1) ENMAX faced the challenge of monitoring clearance between a 138kV transmission line and a 25kV distribution line that crossed paths for 9.3 km. Determining dynamic clearance is difficult using traditional methods as the lines experience different loading profiles.
2) ENMAX installed LiDAR sensors on the two lines to directly measure the distance between them in real-time. The sensors measure the distance from each line to ground, and the difference provides the inter-line clearance.
3) Four sensors were installed and communicate wirelessly to monitor clearance over two spans. The sensors provide critical clearance data to ensure sufficient spacing as loads on the lines change over time.
This PPT was crate for my seminar presentation and upload for help and providing information about FAULT ANALYSIS IN HVDC & HVAC TRANSMISSION LINE and basic idea of HVDC System
Development of DC systems in the late 19th century
AC solutions came somewhat later
But AC systems (50 or 60 Hz) became the standard in the world
Simple transformation between different Voltage levels
Short circuit current interruption
Limited interest for DC in the second half of the 20th century
Increased interest in the last years
Renewable energy sources
Offshore solutions
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
Single phase grid connected motor drive system with dc-link shunt compensator...LeMeniz Infotech
Single-Phase Grid Connected Motor Drive System with DC-link Shunt Compensator and Small DC-link Capacitor
The single-phase diode rectifier system with small DC-link capacitor shows wide diode conduction time and it improves the grid current harmonics. By shaping the output power, the system meets the grid current harmonics regulation without any power factor corrector or grid filter inductor. However, the system has torque ripple and suffers efficiency degradation due to the insufficient DC-link voltage. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the DC-link shunt compensator (DSC) for small DC-link capacitor systems. DSC is located on DC-node parallel and operates as the voltage source, improving the system performances. This circuit helps the grid current-shaping control during grid-connection time, and reduces the flux-weakening current by supplying the energy to the motor during grid-disconnection time. This paper presents a power control method and the design guideline of DSC. The feasibility of DSC is verified by simulation and experimental results.
Web : http://www.lemenizinfotech.com
web : http://www.lemenizinfotech.com/tag/ieee-projects-in-pondicherry/
Web : http://ieeemaster.com
Web : http://ieeemaster.com/power-electronics-ieee-projects-2016-2017/
Web : http://ieeemaster.com/power-system-ieee-projects-2016-2017/
Address: 36, 100 Feet Road(Near Indira Gandhi Statue), Natesan Nagar, Pondicherry-605 005
Contact numbers: +91 95663 55386, 99625 88976 (0413) 420 5444
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Mobile : 9566355386 / 9962588976
This PPT was crate for my seminar presentation and upload for help and providing information about FAULT ANALYSIS IN HVDC & HVAC TRANSMISSION LINE and basic idea of HVDC System
Development of DC systems in the late 19th century
AC solutions came somewhat later
But AC systems (50 or 60 Hz) became the standard in the world
Simple transformation between different Voltage levels
Short circuit current interruption
Limited interest for DC in the second half of the 20th century
Increased interest in the last years
Renewable energy sources
Offshore solutions
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
Single phase grid connected motor drive system with dc-link shunt compensator...LeMeniz Infotech
Single-Phase Grid Connected Motor Drive System with DC-link Shunt Compensator and Small DC-link Capacitor
The single-phase diode rectifier system with small DC-link capacitor shows wide diode conduction time and it improves the grid current harmonics. By shaping the output power, the system meets the grid current harmonics regulation without any power factor corrector or grid filter inductor. However, the system has torque ripple and suffers efficiency degradation due to the insufficient DC-link voltage. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the DC-link shunt compensator (DSC) for small DC-link capacitor systems. DSC is located on DC-node parallel and operates as the voltage source, improving the system performances. This circuit helps the grid current-shaping control during grid-connection time, and reduces the flux-weakening current by supplying the energy to the motor during grid-disconnection time. This paper presents a power control method and the design guideline of DSC. The feasibility of DSC is verified by simulation and experimental results.
