Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into the other techniques, especially surface irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for saving in water resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this method is economical), recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other parameters. Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and outputs parameters.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
A Computational Investigation of Flow Structure Within a Sinuous DuctIJERA Editor
In the present investigation the distribution of mean velocity are experimentally studied on three constant area
rectangular curved ducts with an aspect ratio of 2.4. First one is C-shape, second one is S-shape and third one
is a DS-shape duct. The experiment is carried out at mass averaged mean velocity of 40m/s for all the ducts.
The velocity distribution shows for C-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall along the
flow passage and for S-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall in the first half and from
inner wall to the outer wall in the second half along the flow passage of curved ducts are very instinct. Due to
the imbalance of centrifugal force and radial pressure gradient, secondary motions in the forms of counter
rotating vortices have been generated within both the curved duct. For DS-duct the velocity distributions shows
the Bulk of flow shifting from inner watt to outer wall in the first bend and third bend of the duct and outer wall
to inner wall in the second bend and forth bend of the duct along the flow passage is very instinct. Flow at end
of the DS-duct is purely uniform in nature due to non existence of secondary motion. The experimental results
then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent, which shows a good agreement between the
experimental and predicted results for all the ducts
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
A Computational Investigation of Flow Structure Within a Sinuous DuctIJERA Editor
In the present investigation the distribution of mean velocity are experimentally studied on three constant area
rectangular curved ducts with an aspect ratio of 2.4. First one is C-shape, second one is S-shape and third one
is a DS-shape duct. The experiment is carried out at mass averaged mean velocity of 40m/s for all the ducts.
The velocity distribution shows for C-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall along the
flow passage and for S-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall in the first half and from
inner wall to the outer wall in the second half along the flow passage of curved ducts are very instinct. Due to
the imbalance of centrifugal force and radial pressure gradient, secondary motions in the forms of counter
rotating vortices have been generated within both the curved duct. For DS-duct the velocity distributions shows
the Bulk of flow shifting from inner watt to outer wall in the first bend and third bend of the duct and outer wall
to inner wall in the second bend and forth bend of the duct along the flow passage is very instinct. Flow at end
of the DS-duct is purely uniform in nature due to non existence of secondary motion. The experimental results
then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent, which shows a good agreement between the
experimental and predicted results for all the ducts
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
In this study, suspended sediment rating curves for sediment concentration for a section of Tigris
River located upstream AL-Betera regulator, Maysan province. For this purpose. Also, for each observation, the
river discharge was measured using the ADCP . Abased previous years data have been benefiting from the
vicissitudes of time of study area and took the annual discharge rate for each year and then entered into the
equation for calculation of suspended sediment through draw the relationship between discharge and sediment
suspended ,noticed power link between data and a good agreement between the power relation and the observed
data were achieved depending on the value of correlation coefficient R.
HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN WAVY CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERSIAEME Publication
In the present investigations heat transfer studies are made in three different types of corrugated plate heat exchangers having corrugation angles 300, 400 and 500. Water and Glycerol (40%, 50% and 60%) are taken as test fluid and water as the heating medium. The wall temperatures are measured along the length of the heat exchanger at seven different locations by means of thermocouples. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the test fluid and hot fluid are measured by means of four more thermocouples. Nusselt number is calculated from the experimental observations by calculating film heat transfer coefficient. These values are compared with different Reynolds numbers as well as corrugation angles. It is found from the experimental investigations that increase in corrugation angle has resulted in higher Nusselt’s number for a given Reynolds number and hence higher heat transfer rates. It is also found that 60% glycerol has higher heat transfer compared to 50%, 40% and water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
The dependencies of total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, turbulent dissipation, turbulent viscosity, turbulent energy and turbulent time of moving fluid from a straight pipe length of a circular cross section are presented in graphical and mathematical forms. Changing analysis of considered parameters was performed at mass flow rates of 0.45, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/s. A transition boundary of laminar flow of fluid to turbulent flow is at the distance of 2/5 of length from the inlet of the pipe (at accepted total length of the pipe of 1000 mm).
