Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a Rectangular Field Considering Hydraulic and Economic Analysis
Amongst all the irrigation systems, Drip Irrigation System (DIS) offers highest application efficiency greater than 90% and it can be used for most of the crops in most of terrain. For better design, operation and control of DIS, division of field into several sub-units is best option. However, little information is available on division of field into sub-units. Sub-units are very useful in simplifying the DIS design for field as only for one sub-unit we need to design and then we can apply the same design to each and every sub-units. The objective of this study was to analyze the hydraulic results and economic results for different numbers of sub-unit on a rectangular field having area of 2 ha with two different fields one with length of 100 m and width of 200 m and other having length of 200 m and width of 100m, wherein other parameters like crop, infiltration rate, power availability, application efficiency, available discharge, temperature, evapotranspiration remains same. The study is carried out for two possibilities of source of water either at corner or at center. For hydraulic analysis head loss and head required at source is taken into consideration and for economic analysis only cost of pipes are taken into consideration because all other costs like operation cost and of cost other components remains almost same. For economic analysis laterals of LLDPE and manifold, submain and main are of PVC and HDPE material is considered.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Selection of Optimal Parameters of Impulse Sprinkling Systems of Self-oscilla...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Analysis of the results of approbation of impulse sprinkling systems of auto-booster action
in mountain farming (Kuba-Khachmaz zone, in the Shahdag foothills, mountain Shirvan in the village of
Malkham, Shamakhi region; the Karabakh zone in the Terter district in the village of Sarijali) in Azerbaijan
indicates its great efficiency. Result: The data show that with the change of the average daily water changes
to several major technical and economic indices. Hence, with a reduction in the average daily water
supply reduces average diameter distribution network, specific material requirements, and consequently
decreasing both capital and operating costs. Result: As a result of the analysis of the data possible to draw
the following. Conclusions: For the conditions of Cuba-Khacmazsk zone should be considered optimal
impulse sprinkling avtokolebatelnogo actions of the average watersupply 52.0 m3
/ha, which will ensure
optimum diffusion hydrates soil when changes average evaporation from 10 to 60 m3
/ha.
Fluid dynamic and acoustic optimization methodology of a formula studeBarhm Mohamad
In this work a multilevel CFD analysis have been applied for the design of an engine exhaust system include manifold and muffler with improved characteristics of noise reduction and fluid dynamic response. The approaches developed and applied for the optimization process range from the 1D to fully 3D CFD simulation, exploring hybrid approaches based on the integration of a 1D model and 3D tools. Once the best configuration has been defined, the 1D-3D approach has been adopted to confirm the prediction carried out by means of the simplified approach, studying also the impact of the new configuration on the engine performances.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Selection of Optimal Parameters of Impulse Sprinkling Systems of Self-oscilla...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Analysis of the results of approbation of impulse sprinkling systems of auto-booster action
in mountain farming (Kuba-Khachmaz zone, in the Shahdag foothills, mountain Shirvan in the village of
Malkham, Shamakhi region; the Karabakh zone in the Terter district in the village of Sarijali) in Azerbaijan
indicates its great efficiency. Result: The data show that with the change of the average daily water changes
to several major technical and economic indices. Hence, with a reduction in the average daily water
supply reduces average diameter distribution network, specific material requirements, and consequently
decreasing both capital and operating costs. Result: As a result of the analysis of the data possible to draw
the following. Conclusions: For the conditions of Cuba-Khacmazsk zone should be considered optimal
impulse sprinkling avtokolebatelnogo actions of the average watersupply 52.0 m3
/ha, which will ensure
optimum diffusion hydrates soil when changes average evaporation from 10 to 60 m3
/ha.
Fluid dynamic and acoustic optimization methodology of a formula studeBarhm Mohamad
In this work a multilevel CFD analysis have been applied for the design of an engine exhaust system include manifold and muffler with improved characteristics of noise reduction and fluid dynamic response. The approaches developed and applied for the optimization process range from the 1D to fully 3D CFD simulation, exploring hybrid approaches based on the integration of a 1D model and 3D tools. Once the best configuration has been defined, the 1D-3D approach has been adopted to confirm the prediction carried out by means of the simplified approach, studying also the impact of the new configuration on the engine performances.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic characteristics of irrigation systems?AI Publications
Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into the other techniques, especially surface irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for saving in water resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this method is economical), recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other parameters. Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and outputs parameters.
Optimization Analysis of Irrigation Water Using Linear Programpaperpublications3
Abstract: Irrigation water is a resource that is very strategic agriculture, the role of irrigation water has a very large dimensions. These resources not only affect productivity but also affects the spectrum utilization of agricultural commodities. Along with population growth, the demand for irrigation water to produce food (rice) will continue to increase. This is related to the fact that the setting and management of irrigation water are critical to improving agricultural productivity ..
Therefore we need a system of regulation and management of water resources so that irrigation water can be used optimally, including the provision of irrigation water that is tailored to their needs. Provision of irrigation water is the optimal amount of irrigation water supplied from the source through carrier channels (primary and secondary), tertiary canals, until the rice fields as needed.
In this study, the optimization is done by using a Linear Program. Value obtained from this optimization needs irrigation water as needed.