Web : http://www.lemenizinfotech.com
web : http://www.lemenizinfotech.com/tag/ieee-projects-in-pondicherry/
Web : http://ieeemaster.com
Web : http://ieeemaster.com/power-electronics-ieee-projects-2016-2017/
Web : http://ieeemaster.com/power-system-ieee-projects-2016-2017/
Address: 36, 100 Feet Road(Near Indira Gandhi Statue), Natesan Nagar, Pondicherry-605 005
Contact numbers: +91 95663 55386, 99625 88976 (0413) 420 5444
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Mobile : 9566355386 / 9962588976
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
This report deliberates Maintenance of transmission line by using robot by application of monitoring transmission line and also for the transmission line damages detection. Managing maintenance of overhead transmission line is difficult, hence in order to maintain the same, robotic will play very important role in electrical system. Which will improves time of maintenance and predictive maintenance for transmission line. Considering workers safety while working on overhead line it will have good potential. Now-a-days inspectorsare carrying inspection of transmission line by survey through aviation method which is cost to electricity board. On the basis of survey of workers, the robot will segregates the data and will directly transfers to control room. The robot continuous run to transmission line in 500kv power line. In this techniques equipped with voltage sensor used for measuring voltage on transmission line, current sensor used for measuring current on transmission line. RF module for communication purpose. Visual Camera are installed in robot to capture the images and sent to the control area. Simulation is done by Proteus software.
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMS TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMS
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
This report deliberates Maintenance of transmission line by using robot by application of monitoring transmission line and also for the transmission line damages detection. Managing maintenance of overhead transmission line is difficult, hence in order to maintain the same, robotic will play very important role in electrical system. Which will improves time of maintenance and predictive maintenance for transmission line. Considering workers safety while working on overhead line it will have good potential. Now-a-days inspectorsare carrying inspection of transmission line by survey through aviation method which is cost to electricity board. On the basis of survey of workers, the robot will segregates the data and will directly transfers to control room. The robot continuous run to transmission line in 500kv power line. In this techniques equipped with voltage sensor used for measuring voltage on transmission line, current sensor used for measuring current on transmission line. RF module for communication purpose. Visual Camera are installed in robot to capture the images and sent to the control area. Simulation is done by Proteus software.
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMS TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMSTESTING AND COMMISSIONING
OF VSC HVDC SYSTEMS
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Performance of quadrilateral relay on EHV transmission line protection during...IDES Editor
Distance relays have many characteristics
such as Impedance, lenticular, Offset Mho, Mho and
Quadrilateral characteristics. Quadrilateral
characteristics provide highly suitable protection for
Transmission line as compared to other characteristics.
Quadrilateral relay provides flexible protection during
high fault resistance of ground and phase faults. This is
advantageous for protection of phase-to-earth faults on
short lines, lines without earth wires, non-effectively
earthed systems and feeders with extremely high tower
footing resistance. This also provides fault impedance
coverage for both phase to phase and phase to ground
faults without effecting load encroachment. I explained
factors impacting performance of Quadrilateral relay
focusing on accuracy and speed of operation. In this
paper Quadrilateral relay system and Bergeron model
type transmission line are designed and simulated using
PSCAD/EMTDC analysis software to study the different
type of fault at various fault resistances. A Fast Fourier
technique is used to generate apparent impedance. The
simulation result shows Quadrilateral relay are highly
suitable for protection of extra high voltage transmission
line during resistance faults. This scheme improves the
sensitivity, and reliability.
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the di stance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the simple c oncept of ohm�s law.When any fault like short circuit occurs,voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable,since the current varies. A set of resistors are ther efore used to represen t the cable and a dc vol tage is fed at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using a analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.
Algorithem Algorithem and Programme for Computation of Forces Acting on line ...CSCJournals
The correct design and selection of line supports is of great importance for successful operation and safety of transmission lines. For this purpose various forces acting on the line supports must be estimated for normal and abnormal conditions of operation. The author develops algorithm and programme for optimal calculation of these forces, which the line supports should withstand. The main programme MDFLS and fourteen subroutines are constructed for calculation the forces acting on the line supports. The subroutines (FSUS, FDES, and FCSTA) are for determining the forces from line conductors and (FGWSU, FSWDE, FSWSA) from ground wires at suspension, dead end and strain/angle line supports respectively. The other eight are subsidiary subroutines. The parameters of the conductors (homogenous or non homogenous) are found by DPMPN and DPMPH. The physical-mechanical properties of the conductor are calculated using PMPL. The specific loadings are determined by RLOLC. The sag-tension calculations are prepared by subroutines CSCT, CSOP and SEQS. Subroutine FSPCB is for calculation of forces due to broken conductor at suspension support in the section. The elaborated programmes are written in FORTRAN 90 and adopted for personal computer.