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
In this study, suspended sediment rating curves for sediment concentration for a section of Tigris
River located upstream AL-Betera regulator, Maysan province. For this purpose. Also, for each observation, the
river discharge was measured using the ADCP . Abased previous years data have been benefiting from the
vicissitudes of time of study area and took the annual discharge rate for each year and then entered into the
equation for calculation of suspended sediment through draw the relationship between discharge and sediment
suspended ,noticed power link between data and a good agreement between the power relation and the observed
data were achieved depending on the value of correlation coefficient R.
HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN WAVY CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERSIAEME Publication
In the present investigations heat transfer studies are made in three different types of corrugated plate heat exchangers having corrugation angles 300, 400 and 500. Water and Glycerol (40%, 50% and 60%) are taken as test fluid and water as the heating medium. The wall temperatures are measured along the length of the heat exchanger at seven different locations by means of thermocouples. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the test fluid and hot fluid are measured by means of four more thermocouples. Nusselt number is calculated from the experimental observations by calculating film heat transfer coefficient. These values are compared with different Reynolds numbers as well as corrugation angles. It is found from the experimental investigations that increase in corrugation angle has resulted in higher Nusselt’s number for a given Reynolds number and hence higher heat transfer rates. It is also found that 60% glycerol has higher heat transfer compared to 50%, 40% and water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
The dependencies of total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, turbulent dissipation, turbulent viscosity, turbulent energy and turbulent time of moving fluid from a straight pipe length of a circular cross section are presented in graphical and mathematical forms. Changing analysis of considered parameters was performed at mass flow rates of 0.45, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/s. A transition boundary of laminar flow of fluid to turbulent flow is at the distance of 2/5 of length from the inlet of the pipe (at accepted total length of the pipe of 1000 mm).
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
Head Loss Estimation for Water Jets from Flip Bucketstheijes
Water jet issued from flip bucket at the end of the spillway of a dam can be a threat for the stability and safety of the dam body due to subsequent scour at the impingement point. However, a strong jet from the flip bucket interacts with the surrounding air and develops into an aerated turbulent jet while the jet impact and scouring effect is reduced significantly. Aeration of the jet, at the same time, cause head losses along the trajectory. An experimental study is conducted to measure the trajectory lengths and investigate the effect of water depth in the river on the dynamic pressures acted on the river bed. The trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment are calculated using empirical equations and compared with the measurements. Head losses due to air entrainment are determined using the difference of the trajectory lengths with and without aeration, based on the projectile motion theory. Numerical simulation of the flow over the spillway, along the flip bucket and the jet trajectory is made and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is observed that trajectory lengths obtained from experiments, numerical simulation and empirical formulas are comparable with negligible differences. This allows us to combine alternate approaches to determine the trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment and estimate the head losses accordingly.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
The simultaneous loop flow correction analysis in the water feed network of M...IJERA Editor
With increasing population growth and industrial development, water flow rates and other hydraulic
requirements associated with water distribution systems have been estimated to increase both national and local
scale. Water shortage will cause inconvenience to people’s life and it will impact city function and industrial
production. Hence to overcome this problem design and analysis of water distribution system is necessary to get
optimal discharge. In this paper a water pipeline network analysis with a case study of a small city (MinkokEdjombo)
in the southern Cameroon system has been undertaken. What prompted this study is that the case
study has a lot of fluctuations in its head loss. Also, the discharge is not proportional to the pipe diameter. The
study therefore adopted simultaneous loop flow correction method because it computes simultaneous flows
corrections for all loops, hence, the best since computational procedures takes into account the iterative
influence of flow corrections between loops which have common pipes. After applying the simultaneous loop
flow correction analyze in a twenty-four sampled pipeline network, a drastic reduction in head loss and regular
line along the axis was observed.
Besides, the rate at which the water flows was observed to be proportional to the pipe diameter. Hence, the
method is a useful aid in planning, designing and operating of reticulated pipeline network for higher efficiency
and improved economy.