In addition to the optimization is done, to achieve high efficiency and the need for channel maintenance of existing irrigation facilities so not much irrigation water is wasted.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
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Similar to Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a Rectangular Field Considering Hydraulic and Economic Analysis
How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic characteristics of irrigation systems?AI Publications
Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into the other techniques, especially surface irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for saving in water resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this method is economical), recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other parameters. Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and outputs parameters.
Optimization Analysis of Irrigation Water Using Linear Programpaperpublications3
Abstract: Irrigation water is a resource that is very strategic agriculture, the role of irrigation water has a very large dimensions. These resources not only affect productivity but also affects the spectrum utilization of agricultural commodities. Along with population growth, the demand for irrigation water to produce food (rice) will continue to increase. This is related to the fact that the setting and management of irrigation water are critical to improving agricultural productivity ..
Therefore we need a system of regulation and management of water resources so that irrigation water can be used optimally, including the provision of irrigation water that is tailored to their needs. Provision of irrigation water is the optimal amount of irrigation water supplied from the source through carrier channels (primary and secondary), tertiary canals, until the rice fields as needed.
In this study, the optimization is done by using a Linear Program. Value obtained from this optimization needs irrigation water as needed.
In addition to the optimization is done, to achieve high efficiency and the need for channel maintenance of existing irrigation facilities so not much irrigation water is wasted.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Similar to Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a Rectangular Field Considering Hydraulic and Economic Analysis (20)
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from mil...IOSRJAVS
The study was conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella in retail milk products and water reservoirs in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples were collected using convenient sampling technique. One hundred samples; fifty each of full cream milk or Kindirmo (n=50) and Skimmed milk or Nono (n=50) were collected from Bulumkutu and Monday market retail sellers. Furthermore, of the fifty samples obtained from the two different locations, twenty five samples each of kindirmo and nono were collected. The samples were aseptically kept in sterile plastic bags. Additionally, fifty water samples were collected from reservoirs within the University campus. They were processed according to standard bacteriological protocols followed by Gram’s staining and biochemical test; Triple sugar iron test, citrate and urease. The Salmonella isolates were further subjected to ten different antibiotics to determine their sensitivity. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was found to be 10.00%, while the total prevalence of Salmonella from water sample was 40.00%. Of the fifteen isolates tested, resistance to Amoxicillin, Ceftriaxone and Erythromycin was 100.00%, Gentamicin had 80.00% and Cotrimoxazole was 53.33%, whereas Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin displayed 100.00% sensitivity. Moderate sensitivity of 53.33% to Streptomycin and Pefloxacin, 46.67% to Ciprofloxacin and 86.67% sensitivity to Ofloxacin was found in this study. Antibiotic resistance is associated with frequent usage both in livestock and humans as they are commonly available. Adequate sanitary measures should be ensured in milk processing and use of water reservoirs. Antibiotics should be used based on their antibiogram pattern. Prudent use of antibiotics is essential and its continuous use as growth promoters should be discouraged, as this may result to failure in the treatment of Salmonella-associated diseases due to resistance. Disease surveillance programmes should be established as a means for curtailing salmonellosis.
Molecular Detection and Therapeutic Management of Feline MycoplasmosisIOSRJAVS
Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (formerly known as Haemobartonellafelis) are the causes of hemotropic mycoplasmosis in cats. The parasites attach to the surface of the red blood cell, and have the potential to cause severe alterations of the cell’s shape, resulting in anaemia. A three-year-old tom cat was presented in University Veterinary Hospital with symptoms of lethargy, reduced appetite and fever for past 3 days. Clinical examination revealed increased temperature(103º – 105º F), blanched mucous membranes and lymphadenopathy. Upon peripheral blood smear examination small coccoid organisms could be noticed in the periphery of the RBCs. Hematobiochemical examination revealed anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and decreased haematocrit values. The blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction which confirmed mycoplasmosis due to Mycoplasma haemofelis. The animal was treated with intravenous administration of oxytetracycline@ 10mg/kg BW for five days along with prednisolone and vitamin supplements. Uneventful clinical recovery was noticed 7 days post therapy.