Voltage Profile Improvement using Switched Capacitors: Case of Single Wire Ea...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Most rural areas in Africa are characterized by scattered villages with a very low demand in electricity. Due to improper planning and lack of knowledge on low cost technologies, the cost of extending the grid to supply these area is very high relative to the returns. Rural electrification by means of extending the main grid and distributing power using a single wire with earth return (SWER) has shown to be the least expensive rural electrification method in remote area where loads are light and scattered.This paper presents a developed model of Single wire earth return distribution network and a voltage profile of the network using backward and forward sweep method load flow algorithm. And finally presents the analysis of the effect of shunt capacitors on the voltage profile of the network using Maximum power saving method for the sizing and placement of the capacitor.
Coautor en Revista JCR, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. Título; Analysis of the behavior of MVDC system in a distribution grid compared to a UPFC system
Multi-Conductor Distribution Rollers
The No. 5403 Multi-Conductor Distribution Roller is constructed from light weight, high strength 356-T6 aluminum alloy and may be ordered with any of the following accessories.
A - No. 5403 Roller.
B - No. 5413 Hook Assembly.
C - No. 5423 Cross Arm Bracket.
D - No. 5433 Suspension Yoke.
E - No. 5443 Up-Lift Roller.
G - No. 5463 Running Board.
Running Boards are designed for the Lindsey Multi Conductor Distribution Rollers to assure each conductor and pulling line is deposited in the proper sheave groove. Running boards are proof tested at the factory prior to shipment. Swivels may be ordered factory installed. Safe working load is 2,500 pounds. All ferrous materials are hot dip galvanized or electro cadmium plated. Sheaves are mounted on precision ground Conrad type, permanently lubricated and sealed, maintenance-free ball bearings. Weight as shown: 25 pounds.
The No. 5333 was designed specially for stringing up to 3-inch wide flat conductor. A unique pivoting feature allows the sheave and springloaded keeper to follow the conductor through a 180º arc. http://lindsey-usa.com/hardware/stringing-equipment/ Supplied with a 48 inch chain and hook for pole mounting, the No. 5333 can also be suspension mounted without removing the pole bracket or chain. The sheave has a 2 1/2" I.D., 6" O.D. and is mounted on oil impregnated bushings for a long, maintenance-free operating life. Parts are lightweight 356-T6 aluminum alloy with a ductile iron pole bracket and steel chain. Weight is 11 lbs.
This unique stringing tool enables one lineman to quickly transfer the conductor from the roller to the clamp with one hand, without removing the roller or lifting the conductor. The No. 5326 can be used on horizontal insulators or, with adapters on vertical insulators and cross arms.
One of the most critical aspect of emergency restoration
is effective communication between all of the parties
involved. One of the most important pieces of
equipment is communications equipment. The foremen
and supervisors have been equipped with new satellite
phones to improve communication between field and
TC&M headquarters where most of the materials and
equipment are kept. The satellite phones take care of
dead spots in LADWP’s service territory that normal
cell phones and low band radio are unable to serve.
The Transmission Construction and Maintenance
Organization (TC&M) reports to the Director of the
Bulk Power Business Unit who in turn reports to the
power system Assistant General Manager of the Los
Angeles Department of Water and Power. The TC&M
Organization is responsible for all maintenance, capital
improvement jobs and emergency response when there
is a transmission line failure
LADWP provides electricity to approximately 1.4
million electrical customers in a 1202-square-km area.
Business and industry consume about 70 percent of the
electricity in Los Angeles, but residences constitute the
largest number of customers. In addition to serving these
consumers, LADWP lights public streets and highways,
powers the city's water system and sells wholesale
electricity to other utilities.
LADWP supplies power from many sources, including its
own hydroelectric and fossil-fueled generating stations
and contracts for hydroelectric power from the Pacific
Northwest. Coal is the largest single source of power
supply in Los Angeles at 45 percent. Natural gas now
supplies about 20 percent of the city's energy;
hydroelectricity accounts for 12 percent; nuclear, 9
percent, and the remainder comes from purchased power,
including biomass, solar and cogeneration. LADWP has
a net dependable capacity of approximately 7000MW,
and an annual peak demand of approximately 6000MW.
To prepare a technical feasibility proposal http://lindsey-usa.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/LINDSEY-ERS-Questionnaire-100812.pdf
for the Lindsey Emergency Restoration System (ERS). The information
requested in this questionnaire is the minimum required for assembling a
proposal. A worksheet should be prepared for each voltage level as well as for
each critical line. Any additional information or expansion on any item would be
beneficial.