Influence of number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Impeller is a very important element in rotating devices to deliver energy to/from the fluid. The diffusers are essential for effective transformation of the kinetic power produced by the rotor in a centrifugal fan. Hence the flow in the impeller and diffuser passages is the important phenomenon in optimizing the performance. These impeller and diffuser flow passages are the most complex regions to predict the flow behavior. With the advanced development of Particle Image Velocimetry as well as convenient numerical CFD tools, it has become possible to reach at an accurate result well-matched with the real behavior of the flow. Hence, in this work moving mesh technique is used to get a numerical solution for the estimation of actual flow manner. Numerous research works have been done recently to get the physics of fluid flow through impeller and diffuser, both numerically and experimentally. But it is found from the literature that the study on the performance of the fan by changing the number of impeller and diffuser blades together in a combination has not been the emphasis of attention in these works. Hence a numerical analysis has been carried out in this paper to comprehensively lookout the fluid interaction in impeller-diffuser as well as to envisage the flow behavior of the fan by changing the number of impeller and diffuser blades together in combination. For the same number of impeller blades, it is found from the analysis that a higher static pressure rise coefficient is achieved at the outlet of the fan for smaller number of diffuser blades. It is also found that larger the number of impeller blades, larger is the static pressure rise coefficient for the same number of diffuser blades, hence performance gets improved. Key Words: Unsteady flow, Recirculation zone, Turbulence, Impeller vane, Diffuser vane, Static pressure rise.
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
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Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic characteristics of irrigation systems?
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
AI Publications ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 30
How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic
characteristics of irrigation systems?
Mohammad Valipour
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract— Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation
system into the other techniques, especially surface
irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for
saving in water resources, increasing irrigation
efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this
system (when using this method is economical),
recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a
great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software,
amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity,
velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot
systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside
diameter was more effective than other parameters.
Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were
the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the
maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system
discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted
to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and
pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and
outputs parameters.
Keywords— pressurized irrigation, hydraulic properties,
irrigation system design.
I. INTRODUCTION
Study of center pivot irrigation has always desired for
researchers, which some of them will be described in the
following.
King and Kincaid [1] researched optimal performance
from center pivot sprinkler systems. They proposed that
low-pressure spray sprinklers could replace the original
high-pressure impact sprinklers. Smith [2] evaluated a
center pivot irrigation system successfully. Omary et al.
[3] developed a multiple-segment water application
system and attached to a commercial center pivot
irrigation system to provide variable application depths
within each segment at a given speed. The laboratory and
simulation results showed high application uniformity
(Christiansen coefficient of uniformity was greater than
90%). Porter and Marek [4] studied relationship between
center pivot sprinkler application depth and soil water
holding capacity. They expressed that the key to
optimizing center pivot irrigation was management,
which takes into account changing crop water
requirements and the soil’s permeability and water
holding capacities. Vories et al. [5] studied performance
of a variable rate center pivot system. Analytical
equations for friction correction factors for center-pivot
laterals developed [6, 7, 8]. In other studies hydraulics of
center pivot laterals analyzed [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
Peters and Evett [15] automated a center pivot was
completely using the temperature-time-threshold method
of irrigation scheduling. The automatic irrigation system
has the potential to simplify management, while
maintaining the yields of intensely managed irrigation.
Mohamoud et al. [16] optimized center pivot irrigation
system design with tillage effects. Spare et al. [17]
analyzed field performance of center pivot sprinkler
packages. Gilley [18] investigated suitability of reduced
pressure center pivots. The results could be used as a
general guide to determine if a particular system may
have a runoff problem under a given situation. A
distributional semiempirical model for the simulation of
spatial distribution of water application under center pivot
sprinklers developed [19, 20] This simulation model of
spatial water distribution under sprinklers of center pivot
could be used to simulate the distribution of water under a
typical pivot machine. Yan et al. [21] characterized center
pivot irrigation with fixed spray plate sprinklers.
Reducing the percent-time cycle time from 60 s to 40 s
resulted in a slight increase in the radial uniformity
coefficients, with an average of 1.09% to 1.17%, while
there was no significant influence on the circular
uniformity coefficients. Dukes and Perry [22] tested
uniformity of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control
systems. The variable-rate technologies tested under the
conditions presented in this paper had at least as good
uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems
when functioning in non-variable-rate mode. Marjang et
al. [23] analyzed center pivot uniformity with variable
container spacing. Silva [24] fitted infiltration equations
to center pivot irrigation data in a Mediterranean soil.
Delirhasannia et al. [25] presented a dynamic model for
water application using center pivot irrigation. Valín et al.
