
8 130
9 143
10 155
11 165
12 175
13 185
14 195
15 200
16 205
17 210
18 215
19 220
3.1.2- Shearing Test
The static shearing test is similar to the bending test, therefore
the FE model was modified to achieve the static shearing test
set up. An additional 2mm flat bar was added to restraint the
femur movement. In addition, the concentration force was
applied 50mm from the center of the knee joint. All material
and properties used are the same as the static bending test.
Figure 8 and table 2 shows the static shearing test set up and
the normal horizontal force applied.
Figure 8: FE model static shearing test set up
Table 2: Concentrated force(N) applied on static shearing test
t f(t)
0 0
1 300
2 700
3 1400
4 2250
5 2900
6 3500
7 3700
8 3900
9 4100
3. 2- DYNAMIC TEST
The dynamic certification involves a more complex set up,
with an additional covering of 25mm flesh and 6mm skin. The
tibia, femur and knee joints were modeled using shell
elements using the exact properties used in the static test,
while the flesh and skin were modeled using solid elements.
Both femur and tibia were assigned as rigid bodies with the
material properties of steel. A mass of 6.87kg and 2.65kg was
added respectively on the femur and tibia rigid bodies,
satisfying the weight requirement of 8.6kg for femur and
4.8kg for tibia, forming a legform impactor of total 13.4kg.
The center of gravity of the femur and tibia was tuned in the
software to 711mm and 261mm from the end of legform. The
moment of inertia of femur about the horizontal axis through
it's center of gravity and perpendicular to the direction of
impact is 0.128kgm2 while the moment of inertia of tibia is
0.126kgm2.
As specified in EEVC/WG17, CF45-Confor foam was used in
representing the flesh of the human leg. The solid element was
interpreted as material type 70 in Hypercrash, foam with
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 141
tabulated law. The density assigned to the material was
96.11kg/m3 with an inital young modulus of 100MPa and a
poison ratio of 0.28 as reference to Alireza Noorpoor and
Kiasat (2008)[4] . The stress and strain curved assigned to the
foam was tabulated in figure 9, the value was modified based
on Shahbeyk and Abvabi (2009) [5].
Neoprene was used to represent the skin in the simulation, the
arthur had modeled solid elements with visco-elastic material-
type 34 in Hypercrash. The initial density assigned was
1100kg/m3 with bulk modulus of 102MPa. The short and long
time shear modulus was indicated as 8.45MPa and 3.90MPa
respectively refering to Shahbeyk and Abvabi (2009) [5].
Figure 10 shows the FE model of the legform used in the
dynamic certification test. The mesh density increases near the
knee joint area to achieve more accurate results. Due to run
time constaint, fine meshes throughout the legform was
avoided.
Upon completion of the legform modeling, an aluminium
impactor of 9.366 kg was impacted horizontally at a velocity
of 7.5m/s into the stationary legform as shown in figure 11.
Two contact interfaces were applied on the dynamic legform,
both using type 7 - multi usage. The first contact applied was
self impact on the legform and the second with the impactor as
the master and the skin as the slave.
An accelerometer was assigned under the data history panel,
this enables the author to extract the upper tibia acceleration in
Hyperview.
Figure 9: Stress strain curve for Confor foam CF45
Figure 10: FE dynamic legform model
Figure 11: Dynamic certification test set up
4. VALIDATION OF LOWER LEGFORM
IMPACTOR
4. 1- STATIC CERTIFICATION TEST RESULTS
4.1.1- Bending Test
As specified in the EEVC/WG17 report, the legform has to be
certified statically and dynamically. Figure 12 shows the
simulation of static bending test set up in the Hypercrash, pre-
processor interface. An increasing concentrated force was
applied 2m from the centre of the knee joint and the resulting
bending angle was recorded. A graph of the applied force vs
the bending angle was plotted affirming the results were
within limits. The energy taken to generate a 15° bending
angle is 106.37J which is within the acceptable range of
100±7J. Figure 13 shows the bending angle vs force diagram
of the simulated results and the EEVC/WG17 limitations.
Figure 12: FE Static Bending certification test
Figure 13: Bending Angle Vs Force graph
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 142
4.1.2- Shearing Test
Figure 15 shows the simulation of the static shearing test. For
the shearing set-up, the tibia was also fully constrainted at the
sides with an increasing force applied 50mm from the center
of the knee joint. In this test, the shearing displacement was
observed. A graph of applied force vs shearing displacement
was plotted agaist the EEVC/WG17 limits. The results of the
simulation are shown in figure 16 and were proven to be
within limitations.
Figure 14: FE Static Shearing certification test
Figure 15: Shearing displacement Vs Force
4. 2- DYNAMIC CERTIFICATION TEST
RESULTS
A dynamic simulation was performed with a complete legform
with flesh and skin and an aluminium impactor. The impactor
has an initial velocity of 7.5m/s and the impacted point is
50mm from the center of the knee. The maximum bending
angle, maximum shearing displacement and the upper tibia
acceleration was observed. Table I shows the results achieved
in the dynamic certification and the EEVC limits. It can be
observed that the maximum bending angle and the upper tibia
acceleration falls within the limitation. Although the shearing
displacement did not achieve the minimum shearing
displacement of 3.5mm, it is still within the 20 percent FEA
error tolerance.
Table 3: Dynamic certification test result
Criteria Analysis Results EEVC/WG17
limitations
Maximum Bending
Angle (º)
8.12 6.2-8.2
Maximum Shearing
Displacement (mm)
2.83 3.5-6.0
Upper Tibia
Acceleration (g)
213.86 120-250
CONCLUSIONS
As lower extremity injuries are most common in vehicle-
pedestrian collisions, legform testing tool vastly contributes to
gauging the injury criterion on the leg during a vehicle-
pedestrian collision. These testing tools are widely used by car
manufacturers in designing pedestrian friendly vehicles. Since
the advancement of computerization, finite element analysis
has been a popular tool in simulating complex geometry and
real life situations due to its accuracy and its cost efficiency.
Being said so, finite element analysis and experimental test
comes along side, the FE model needs to be validated with
experimental results to ensure the modeling and input
parameters are accurate.
In this study, a FE legform model was model according
EEVC/WG17 specification. In this model, a knee of 16mm
diameter and 20mm of length was modeled as the deformable
knee element and the properties was tuned according to the
static and dynamic criterion. Upon fulfilling all static and
dynamic conditions, the legform is ready to be use for vehicle
bumper structure design and optimization.
REFERENCES
[1] World Health Organization, 2013. Pedestrian safety - A
road safety manual for decision-makers and
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BIOGRAPHIES
F. Tarlochan was born in Malaysia. He
obtained his Bachelors in Mechanical
Engineering and Masters in Biomedical
Engineering from Purdue University, USA.
His PhD was from Universiti Putra Malaysia.
He is currently an Associate Professor at
UNITEN and heads the Center for Innovation and Design.
Email: faristarlochan@gmail.com
Khoo Y.C was born in Malaysia. She
obtained her Bachelors in Mechanical
Engineering from Universiti Tenaga Nasiona
(UNITEN), Malaysia. She is currently
pursuing her masters at UNITEN in the field
of Mechanical Engineering.