The Lindsey Fail‐Safe Base improves the integrity of horizontal line post construction by providing a flexible support for the insulator. This flexibility lowers the dynamic stresses induced in an insulator by an impact load. In addition to this elastic flexibility, Fail‐ Safe Bases are designed to plastically deform at a predetermined level, thus limiting the maximum cantilever load that can be applied to the insulator. These features protect the insulator not only from longitudinal overloads but also from vertical overloading, e.g. from severe ice conditions. Extensive static and dynamic tests have been performed on Fail‐Safe Bases. These dynamic impact tests demonstrate that insulators, when mounted on a Fail‐Safe Base, would not break when subjected to four or five times the maximum impact load of a rigidly mounted insulator.
The increased use of clamp top insulators has required a need for dead ending. Lindsey's new Dead End Adapters fit most standard Clamp Top Insulators. Lindsey Dead End Adapters are designed for use with both horizontal and vertical clamp top line post insulators. the No. 2130 allows dead ending in both directions from a single insulator. Lindsey Dead End Adapters are designed for dead ending with vertical clamp top line post insulator in a horizontal position. Lindsey Dead End Adapters are designed for use with both horizontal and vertical clamp top line post insulators. as well insulator installed in a horizontal position.
Lindsey’s Pole Top Bracket securely mounts to a pole top for installation of vertical insulator directly above the center of the pole for more uniform appearance installation to the pole is accomplished with two bolts (not furnished with brackets) witch pass through the pole and side plates and are secured with nuts at both ends. Hole sizes in the side plates are 13/16”. Brackets are adjustable to fit poles from 71/2 to 16”. The top plate has a 5” bolt circle, with 11/16” holes, and center bolt hole 15/16” for insulator mounting. The Lindsey No. 8234 Drilling Jig shown in Section 8 is ideally suited for drilling mounting holes in the pole. The photo shows a typical triangular construction using the No. 2050 Pole Top Bracket and a Lindsey Horizontal Fail Safe Extension Arm with shroud.
http://lindsey-usa.com/hardware/pole-line-hardware-insulating-bases/
Convert Tie-Top Insulators to Clamps-Top
Lindsey UNICON conductor clamps convert tie-top insulators to clamps-top. The result has
all the safety advantages inherent in the clamp-top, plus economy. On new construction
the cost off tie-top insulators plus UNICON is comparable to clamp/top.
UNICON clamps can be installed with a standard wrench or hot stick without removing
parts. This eliminates long, hazardous tie wires and makes maintenance on hot lines safer
and faster. These clamps are used to increase the capacity of a primary voltage system by
increasing the conductor size and re-using the installed insulator and construction wherever
possible.
UNICON clamps combine an adjustable insulator clamp with a unique single-bolt reversible
keeper which makes it possible to fit a wide range of insulator and conductor sizes with
minimum inventory. Radio interference and the cost of future reconductoring and/or armor
rodding is also reduced. Years of development testing and trouble-free field service of more
than a half million UNICON clamps attest to their safety, reliability and economy.
Events that may test transmission grid resilience are varied. Some involve minimal
permanent damage and can be recovered from relatively quickly. Other events may require
much longer periods of time to recover where extensive damage has occurred. Some events
are fast to develop, while other may provide an opportunity to prepare (weather) or not
(willful attack).
Resiliency consists of both the ability to resist failure and to rapidly recover from failure.
Both sides of grid resiliency as it applies to the transmission grid can possibly be addressed by
dynamic line rating (DLR). The purpose of this paper is to present for discussion the use of
DLR as a means to improve grid resiliency in a way that is cost effective, quick to deploy, and
which provides ongoing operational benefits when not being used for resiliency purposes.
For events involving longer term outages associated with major transmission line fall downs,
multiple line outages, or critical substation outages, DLR offers a number of possible
advantages. Widespread preemptive installation of DLR can address the problem of
determining long term line overload ratings that are necessary when facing the sudden yet
long term absence of major assets. DLR can alleviate congestion and other constraints that
may appear during recovery. Finally, DLR can provide the added capacity that may be
required by lower voltage lines in such events but which would otherwise be difficult to
justify economically for normal operation.
Specially designed for tie top insulators, This type clamp features a long steel stud for
mounting on a variety of different diameter insulators. Nuts are captive at both ends for
ease off installation. A single bolt clamping feature makes conductor installation possible
with a standard wrench or hot stick without removing parts. Only three clamp sizes are
required for conductor diameters from .25 to 1.5 inches. No parts need be removed for
assembly to insulators or clipping in conductor. All cast parts are high strength heat treated
356-T6 aluminum alloy. Steel parts are hot dip galvanized for maximum corrosion
resistance. This series is also available in all-aluminum clamp having a cast 356-T6 high
strength heat treated aluminum body, keeper, and clamp with aluminum alloy stud, nuts,
and lockwashers. To order all-aluminum clamp specify catalog number using suffix AA. For
correct clamp size to use with a given conductor, and neck sizes of pin and post type
insulators, refer to tables in the engineering Data Section of this catalog.