Inspection of the imported food products and internally produced food product...IOSRJAVS
This research had done on Export and Internal products which use by Afghan people. Tests on eggs showed that the internal eggs have better condition because of good weight, shell size, Albumin and yolk, and also there is no report of Salmonella. Tests on milk showed that the internal milk is good at high percentage of fat, Protein, Carbohydrates but there is always adulteration in these milks like adding water and starch. The research on water showed that there are hardness, No3, No2, P, some kinds of Bacteria but no Arsenic in tap, well and mineral water.In meat test we had found that, both import frozen meat and daily slaughter had the same condition of total bacteria and Coliforms but the percentage was normal, with no Salmonella. Results showed that import apple had high Bricks in refract meter than Herati apple.Tests of sausage and tuna products of our country and the external samples had no coliforms but high percentage of total bacteria.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Mutagenic Action of Sodium Azide on Germination and Emergence in Landraces of...IOSRJAVS
Phaseolus vulgaris (Common beans) landraces are one of the most cultivated legumes for human consumption on the montaneclimate of the Jos Plateau and is renowned for the production of reasonable quantities of the beans in Africa.Common beans is rich in fiber, micronutrients, minerals and has strong medicinal value. Despite its potential for improving nutrition and poverty reduction, it is highly under-utilized and research efforts to improve the genotypes of the plant found in this area for better productivity are few. A study was thus carried out to access the germination and emergence responses of three landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris (pinto, red kidney and navy) after treatment with sodium azide. Four doses of sodium azide were applied in concentrations of 0.1M, 0.04M, 0.03M and 0.02M for each landrace for both germination and emergence experiments. The results showed that at doses 0.02M and 0.03M, the pinto indicated significantly (p<0.05) higher mean germination which surpassed the control. All sodium azide doses in the red kidney and pinto had reduced mean germination. Sodium azide reduced the mean emergence of pinto, red kidney and navy at all the doses of sodium azide. The lethality of sodium azide was highest in navy and lowest in pinto. The decrease in germination and emergence was not dose related especially in red kidney and navy. The best response to the mutagen was observed in pinto with higher germination and the least percentage lethality. Sodium azide effectiveness and efficiency were strongest at the 0.1M dose of the mutagen.
The Use of in vitro Gas Production Technique as an Index of the Nutritive Val...IOSRJAVS
: The in vitro gas production technique was used to predict rumen fermentable organic matter, gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility as well as metabolizable energy were evaluated in green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes of Ziziphus spina-christi tree. A gas production was measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated steer for 72 h. Total gas production was recorded at 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation periods and kinetics of gas production was described. The chemical analysis of these Ziziphus spina-christi parts, showed that, Leaves contained high protein (14.77±0.23g/kg) and green shoot less protein (8.03±0.15g/kg),however, high ash content was observed in green shoot (10.03±0.07g/kg) compare to other parts. seed cakes has the highest crude fibre content in comparison to other parts (32.46±0.01),while fruits flesh contained the highest ether extract(72.39±0.03).The maximum gas volume was highest for fruits flesh followed by seed cakes, green shoot and leaves after 24hr of incubation. In this study flesh had a significantly higher (P<0.05) gas production from rapid soluble fraction (a) than the other parts, while Ziziphus spina-christi leaves showed the highest gas production from slowly degradable fraction (b) .Organic matter digestibility range was (51.90– 43.79%) and Metabolisable energy was found to be (9.16– 6.74MJ/kgDM) in the flesh and green shoot, respectively. It was concluded that, green shoots, leaves, fruit flesh and seed cake of Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to be used as protein, energy and mineral supplements for ruminants especially during the dry season
Epithelial reticular Cells of Egyptian Water buffalo (Bosbubalis)IOSRJAVS
Thymus obtained from10 clinically healthy Egyptian water male buffalo (Bosbubalis). Their ages ranged between 2to 3 years old. The thymus of Egyptian water buffalo was divided by septa into many lobules; each lobule had outer, cortex and inner medulla. The epithelial reticular cells were classified according to their staining affinity, morphology and position into 4 types, three were found within the cortex and one in the medulla. In cortex epithelia reticular cells type I (ER 1) had elongated nucleus of irregular or triangular shape with marginal heterochromatin clumps along the nuclear membrane. Epithelial reticular cells type II(ER II) were irregular in shape with pale stained cytoplasm and the nuclei were large and spherical having euchromatin. Epithial reticular cells type III(ERIII) were characterized by large nucleus of irregular shape having marginal heterochromatin .In medulla epithelial reticular (ER) cells of type IV, they were the largest epithelial cells forming the unique elements of the thymic medulla (Hassall's corpuscles)). Cytoplasm was occupied by many small vacuoles ,very large vacuole appeared in the cytoplasm pushed the nucleus into one side.
The Development Strategy for Community Empowerment in the Framework of Fire P...IOSRJAVS
Land and forest fire disasters occur every year. Such conditions lead to disaster smog that many negative impact on society. Limited access to information community, especially around the area of Coconut Plantation potentially cause many problems, such as reduced household income caused by smog, the highaffected community respiratory tract infections as well as conflict disharmony social relationships that exist in society. Mistakes in communicating an information, could lead to uncertainty which aggravated the situation. In this situation, communication and community empowerment approach is urgently needed, taking into account the circumstances and social change. This study aims to examine how socioeconomic conditions of communities around oil palm plantations and the extent of the role of community institutions in the activities of prevention and suppression of fires and haze, and determine the communication strategy of community empowerment in the prevention and suppression of fires and smoke haze oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. the results showed that the alternative chosen strategy is as follows: (a) Improving socialization, campaigns and the effectiveness of inter-institutional communication for the prevention of forest fires; optimization of the institutional role of Fire Response Group at the grassroots level and improve the knowledge and skills of the community in the management of land resources in order to prevent fires.