[26] presented a model for center pivot design and
evaluation. Abo-Ghobar [27] studied losses from low-
pressure center pivot irrigation systems in a desert climate
as affected by nozzle height. Heermann et al. [28]
presented An accurate analysis of irrigation systems plays
an impotant role in agricultural water management [29-
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
AI Publications ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 31
45]. user-friendly software for an integrated water-energy
management system for center pivot irrigation. In this
study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss,
friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and
Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Number of six parameters include pipe friction factor (C),
inside diameters of pipe (ID), lengths of pipe (L), number
of equally-spaced outlets (Ns), total flow into the pipe
(Qs), and discharge of end gun (Qg) was selected for
scrutiny of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity,
velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot
systems. For this purpose by choosing ten different
scenarios and using PipeLoss software, sensitivity of
mentioned parameters investigated. All of the scenarios
were in a reasonable range. In most cases initial data were
average of own range and almost in most projects, these
amounts is selected for center pivot irrigation system.
Increase or decrease for each scenario was based on
actual values for example amounts of inside diameters
were one of these values: 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15
inches. However, inside diameters less than 4 inches
maybe not used in a real project, in this study was used
for compared with other values. Recommended formulas
based on pipe material are as follows:
AID=AOD−2(MWT+0.5WTT) (1)
2S/P=SDR−1 (2)
2S/P=SDR+1 (3)
Where AID is average inside diameter (in), AOD is
average outside diameter (in), MWT is minimum wall
thickness (in), WTT is wall thickness tolerance (in), S is
hydrostatic design stress (lb/in2
), P is pressure rating
(lb/in2
), and SDR is standard thermoplastic dimension
ratio as follows:
SDR=AOD/MWT (4)
SDR=AID/MWT (5)
Equation (1) is used for PVC IPS (Iron Pipe Size) and
PVC PIP (Plastic Irrigation Pipe), equations (2) and (4)
are used for PVC, ABS and PE pipe with outside
diameter controlled, and equations (3) and (5) are used for
PE pipe with inside diameter controlled.
Table 1 shows initial input and output data in this study.
Table.1: Values of initial input and output
Input
C ID (mm) L (m) Ns Qs (l/s)
Qg
(l/s)
150 151.6 400 25 50 8
Output
Pressure loss
(kPa)
Friction slope
(kPa/m)
Velocity in pipe
(m/s)
Velocity head
(kPa)
Reynolds number (20°C)
90.92 0.373 2.77 3.835 417836
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows scenarios related to the pipe
Table.2: Scenarios related to the pipe friction factor
C
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
100 192.51 112 0.790 112 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
110 161.39 78 0.663 78 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
115 148.65 63 0.610 64 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
120 137.39 51 0.564 51 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
125 127.40 40 0.523 40 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
130 118.48 30 0.486 30 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
135 110.49 22 0.454 22 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
140 103.30 14 0.424 14 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
145 96.81 6 0.397 6 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
150 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
46 46 0 0 0
According to the Table 2 for decreasing values of pipe friction factor, pressure loss and friction slope increased but values of
velocity
in pipe, velocity head, and Reynolds number did not change.
Table 3 shows values of pipe inside diameters.
3. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
AI Publications ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 32
Table.3: Scenarios related to the pipe inside diameters
ID (mm)
Pressure
loss
(kPa)
∆ (%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆ (%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
52.5 15828.29 17309 64.988 17323 23.10 734 266.657 6853 1206550 189
62.7 6672.12 7238 27.394 7244 16.20 485 131.075 3318 1010269 142
77.9 2320.56 2452 9.528 2454 10.49 279 55.010 1334 813143 95
101.1 652.76 618 2.680 618 6.23 125 19.390 406 626547 50
151.6 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
201.6 22.72 75 0.093 75 1.57 43 1.226 68 314206 25
252.2 7.64 92 0.031 92 1.00 64 0.501 87 251165 40
302.7 3.14 97 0.013 97 0.69 75 0.241 94 209263 50
353.2 1.48 98 0.006 98 0.51 82 0.130 97 179343 57
378.4 1.06 99 0.004 99 0.44 84 0.099 97 167399 60
Average
(%)
3120 3122 219 1373 79
According to the Table 3 decreasing of inside diameter caused increase in all parameters and increasing of inside diameter
caused decrease in all parameters. The maximum changes related to the
pressure loss and friction slope and the minimum changes related to the Reynolds number.