Resiliency consists of both the ability to resist failure and to rapidly recover from failure.
Both sides of grid resiliency as it applies to the transmission grid can possibly be addressed by
dynamic line rating (DLR). The purpose of this paper is to present for discussion the use of
DLR as a means to improve grid resiliency in a way that is cost effective, quick to deploy, and
which provides ongoing operational benefits when not being used for resiliency purposes.
Resiliency consists of both the ability to resist failure and to rapidly recover from failure.
Both sides of grid resiliency as it applies to the transmission grid can possibly be addressed by
dynamic line rating (DLR). The purpose of this paper is to present for discussion the use of
DLR as a means to improve grid resiliency in a way that is cost effective, quick to deploy, and
which provides ongoing operational benefits when not being used for resiliency purposes.
Events that may test transmission grid resilience are varied. Some involve minimal
permanent damage and can be recovered from relatively quickly. Other events may require
much longer periods of time to recover where extensive damage has occurred. Some events
are fast to develop, while other may provide an opportunity to prepare (weather) or not
(willful attack).
More from Lindsey-USA Transmission and Manufacturing Co. (16)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
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Determining Crossing Conductor Clearance Using Line-Mounted LiDAR
1. †jmccall@lindsey-usa.com
Determining Crossing Conductor Clearance Using Line-Mounted LiDAR
J. C. MCCALL†, P. SPILLANE, K. LINDSEY
Lindsey Manufacturing
USA
SUMMARY
Maintaining proper transmission line clearance is required by the North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (NERC). Locations where two lines cross or are co-located along a common right-of-way
pose a difficult monitoring challenge: determining the clearance between the crossing lines. While the
National Electric Safety Code details what these clearances should be and how they should be
estimated based on a variety of criteria, these calculations do not provide confirmation of actual
clearance or of the clearance itself. This becomes particularly important when the loading
characteristics of the crossing lines vary significantly, or if future system changes may result in
unpredictable clearances. In this case the sag characteristics of each line cannot be assumed to result in
a consistent clearance value, as each line may be loaded differently as they are often on different
circuits. The spatial difference of the lines can also result in different wind levels and a difference in
the rate of cooling of the conductors.
ENMAX, a utility located in the Province of Alberta in Canada, faced this situation where a 138kV
transmission line with Curlew conductor is located above a 25 kV distribution circuit using Hawk
conductor for a distance of approximately 9.3 km. The pending energization of a new local 800MW
generation source made knowledge of the clearance between the two circuits more critical as the
additional generation will change power flows and result in very different load profiles on the 138kV
transmission circuit.
ENMAX installed four transmission line conductor monitors containing built-in downward-looking
LiDAR units to provide the line-to-ground clearance of each line. The difference in the line’s
clearances-to-ground provided clearance between the two circuits. The paper discusses ENMAX’s
situation, the operational characteristics of the monitors, their installation, the communication method
used to collect the measurement information and pass it back to EMS, an algorithm used to filter out
bad data caused by motor vehicles passing under the lines, and operational experience to date.
KEYWORDS
Clearance, LiDAR, conductor monitor, line crossing, conductor crossing, line clearance, dynamic line
rating
21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS CIGRE US National Committee
http : //www.cigre.org 2015 Grid of the Future Symposium
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
2. 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Maintaining proper clearance-to-ground for transmission lines is a requirement of utilities by the North
American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). While transmission line profiles are kept and
maintained by utility engineering departments, and validated by periodic LiDAR measurements from
helicopter or ground based measuring devices, these methods capture only point-in-time snapshots of
clearance. One situation which is peculiarly problematic is when two lines cross or are co-located along
a common right-of-way. In this case it is important to not only measure the clearance-to-ground of the
lowest line, but also the clearance between the closest adjacent conductors of the two lines.
ENMAX, a utility located in the Province of Alberta in Canada, faced this situation where a 138kV
transmission line is located above a 25 kV distribution circuit for a distance of approximately 9.3 km.
The need to know, in real-time, the clearance between the two circuits was to become more critical when
later in 2015 ENMAX’s Shepard Energy Centre comes on line, bringing 800MW of additional power
generation to the area[1].
2. CROSSING LINES; THE ISSUE OF CLEARANCE
The required clearances between crossing transmission lines of various voltages are well documented.