Use of Information Communication Technologies Among Female Block Extension Ag...IOSRJAVS
Block Extension Agents are the extension workers who are specifically females and who carry out Gender sensitive issues for female farmers in Nigeria. They have the objective of seeing to the extension needs of the female farmers. The study assessed the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) among Block Extension Agents (BEAs) in South-East Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample for the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of the respondents was 40 years. All the BEAs sampled had formal education where more than half of them (51.04%) had first degree (B.Sc/B.Agric). The mean working experience of the respondents was 10 years. The mean income level of the respondents was N 33,875 per month. The extension agents claimed that twenty-five ICT facilities were available to them in varying degree. The attitude of the respondents towards the use of ICT facilities was positive (mean score=3.11). The extent of use of ICTs by the BEAs was low (mean score=1.45) which can be attributed to the low degree of availability of the ICTs than to their attitude towards the use of the ICT facilities. The BEAs identified thirteen (13) pressing problems that hindered their use of ICTs in varying degree and their major constraint (89.58%) as very limited access to the internet. It is recommended that the ADPs should provide such desirable working conditions that will encourage the BEAs to put in more years of their productive service to the ADPs; Workshops, conferences and seminars should be organized to train the BEAs in the use of ICTs which will improve efficiency in their work. ICT facilities should be made available to BEAs to enhance their productivity.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Role of Trace Minerals in Bolstering Reproductive Health in HeifersIOSRJAVS
Trace minerals play a significant role in improving reproductive health. A study was carried out to evaluate the role of trace minerals in alleviating reproductive health in heifers. A total of 20 heifers were allotted into three groups T0, T1 and T2. T0 (n=4) was kept as control. T1 (n=10) was supplemented with Uniselit (M/S Ayurvet) along with standard basal diet. T2 (n=6) was supplemented with CofeCu along with standard basal diet. Results revealed that there was significant improvement in the physical and chemical parameters of estrus exhibition in the Uniselit supplemented group T1 as compared to control. The conception rate was also higher in group T1 in comparison to control. Thus, it can be inferred that trace minerals have significant influence in improving reproductive health in heifers
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Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a Rectangular Field Considering Hydraulic and Economic Analysis
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. I (January. 2017), PP 37-45
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of
Drip Irrigation System on a Rectangular Field Considering
Hydraulic and Economic Analysis
A.A.Kaneria1
, T.M.V.Suryanarayana2
1
P.G. Student, Water Resources Engineering and Management Institute, Faculty of Technology &
Engineering,The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
2
Associate Professor, Water Resources Engineering and Management Institute, Faculty of Technology &
Engineering,The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
Abstract: Amongst all the irrigation systems, Drip Irrigation System (DIS) offers highest application efficiency
greater than 90% and it can be used for most of the crops in most of terrain. For better design, operation and
control of DIS, division of field into several sub-units is best option. However, little information is available on
division of field into sub-units. Sub-units are very useful in simplifying the DIS design for field as only for one
sub-unit we need to design and then we can apply the same design to each and every sub-units. The objective of
this study was to analyze the hydraulic results and economic results for different numbers of sub-unit on a
rectangular field having area of 2 ha with two different fields one with length of 100 m and width of 200 m and
other having length of 200 m and width of 100m, wherein other parameters like crop, infiltration rate, power
availability, application efficiency, available discharge, temperature, evapotranspiration remains same. The
study is carried out for two possibilities of source of water either at corner or at center. For hydraulic analysis
head loss and head required at source is taken into consideration and for economic analysis only cost of pipes
are taken into consideration because all other costs like operation cost and of cost other components remains
almost same. For economic analysis laterals of LLDPE and manifold, submain and main are of PVC and HDPE
material is considered.
Keywords: Drip Irrigation System, Best / Worst Sub-units, Hydraulic analysis, Economic Analysis,
Rectangular Field
I. Introduction
Irrigation is essential for agriculture because water requirement of crop is supplied by precipitation but
as we know precipitation is not uniformly distributed so whenever and wherever water requirement by crop is
not fulfilled by precipitation then that requirement needs to fulfill artificially, by irrigation. As we know several
irrigation methods are available for irrigation, selection of one depends upon many factors like type of crop,
topography, water availability, soil characteristics, available cost etc. Among all the irrigation methods (Surface
and Pressurized methods) available, DIS offers highest application efficiency greater than 90% though DIS is
not widely used as all other traditional methods with application efficiency up to 60-70% are being used because
of high capital cost associated with DIS. Capital cost of DIS can be reduced by proper design which can be
achieved by dividing field into sub-units but there can be many possibilities of dividing field into sub-units. For
finding out best or optimum design, there is need of analyze all the possibilities. For that for all the hydraulic
and economic results related with respective possible sub-units needs to compare and analyze. So objective of
this study is to compare and analyze all the possible sub-unit size and its hydraulic and economic results for a
rectangular field of dimension 100mx200m and 200mx100m with source of water either at corner or at center,
to understand significance of sub-unit size on DIS design. For hydraulic analysis head loss and head required at
source is taken into consideration and for economic analysis only pipe cost is considered as cost of all other
components and operating cost are almost same. For economic analysis laterals of LLDP and manifold,
submain, main of PVC and HDPE material is considered to compare the result of both the materials. For cost
consideration guidelines of Gujarat Green Revolution Company Limited is followed.