Table 4 shows different values of pipe lengths.
Table.4: Scenarios related to the values of pipe lengths
L (m)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
60 13.64 85 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
100 22.73 75 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
150 34.10 62 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
200 45.46 50 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
300 68.19 25 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
400 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
500 113.65 25 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
600 136.39 50 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
700 159.12 75 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
800 181.85 100 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
61 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 4 changes of pipe length only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing of L increased pressure loss
and decreasing of L decreased pressure loss.
Table 5 shows different values of number of sprinklers.
Table.5: Scenarios related to the values of number of sprinklers
Ns
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
5 98.83 9 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
10 93.72 3 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
15 92.14 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
20 91.37 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
25 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
30 90.63 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
35 90.42 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
40 90.26 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
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45 90.14 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
50 90.04 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
2 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 5 changes of number of equally-spaced outlets only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing
number of sprinklers (Ns) decreased pressure loss and decreasing of Ns increased pressure loss.
Table 6 shows different values system discharges.
Table.6: Scenarios related to the total flow into the pipe
Qs (l/s)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
30 37.51 59 0.145 61 1.66 40 1.381 64 250701 40
35 48.83 46 0.193 48 1.94 30 1.879 51 292485 30
40 61.52 32 0.247 34 2.22 20 2.455 36 334268 20
45 75.56 17 0.307 18 2.49 10 3.107 19 376052 10
50 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
55 107.60 18 0.445 19 3.05 10 4.641 21 459619 10
60 125.56 38 0.523 40 3.32 20 5.523 44 501403 20
65 144.80 59 0.607 63 3.60 30 6.482 69 543186 30
70 165.29 82 0.696 87 3.88 40 7.517 96 584970 40
75 187.03 106 0.790 112 4.16 50 8.629 125 626753 50
Average
(%)
51 54 28 58 28
According to the Table 6 the maximum of changes related to the velocity head. For increasing of Qs values of all parameters
increased and for decreasing of Qs values of all parameters decreased.
Table 7 shows Scenarios related to the end gun discharges.
Table.7: Scenarios related to the end gun discharges
Qg (l/s)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
0 83.60 8 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
2 85.31 6 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
4 87.10 4 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
6 88.97 2 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
8 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
10 92.96 2 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
12 95.07 5 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
14 97.26 7 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
16 99.52 9 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
18 101.87 12 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
6 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 7 changes of Qg only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing of L increased pressure loss and
decreasing of Qg decreased pressure loss.
Figure 1 shows a compression between all effective parameters in center pivot irrigation systems.
5. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Fig.1: Obtained results for each of six center pivot design parameters
6. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Compression of six center pivot design parameters in
Figure 1 showed that pipe inside diameter was more
effective than other parameters. Because amounts of
changes that caused for increasing or decreasing this
parameter, were very more than other parameters. Since
pressure loss, was more sensitive than other parameter,
changes of pressure loss in all cases (except Qs) were
maximum. Due to the simultaneous and significant
impact of system discharge on pressure loss and velocity
in pipe, changes of velocity head were the maximum in
these states (scenarios related to the changes of system
discharge). The amounts of velocity in pipe, velocity
head, and Reynolds number were only sensitive to pipe
inside diameter and system discharge. The amounts of
Reynolds number in all of the states were more than
2000. It shows that there is turbulent flow in center pivot
systems.
The mentioned cases shows that in center pivot system
design should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system
discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than
other inputs and outputs parameters. However, role of
other inputs and outputs due to their undeniable effects
should not be ignored.
IV. CONCLUSION
Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into
the other techniques especially surface irrigation, more
accurate design of this systems for saving in water
resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally
encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this
method is economical), recognition of effective
parameters on center pivot have a great importance.
In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of
pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity
head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems
survived. The results showed that:
Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other
parameters.
Changes of pressure loss in all cases (except Qs) were the
maximum.
Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios
related to the changes of system discharge.
In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe
inside diameter and system discharge as input and
pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and
outputs parameters.
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