In North America, Sections 233 and 235 of the National Electric Safety Code (NESC) [2] details the
clearance requirements for crossing lines mounted on different supporting structures and the same
supporting structures respectively. Examination of these sections highlights various issues that
underscore the complexity of determining clearance:
Conductor characteristics
Ambient temperature and wind assumptions (for conductor movement)
Insulator and structure deflection
Sag, which itself is a function of conductor temperature, wind speed (for cooling), solar
radiation, ice loading, etc.
Application of various safety factors and configuration factors
Most if not all of these issues are also common to determining conductor thermal behavior as
documented in the IEEE 738 [3] standard and the CIGRE 207 [4] brochure. Dynamic line rating (DLR)
applications all depend on being able to accurately determine conductor clearance to what is below,
whether in real-time or forecasted.
For both dynamic line rating and crossing conductors, “clearance-to-something” is the real issue. Both
of the dynamic line rating standards and the NESC depend upon essentially a double estimation; the
computation of conductor sag and the subsequent use of that parameter to estimate clearance. Sag is a
value that is distinctly different than clearance. Sag is essentially the droop of a conductor below the
straight line drawn between its two endpoints. Variables that affect sag:
Conductor temperature and all that affects it; current, solar radiation, cooling associated with
wind, the thermal insulating effects of ice and snow, etc.
The location of the endpoints; insulator swing and tower movement from wind and conductor
expansion/contraction, the weight effects of ice and snow loading, etc.
And yet sag does not give clearance, which also depends on the location of what it beneath; ground,
snow cover, vegetation growth, and human activity (construction of buildings or vehicles).
The difficulties associated with accurately determining and designing for proper clearance between
conductors is underscored in one widely distributed report that for one utility, fully 60% of all
documented transmission clearance issues were the result of distribution crossings [5].
Here, the problem facing ENMAX was particularly challenging:
The transmission and distribution lines had very different loading profiles.
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
3. 3
After the Shepard Energy Centre is on-line, the 800MW of additional power generation in the
area would change power flows and result in very different load profiles on the 138kV
transmission circuit than before.
Again, after the Shepard Energy Centre is on-line, identified system contingencies could result
in greatly increased conductor sag.
Since clearance is what ultimately matters, ENMAX chose to approach the potential problem with the
co-located 138kV and 25kV lines by actually measuring the clearance between the lines in real-time.
3. CONDUCTOR MOUNTED LiDAR
To accomplish the required real-time direct conductor clearance, ENMAX chose to use a novel
conductor mounted monitor called the TLM® conductor monitor. This device provides a complete
picture of conductor behavior including actual conductor clearance-to-ground, conductor temperature,
line current, and vibration. The TLM monitor directly provides accurate, actionable, clearance-to-
ground distance. See Figure 1.
Figure 1: TLM Conductor Monitor Figure 2: Location of LiDAR measurement
taken from installed conductor monitor
The distance of the nearest object to the conductor is measured using an on-board LiDAR (i.e., Light
Detection And Ranging) sensor providing a highly accurate (+/-0.3% at 40m) line clearance
measurement regardless of tower or insulator motion, varying span lengths, or other line conditions [6].
See Figure 2.
The particular application need facing ENMAX required knowledge of the clearance between the co-
located138kV and 25kV lines along line for a length of 9.3km. The sensor’s LiDAR unit performs a
measurement sweep perpendicular to the conductor as part of its method to correct for conductor rotation
due to heating, conductor swing, and to adapt to under build and undergrowth. However, this sweep
does not allow for the accurate measurement from the 138kV line directly to the 25kV line below; the
25kV conductor presents too small of a target. To address this situation, it was decided to mount a sensor
in the lowest phase of the 138kV line and the nearest phase of the 25kV circuit. See Figures 3 and 4.
Measurements would then be taken from each conductor to ground, with the difference between the two
measurements being the clearance between the conductors.
Figure3 (left): Photo of parallel 138kV
and 25kV lines
Figure 4 (right): End view perspective
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
4. 4
4. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING
The initial project involved the installation of two TLM
monitors each in two locations, for a total of four TLM
monitors. Being pilot installations, the locations were
chosen by ENMAX based on ease of access and proximity
to the substation in which the communication gateway was
installed, eliminating the need for any repeaters. Both spans
were along the same straight right-of-way, so both spans
were exposed to similar conditions. The spans were 115m
and 107m in length. Even though the two sites were
physically close, the presence of a small body of water
resulted in a 5km drive between the installation sites. The
monitors were installed using bare hand, live line
installation methods. See Figure 5. The total elapsed time
from arrival on site of the contractor crew to their departure was four hours. Figure 6 shows one set of
the TLM conductor monitors immediately after installation.