Main reasons for partitioning field into sub-units
Smaller the sub-unit better the control over application
In case of limited availability of water field can be irrigated unit by unit
Usually higher field size requires higher diameter pipe and also long length of pipe is required. Larger
diameter and longer length tends to high head loss.
By dividing field into sub-units smaller and shorter pipe will be required and thus reduction in head loss
2. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
II. Methodology
For designing any irrigation system first parameter required is water requirement of field which
depends on crop water requirement. Water requirement can be find out easily if reference crop
evapotranspiration (Eto) and crop coefficient (Kc) is known. For designing DIS also we need Net irrigation depth
(NID) which is crop water requirement, then assuming application efficiency 98% we can find gross irrigation
depth (GID) from NID. Maximum numbers of sub-units or sets in which field can be divided is depend upon
power availability and required operation time, operation time depends upon GID, infiltration rate, emitter
discharge, emitter spacing and power availability is generally taken as 12hrs because in India power availability
for irrigation purpose in rural area is less than 12hrs. In this study, Maximum number of field divisions came out
to be 37. After determining maximum numbers of sub-units, one needs to design DIS for all the possible
numbers of sub-units, sub-units cannot be prime number (one cannot divide field into 37 sub-units), and
therefore the maximum numbers of the field divisions is considered to be 36 and similarly the minimum number
is considered as 4. From the sub-unit one can work out length of laterals, manifolds, submain and main then
head loss is computed by Darcy-Weisbach equation and for finding friction factor Churchill’s equation is used,
at the end of design head required at source should be less than 40 m because components considered for this
study are of grade 4 so if at the end head required at source is more than 40 m then one needs to redesign the
DIS. For the economic analysis laterals are of LLDPE material and manifolds, submains and mains are of PVC
& HDPE material are considered. The range of diameter for various components used in this study is given in
Table 1
Table 1: Range of Diameter of Different Components
Sr.no System Component Range of Diameter of pipe, mm
1 Lateral 12,16,20,25
2 Manifold, Submain 20,25,32,40,50,63,75,90,110,125
3 Main 32,40,50,63,73,90,110,125
Table 2: Various sub-possibilities For 36 Sub-Units
Number
of Sub-Units
Column Row
36 18 2
2 18
12 3
3 12
9 4
4 9
6 6
As shown in Table 2 for 36 sub-units, several combinations of columns and rows are possible, similarly
for all other possible numbers of sub-units, various combination are considered and thus 69 possible designs for
DIS are worked out for carrying out hydraulic and economic analysis of DIS design.
III. EconomicAnalysis
For economic analysis of DIS only cost of pipes are taken into consideration as it is a variable costs. Following
equation is used for finding out cost of DIS,
Cost = (CL*LL*NL* NSU ) + (CMn*LMn*NMn) + (CS*LS*NS )+ (CM*LM *NM)
Where,
CL, CMn, CS, CM are unit cost of lateral, manifold, submain and main respectively
LL, LMn, LS, LM are length of lateral, manifold, submain and main respectively
NL is nos. of laterals in one sub-unit
NSU is total nos. of sub-units
NMn, NS, NM is nos. of manifold, submain and main in system respectively
Cases considered for this study are as following,
Case-1 field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source of water at corner
Case-2 field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source of water at center
Case-3 field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and source of water at corner
Case-4 field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and source of water at center
For DIS design, layout of all the components is very important which is governed by numbers of sub-units
selected for a field division and it also depends on combination of columns and rows selected for particular
number of sub-unit. Figure 1 shows design layout of various sub-possibilities of 10 sub-units, which is one of
the best hydraulic designs, as for case 1 and case 2 and figure 2 shows various layouts for 30 sub-units which is
one of the best economical design, as for case 3 and case 4
3. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
IV. Design Layout
Fig.1: Design Layout For Field of Dimension 100m x 200m with Location of Source of Water at Corner and at
Center, Having 10 Sub-units
Fig.2: Design Layout For Field of Dimension 200m x 100m with Location of Source of Water at Corner and at
Center, Having 30 Sub-units
V. Input Data
Table 3: Input Data for Study
Field Size (m2
) 100x200/200x100
Source Location Corner/Center
Crop Spacing (m) 0.5
Row Spacing (m) 0.6
infiltration rate (mm/hr) 25
Eto (mm/day) 5
Kc 1
Emitter Discharge (lph) 4
Appli. Efficiency (%) 98
Power availability (hr) 12
Temperature ( o
C ) 27
Assumptions
At a time only one sub-unit is irrigated
Diameter of manifold and submain is kept same, hence if there is need to change in diameter of manifold,
diameter of submain also changes and vice versa
Diameter of main is taken equal to or greater than diameter of submain
First emitter is considered at half spacing from manifold
Inline emitter is taken into consideration for this study
Field considered have negligible slope
VI. Results & Analysis
In this study four different cases are taken into consideration as we can see in input data. For the data
given in Table 3 maximum 37 numbers of sub-units worked out. As stated earlier sub-units cannot be prime
number so in all the cases maximum 36 sub-units can be possible which means we cannot divide field into more
than 36 number. So starting from 36 and ending at 4 all the possibilities with various sub-possibilities had been
worked out and it is found out that total 69 possibilities are under each case. For an economic comparison cost
4. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
of PVC material is considered because as shown in table 3 to table 18 cost of DIS design with DIS design with
HDPE material is 0.5% to 25.6% more costly than design with PVC material. Form the study following results
are obtained
For first case, as shown in Table 4, 5, 6, 7 field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source
of water at corner, according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 28 sub-units
having 14 columns and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 4.4662 m and head required at source is 21.9109 m
with cost for PVC is RS. 3,96,278 and for HDPE is Rs.4,67,473.Whereas worst design according to hydraulic
parameters is found out for field division into 35 with 7 columns and 5 rows, for this head loss is 20.8581 m and
head required source is 39.9361m with cost of Rs.3,12,817 and Rs.3,34,235 for PVC and HDPE respectively.
