4. People may have conflicting development goals
• A dam is development for a farmer because he gets
water for irrigation.
• It is destructive for a tribal man because his living
place will be submerged in water.
5. • People May have different and conflicting notion
about a country’s development.
Cottage and village
industries must develop
Large scale industries
should develop
6. Money or Income is one of the main development
goals of most of the people because money can
get a person material things needed to live well
7. • Apart from money people may have other
development goals such as equal treatment,
freedom, good health, security, and respect of
others. These non material things ae also
important to lead a good life.
8. For development people look for a mix of goals
• Money Equal Treatment Good Health
Respect Security
9. Comparison of the Economic Development of
different Countries
The World Bank (IBRD) uses per capita income as
the criterion for classifying the countries.
Per capita Income is the average income of a
person
Per capita Income =
10. • The countries with less than $ 955 as per capita
income are called low income countries.
• Examples: Bangladesh. Ethiopia , Somalia
11. • The countries with more than $ 12,056 as per
capita income are called developed or rich
countries (High Income Countries).
• USA, Great Britain, France, Japan
12. • The countries in which per capita income is more
than $ 955 and less than $ 12,056 are called
medium developed countries.
• Examples: Srilanka, Brazil, India
• India comes in the category of low middle income
countries because its per capita income in 2017
was just $ 1820 per annum.
13. Limitation in using Per capita Income as a
criterion of development
• Per capita Income is average income. If there is
unequal distribution of income in the economy,
even a high per capita income may not lead to
development.
• Income alone is not sufficient for people’s
welfare. They need safety and security, good
health, education, equal treatment, respect etc.
So, there may not be development even in
countries where income is high.
14. Comparison between Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
STATE PER CAPITA
INCOME
INFANT
MORTALITY
RATE
LITERACY RATE NET
ATTENDANCE
RATIO
HARYANA 1,80,174 30 82 61
KERALA 1,63,475 10 94 83
BIHAR 34,409 35 62 43
15. • If we consider only per capita income, we will
conclude that Haryana is the most developed
among the three state.
• However, if we consider the other criteria like life
expectancy, literacy rate and net attendance ratio
also, we will conclude that Kerala is the most
developed among the three states.
16. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
UNDP introduced the concept of Human
Development Index (HDI) to rank the countries
on the basis of development in its Human
Development Report
17. • Human Development Index (HDI) is the
cumulative measurement of longevity, knowledge
and decent standard of living.
• Longevity: - It is measured in terms of life
expectancy at birth.
• Knowledge: - Knowledge is measured in terms of
literacy rate and net attendance ratio at three
levels of schools.
• Decent standard of living: - It is measured in
terms of per capita income.
18. Comparison between Development of India and
Srilanka
i. Srilanka is ahead of India in Human Development
HDI rank of Srilanka is 76. India’s HDI rank is 130.
ii. Per capita income of Srilanka is higher than that
of India
iii. Life expectancy at birth is 75.5 years in Srilanka.
It is only 68.8 in India.
iv. Educational achievement of Srilanka is also better
that that of India.
19. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Economic development which does not damage
environment and at the same time take care of
the needs of the future generations is called
sustainable development.
20. • Over exploitations of resources may harm the
future generations. Many of the resource will get
exhausted.
• Environmental degradation is a threat to the
survival of human on the Earth’s surface.
21. PUBLIC FACILITIES
• Public facilities refer to those facilities which cannot be
purchased at individual level. They are provided by the
Government.
• These facilities are necessary to improve the standard of
living of the people.
• (i) We need a pollution free environment to lead a
comfortable and healthy life.
• (ii) We need to get protection from infectious diseases.
• (iii) Good infrastructural facilities are needed for industrial
and agricultural development.
• (iv) Law and order has to be maintained to provide safety
and security to the people.
• (v) Safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are also
needed.
22. Attributes for comparing notions of development between
different countries.
• (i) National income: - National income is the sum of
values of all the final goods and services produced in a
country in a year along with the income from abroad.
• (ii) Per-capita income:- It is the average income of a
person. It is calculated by dividing national income with
population.
• (iii) Life expectancy:- It is the average life span of an
individual.
23. (iv) Infant mortality rate:- It refers to the number
of child deaths before attaining the age of one for
every thousand live births.
• (v) Literacy rate:- It measures the proportion of
literate population in the 7 and above age group.
• (vi) HDI:- Human Development Index is the
cumulative measurement of longevity, knowledge
and decent standard of living.