The monitors are self-powered from the
magnetic field associated with the line’s
current. Closing the clamp-style
monitor body energizes the power
supply charging circuit. This allowed
the monitors to immediately begin
communicating via built-in 915 MHz
mesh radios to each other, and
ultimately to a rack-mounted
communication gateway that had been
previously installed in a nearby
substation. The communication gateway
was set up to communicate to
ENMAX’s SCADA system via DNP 3.0
protocol. The mesh radios allow direct
communication from one TLM monitor
to the next at distances up to 2km,
depending upon terrain. Because of the
proximity of the four monitors, only one
communication gateway was required to collect the data and interface with ENMAX’s SCADA system.
Note that up to 100 TLM monitors could be used with one communication gateway.
5. TRAFFIC ISSUE AND RESOLUTION
A site survey was completed before the installation. Figure 7 shows the environment around the line and
where the conductor monitors would be installed. The lines are adjacent to a fairly busy light industrial
commercial area with a fair amount of vehicle traffic. Although the sensors at each site are located
roughly vertical from each other, it was identified that passing vehicular traffic may result in a sudden
change in the reported distance to ground of the conductors, and during the vehicle’s transit, possibly
even a step change in the reported conductor-to-conductor clearance. See Figure 8.
The TLM conductor monitors pass along their raw data to the communication gateway which collects
the raw data and processes it to fit the application. In this case the gateway was programmed with an
algorithm that looks for step changes of 1m or greater in either the line-to-ground clearance reported by
a given conductor monitor, or in the difference between monitor sets, which represents the line crossing
clearance. If such a step difference is seen, the gateway reports the measurement through SCADA but
also reports via a separate SCADA point that the data is suspect, allowing ENMAX’s SCADA system
to disregard that measurement.
Figure 5: Live line installation of sensor
Figure 6: Installation of two line-mounted LiDAR measuring
units on co-located transmission and distribution circuits
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
5. 5
6. EXPERIENCE
The system as described is now
operational and is providing
continuous, real-time clearance data
between the 138kV and 25kV
distribution lines. At the time of this
paper, ENMAX is only monitoring
the data and no operational actions
are being taken.
Figure 9 shows the measured
clearance between the two lines at
one of the TLM monitor locations
for a one day period, June 8, 2015.
The dashed line is the nominal
NESC required clearance per Table
233-1. The actual clearance ranges
from 3.7m to 6.0m during the
course of the day, or a 2.3m change
between the two lines. As would be expected, examination of the underlying data shows most of the
change is due to the 138kV line; only 0.3m of clearance difference was due to the 25kV distribution
line. While there were moderate winds present in the afternoon that could result in some blowout, for
the conductor used, this would account for approximately 0.5m of this difference. The current on the
138kV line ranged from 111A to 319A over the day. This change would not result in appreciable sag
for the size of the conductor used. Therefore this change in clearance over the course of the day seemed
much greater than expected.
Figure 9: Measured clearance on June 8, 2015 between the 138kV and 25kV lines at Span A based on
one conductor mounted LiDAR-based monitor pair
As mentioned previously, two sets of spans were monitored. As the 25kV line clearance to ground varied
little, the focus was brought to the 138kV spans. Figure 10 shows the clearance to ground over the course
of the day of each of these two spans, marked Span A and Span B. Recall that both spans are roughly
equal length at 115m and 107m (Span A and B respectively). Note that Span A is the span for which the
conductor-to-conductor clearance is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 7: Commercial / Industrial Figure 8: Possible step
environment conductor clearance distance reporting error
monitor installation due to vehicular traffic
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
6. 6
Figure 10: Distance to ground of 138kV lines for monitored Spans A and B
Figure 11: Plan profiles of monitored Spans A and B
Here we can see that the behaviour of Span A is quite different than that of Span B. To explain this, it is
useful to examine the plan profiles of both spans as shown in Figures 11.
Figure 10 shows the clearance to ground of Span B varies little over the course of the day (0.5m).
However, as expected, in the afternoon as the conductor heats due to ambient temperature
(approaching 32C from 3-5pm) and the modest current increase, the sag is greatest (lowest
clearance). Note that the spans adjacent to Span B are at essentially the same elevation; all the
spans will behave similarly.
The clearance to ground of Span A has much more variation (1.8m). In addition, the variation
is opposite that of Span B; that is, in the warm afternoon, the clearance to ground increases,
meaning sag is decreasing.