According to economic results best design is found out for field division into 24 with 3 columns and 8 rows
having head loss of 17.1796 m and head required at source is 35.8048 m with cost of PVC is Rs.3,12,817 and
cost of HDPE is Rs.3,34,235 and economically worst result is found for field division into 36 with 18 columns
and 2 rows having head loss of 10.5421 m and head required at source is 28.5951 m with cost of PVC is Rs.
4,14,130 and HDPE is Rs. 4,36,572.
For second, as shown in Table 8, 9, 10, 11 field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source
of water at center, according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 28 sub-units
having 14 columns and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 1.5718 m and head required at source is 18.7271 m
with cost for PVC is RS. 3,96,121 and for HDPE is Rs.4,67,226.Whereas worst design according to hydraulic
parameters is found out for field division into 26 with 2 columns and 13 rows, for this head loss is 20.8808 m
and head required at source is 39.9044 m with cost of Rs.3,43,172 and Rs.3,46,189 for PVC and HDPE
respectively. According to economic results best design is found out for field division into 27 with 3 columns
and 9 rows having head loss of 19.1053 m and head required at source is 37.9230 m with cost of PVC is
Rs.2,85,447 and cost of HDPE is Rs.2,89,913 and economically worst result is found for field division into 36
with 18 columns and 2 rows having head loss of 3.7232 m and head required at source is 21.0943 m with cost of
PVC is Rs. 4,14,020 and HDPE is Rs. 4,36,445.
For third case, as shown in Table 12, 13, 14, 15 field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and
source of water at corner, according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 20
sub-units having 10 columns and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 9.5449 m and head required at source is
27.4761 m with cost for PVC is RS. 3,19,882 and for HDPE is Rs.3,49,132.Whereas worst design according to
hydraulic parameters is found out for field division into 28 with 4 columns and 7 rows, for this head loss is
20.8632 m and head required at source is 39.8851 m with cost of Rs.2,87,210 and Rs.2,94,220 for PVC and
HDPE respectively. According to economic results best design is found out for field division into 28 with 4
columns and 7 rows having head loss of 20.8632 m and head required at source is 39.8851 m with cost of PVC
is Rs.2,87,210 and cost of HDPE is Rs.2,94,220 and economically worst result is found for field division into 4
with 2 columns and 2 rows having head loss of 10.1861 m and head required at source is 28.0686 m with cost of
PVC is Rs. 4,01,711 and HDPE is Rs. 4,46,693.
For fourth case, as shown in Table 16, 17, 18, 19 field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and
source of water at center, according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 4 sub-
units having 4 columns and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 3.5011 m and head required at source is 20.7151
m with cost for PVC is RS. 3,95,378 and for HDPE is Rs.4,33,934.Whereas worst design according to hydraulic
parameters is found out for field division into 15 with 3 columns and 5 rows, for this head loss is 20.7054 m and
head required at source is 39.6328 m with cost of Rs.4,30,784 and Rs.4,34,415 for PVC and HDPE respectively.
According to economic results best design is found out for field division into 35 with 5 columns and 7 rows
having head loss of 15.7852 m and head required at source is 34.2083 m with cost of PVC is Rs.2,86,256 and
cost of HDPE is Rs.2,90,725 and economically worst result is found for field division into 15 with 3 columns
and 3 rows having head loss of 20.7054 m and head required at source is 39.6328 m with cost of PVC is Rs.
4,30,784 and HDPE is Rs.4,34,415
Table 4: Hydraulically best designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at corner
5. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Table 5: Economically best designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at corner
Table 6: Hydraulically worst designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at corner
Table 7: Economically worst designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at corner
Corner
No of Sub-
units
Column Row Head Loss
(m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 18 2 10.5421 28.5951 414129.852 436571.856 22442.004 5.4191
34 17 2 10.5378 28.5902 400399.797 421627.194 21227.397 5.3016
32 16 2 10.5290 28.5805 394134.337 414146.520 20012.183 5.0775
30 15 2 4.4714 21.9168 400289.503 476406.389 76116.886 19.0155
28 14 2 4.4662 21.9109 396279.500 467473.012 71193.512 17.9655
Table 8: Hydraulically best designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
30 15 2 1.5770 18.7330 400144.336 476180.108 76035.772 19.0021
28 14 2 1.5718 18.7271 396121.136 467226.160 71105.024 17.9503
24 12 2 1.9807 19.1763 378472.348 439715.876 61243.528 16.1818
10 5 2 1.8034 18.9604 362248.200 450268.200 88020.000 24.2983
6 3 2 1.7488 18.8309 346192.200 424941.228 78749.028 22.7472
Table 9: Economically best designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 3 12 14.7591 33.1422 286965.876 291478.758 4512.882 1.5726
33 3 11 17.0120 35.6204 286564.575 291077.457 4512.882 1.5748
32 4 8 17.7124 36.4406 288629.500 294553.250 5923.750 2.0524
30 3 10 19.8792 38.7743 286163.274 290676.156 4512.882 1.5770
27 3 9 19.1053 37.9230 285447.180 289913.442 4466.262 1.5647
Table 10: Hydraulically worst designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
30 3 10 19.8792 38.7743 286163.274 290676.156 4512.882 1.5770
28 2 14 18.8834 37.7073 347668.500 350680.000 3011.500 0.8662
27 3 9 19.1053 37.9230 285447.180 289913.442 4466.262 1.5647
26 2 13 20.8808 39.9044 343177.500 346189.000 3011.500 0.8775
16 2 8 18.5978 37.3931 349016.500 351748.000 2731.500 0.7826
Table 11: Economically worst designs for field size 100m x 200m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head Loss
(m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 18 2 3.7232 21.0943 414019.840 436444.848 22425.008 5.4164
34 17 2 3.7188 21.0984 400285.856 421495.650 21209.794 5.2987
32 16 2 3.7101 21.0797 394012.538 414005.904 19993.366 5.0743
30 15 2 1.5770 18.7330 400144.336 476180.108 76035.772 19.0021
28 14 2 1.5718 18.7271 396121.136 467226.160 71105.024 17.9503
6. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
Table 12: Hydraulically best designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at corner
Corner
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 18 2 10.2656 28.2888 348034.248 360140.256 12106.008 3.4784
25 5 5 11.7223 29.7392 295898.200 303357.600 7459.400 2.5209
24 12 2 11.0810 29.1747 322044.747 334040.733 11995.986 3.7249
20 10 2 9.5449 27.4761 319882.100 349132.300 29250.200 9.1441
4 2 2 10.1861 28.0686 401711.000 446693.000 44982.000 11.1976
Table 13: Economically best designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at corner
Corner
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Row Head
Loss (m)
36 6 6 18.0923 36.8088 292440.129 297614.760 5174.631 1.769
35 5 7 19.6287 38.4362 289178.200 293655.800 4477.600 1.548
30 6 5 17.6985 36.3756 292499.037 301066.551 8567.514 2.929
30 5 6 18.6296 37.3372 290024.200 297833.600 7809.400 2.693
28 4 7 20.8632 39.8851 287210.250 294219.750 7009.500 2.441
Table 14: Hydraulically worst designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at corner
Corner
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
28 4 7 20.8632 39.8851 287210.250 294219.750 7009.500 2.441
24 2 12 20.8487 39.7974 373271.500 375396.000 2124.500 0.569
18 3 6 20.6233 39.5425 354112.805 360031.291 5918.486 1.671
14 2 7 20.8065 39.7510 386377.000 406869.000 20492.000 5.304
8 4 2 20.6959 39.7010 369332.750 401912.250 32579.500 8.821
Table 15: Economically worst designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at corner
Corner
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
14 2 7 20.8065 39.7510 386377.000 406869.000 20492.000 5.304
12 2 6 14.9478 33.3064 377709.500 391124.500 13415.000 3.552
8 2 4 20.0060 38.8705 377153.500 396984.500 19831.000 5.258
6 2 3 13.8029 32.0470 387264.000 415789.000 28525.000 7.366
4 2 2 10.1861 28.0686 401711.000 446693.000 44982.000 11.198
Table 16: Hydraulically best designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head Loss
(m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 18 2 4.3964 21.8327 347814.224 359886.240 12072.016 3.471
20 10 2 4.0383 21.4189 319442.200 348446.600 29004.400 9.080
18 9 2 4.7538 22.1986 314678.888 341171.212 26492.324 8.419
6 2 3 5.0601 22.4299 382842.000 407292.000 24450.000 6.386
4 2 2 3.5011 20.7151 395378.000 433934.000 38556.000 9.752
Table 17: Economically best designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 6 6 14.7591 33.1422 289559.876 294749.758 5189.8820 1.7923
35 5 7 15.7852 34.2083 286256.400 290724.600 4468.2000 1.5609
30 6 5 19.8792 38.7743 288757.274 293947.156 5189.8820 1.7973
30 5 6 20.3739 39.2559 286256.400 290724.600 4468.2000 1.5609
28 7 4 12.0539 30.1958 291090.238 296869.636 5779.3980 1.9854
Table 18: Hydraulically worst designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
30 5 6 20.3739 39.2559 286256.400 290724.600 4468.200 1.561
20 2 10 20.5886 39.5113 362217.000 364178.000 1961.000 0.541
16 4 4 18.5978 37.3931 352945.500 356284.000 3338.500 0.946
15 3 5 20.7054 39.6328 430784.116 433414.854 2630.738 0.611
14 2 7 20.4153 39.3207 371307.000 373128.000 1821.000 0.490
7. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Table 19: Economically worst designs for field size 200m x 100m when source at center
Center
No of
Sub-units
Column Row Head
Loss (m)
Head at
Source (m)
PVC Cost
(Rs.)