This behaviour is explained by examination of the plan profile in Figure 11. The spans on either
side of Span A are at greater elevation; the span on the right in particular. As those elevated
spans heat up (similar to Span B), those spans will sag more, exerting a pulling force on the
flexible polymer brace post insulators on either side of Span A, lifting the conductor. As a point
of reference, depending on initial tension an outward deflection of the brace post insulators on
Span A by 0.1m each will result in approximately a 1.5m increase in the conductor height.
6.1. Geometry Aspects
Two sets of geometrical issues need be addressed. The first concerns the angle at which the LiDAR
sensor is looking. The second is related to any lateral movement of the conductor. The latter is
highlighted as a result of the observed wind.
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
7. 7
6.1.1.LiDAR Angle Correction
The LiDAR units in the conductor monitors are fixed. Therefore the LiDAR measurement is initially
based on the direction the monitor is facing. To ensure the measurements are always made in reference
to the downward facing direction the monitors contain tilt and roll sensors. The reported distance to
ground is corrected for theses measured angles. See Figure 12.
Figure 12: Tilt and Roll Correction Figure 13: Lateral Conductor Movement Geometry
6.1.2.Lateral Conductor Movement Error
Recall that the overall concern is in measuring to ensure conductor clearances are not violated. The
most critical case is when there is no, or very little, wind. This, with high current flow, will cause the
most critical minimum clearance condition and the difference between the two LiDAR measurements
will give the true conductor clearance. This is indicated by Line A in Figure 13.
The second geometric issue arises from conductor movement due to wind. Conductors in wind are not
stationary; they will swing back and forth as the wind blows and gusts and the conductor will follow
their own swing paths as shown in Figure 12. Therefore it is possible that the 138kV and 25kV
conductors will not be in the same plane at the time of any given measurement. Recall that the algorithm
used simply subtracts the tilt/roll corrected 138kv line distance-to-ground from the equivalent 25kV line
distance-to-ground. This is shown as Line C in the Figure.
As it is possible for the LiDAR units to take their measurements at any time, it is possible an
instantaneous error in measured clearance will occur, as Line C is shorter than Line B. However this
error will be in a conservative direction, effectively under-reporting clearance. This direction of error
is favorable considering the goal is to verify conductor clearances are not violated. However, it is most
important to note that as the 138kV and 25kV conductors are not linked, their swinging in relation to
each other is random. As such, this random motion causes them to occasionally cross underneath each
other. At this point they again lay in the same plane and their vertical separation will be a minimum,
equal to Line A, which is again derived by simple subtraction of the two line-to-ground distance
measurements. Therefore even when wind is present, the method will return either the actual conductor-
to-conductor clearance, or some value slightly smaller than actual. In no case will the system be reporting
greater clearance than is occurring.
Based on the above, it was determined that there was no need to compensate for any such measurement
error due to lateral conductor movement.
6.1.3.Miscellaneous Observations
During windy conditions, significant conductor cooling will result, which will tend to increase
clearance compared to the critical case. Therefore even in the case of notable lateral conductor
movement, the clearance of concern will not become critical.
Both line designs are such that there is effectively no insulator movement contribution; the 25kV
circuit is on rigid pin insulators, and the 138kV line uses a brace post design.
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015
8. 8
7. FUTURE PLANS
For the future, ENMAX intends on installing additional monitor pairs along the path where the lines are
co-located. Because the conductor monitors also provide (+/-1%) line current measurements, conductor
temperature, ground temperature and conductor vibration measurements, ENMAX is considering plans
to take advantage of this data and implement a pilot dynamic line rating system based on their output.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] McCall, J., Spillane, P, Chappell, M., “Real-Time Monitoring Of Crossing Conductor Clearance
Using Line-Mounted LiDAR,” CIGRÉ Canada Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September
2015
[2] “National Electric Safety Code”, 2007 Edition, Accredited Standards Committee C2-2007,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York City, NY, 2006
[3] IEEE 738-2006, IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature of Bare Overhead
Conductors, IEEE Power Engineering Society
[4] CIGRE TB 207, Thermal Behavior of Overhead Conductors, August 2002
[5] “Facility Ratings Assurance Best Practices – White Paper”, P. Shah, North American Reliability
Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia, March 2014, p5.
[6] U.S. Patents 7,786,894 and 8,738,318. Other U.S. and foreign patents pending.
Lindsey Publication Number 11T-001 CROSSING CONDUCTOR TLM • October 2015