HDPE Cost
(Rs.)
Difference %
Increase
36 2 18 12.4105 30.5154 373722.000 375753.000 2031.000 0.543
15 3 5 20.7054 39.6328 430784.116 433414.854 2630.738 0.611
8 2 4 7.4963 25.1098 374023.000 391021.000 16998.000 4.545
6 2 3 5.0601 22.4299 382842.000 407292.000 24450.000 6.386
4 2 2 3.5011 20.7151 395378.000 433934.000 38556.000 9.752
Fig.3: Hydraulically Best/Worst Results for case 1
Fig.4: Economically Best/Worst Results for case 1
Fig.5: Hydraulically Best/Worst Results for case 2
Fig.6: Economically Best/Worst Results for case 2
Fig.7: Hydraulically Best/Worst Results for case 3
8. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Fig.8: Economically Best/Worst Results for case 3
Fig.9: Hydraulically Best/Worst Results for case 4
Fig.10: Economically Best/Worst Results for case 4
VII.Conclusions
As stated earlier there are 69 possibilities for any single case and from the results we can say that there
is large variation of cost as well as hydraulic parameter of DIS for different possibilities. For each case best
results are stated below.
For first case, field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source of water at corner,
according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 28 sub-units having 14 columns
and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 4.4662 m and head required at source is 21.9109 m with cost for PVC is
RS. 3,96,278 and for HDPE is Rs.4,67,473 and according to economic results best design is found out for field
division into 24 with 3 columns and 8 rows having head loss of 17.1796 m and head required at source is
35.8048 m with cost of PVC is Rs.3,12,817 and cost of HDPE is Rs.3,34,235.
For second case, field having length of 100 m and width of 200 m and source of water at center,
according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 28 sub-units having 14 columns
and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 1.5718 m and head required at source is 18.7271 m with cost for PVC is
RS. 3,96,121 and for HDPE is Rs.4,67,226 and according to economic results best design is found out for field
division into 27 with 3 columns and 9 rows having head loss of 19.1053 m and head required at source is
37.9230 m with cost of PVC is Rs.2,85,447 and cost of HDPE is Rs.2,89,913.
For third case, field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and source of water at corner,
according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 20 sub-units having 10 columns
and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 9.5449 m and head required at source is 27.4761 m with cost for PVC is
RS. 3,19,882 and for HDPE is Rs.3,49,132 and according to economic results best design is found out for field
division into 28 with 4 columns and 7 rows having head loss of 20.8632 m and head required at source is
39.8851 m with cost of PVC is Rs.2,87,210 and cost of HDPE is Rs.2,94,220.
For fourth case, field having length of 200 m and width of 100 m and source of water at center,
according to hydraulic parameters for best design one needs to divide field into 4 sub-units having 2 columns
and 2 rows, for this design head loss is 3.5011 m and head required at source is 20.7151 m with cost for PVC is
9. Determination of Best and Worst Possibilities of Sub-Units of Drip Irrigation System on a
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1001013745 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
RS. 3,95,378 and for HDPE is Rs.4,33,934 and According to economic results best design is found out for field
division into 35 with 5 columns and 7 rows having head loss of 15.7852 m and head required at source is
34.2083 m with cost of PVC is Rs.2,86,256 and cost of HDPE is Rs.2,90,725.
Therefore, it can be concluded that if field is of 100 m x 200 m then the best possibility may be 28 sub-
units having 14 columns and 2 rows and if field is of 200 m x 100 m then the best possibility may be 4 sub-units
having 2 columns and 2 rows, and in both the cases, preferably the source at center, and while comparing these
two, the former yields the better results.
From the results it is observed that for case 1 and case 2, hydraulically best design costs more than the
hydraulically worst design and for case 3 and case 4, hydraulically best design costs less than the hydraulically
worst design. Results also indicates that hydraulically best designs and economically best designs are not same,
one can see that for first case, second case and fourth case some of hydraulically best designs comes under
economically worst designs and for third case economically best design comes under hydraulically worst design,
so according to one’s requirement whether it may be low investment cost or it may be more concern about head
loss, one needs to choose the numbers of sub-units for field division. From this study, it is also observed that
DIS design with HDPE material is 0.5% to 25.6% more costly than of PVC material. From the obtained results,
one can conclude that hydraulic parameters, as well as cost of DIS, highly depends upon the numbers of sub-
units selected for field division.
References
[1]. Hassanli, A. M. and Dandy, G. C. (1995), “An Optimization Model for Design of Multiple Sub-unit Pressure Irrigation System”
Research Report No.R130
[2]. Holzapfel, E.A., Pannunzio, A., Lorite,I., Silva de Oliveira, A.S. and Farkas, I. (2009), “Design and Management of Irrigation
System” Chilean journal of agricultural research 69 (suppl. 1):17-25
[3]. Gujarat Green Revolution Company Limited: Price List w.e.f. 01/01/2016