The objective of the study was to evaluate reaction of the differential set, isogenic line and Egyptian genotypes to identify the virulence of strpe rust pathogen and determine the effectiveness of resistance genes. Title: "Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt" Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 8(2):1-10 (2017).
This document summarizes research on wheat yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes and virulence patterns of the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt from 2013-2017. Key findings include:
- The Yr27 virulence was first detected in Egypt in 2010 and has since spread. New races with additional virulence on genes like Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP were observed starting in 2015.
- Field surveys identified high susceptibility of Egyptian varieties to the new races. Differential varieties with genes like Yr1, Yr5,
1. The study evaluated the reaction of wheat genotypes including differential varieties to yellow rust populations in Egypt from 2013-2017 to identify virulence patterns and determine resistance gene effectiveness.
2. Races virulent to Yr27, Yr32, and other genes were identified beginning in 2010. A new "Warrior" race virulent to additional genes was found in 2015.
3. Field surveys showed that Egyptian varieties had intermediate to high susceptibility, while differential lines identified genes still effective including Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15.
1) The study evaluated 14 wheat lines with known stripe rust resistance genes (Yr's) and 13 Egyptian and CIMMYT wheat genotypes for resistance to stripe rust at seedling and adult stages.
2) At seedling stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr32 and YrSP genes showed high resistance while Egyptian and CIMMYT genotypes were susceptible.
3) At adult stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr32 genes were completely resistant, while Yr17, YrSP and YrSk lines and some Egyptian/CIM
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_bgri2015_austrilia_atef_shahinAtef Shahin
Detection of Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust fungus in Egypt
Egyptian wheat researchers have detected the presence of the Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust fungus in Egypt. They conduct greenhouse and field evaluations of wheat varieties and lines for resistance to stem rust. Through these evaluations, they have identified several races of stem rust present in Egypt, including the virulent TTKSK race. Cooperation between Egyptian and international researchers is helping to monitor the spread of this dangerous stem rust race and develop resistant wheat varieties.
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_BGRI2015_Austrilia_Atef_ShahinAtef Shahin
Egyptian scientists have identified several races of the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Egypt. In recent years, they identified races TTKSK, TTKTK, and others through evaluating wheat varieties and lines in greenhouse and field nurseries. In 2015, they detected the presence of the Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust in Egypt for the first time, which poses a threat to wheat production as it can infect several widely grown wheat varieties that lack resistance. Egyptian researchers are working to identify new sources of stem rust resistance through evaluating global wheat germplasm and developing resistant cultivars to control stem rust in Egypt.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE 2013/14 SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) OUTBREAK IN...EuFMD
The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in isolates from a 2013-2014 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in South Africa using next-generation sequencing. Key findings include:
1) The most variable genomic regions coded for immune response repression and antigenicity, while the most conserved regions involved capsid stability and replication efficiency.
2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that outbreak isolates clustered within a single genotype of topotype I and were grouped by collection location, indicating two possible transmission pathways.
3) Twenty-two amino acid sites underwent negative selection, while one underwent positive selection and should be further examined for vaccine impact.
The study identified genetic variation during the outbreak and implications for regularly updating SAT2
This document summarizes research on achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat. It discusses the importance of leaf rust, major resistance genes that have been identified and overcome by evolving rust races, and efforts to develop slow rusting resistance through gene pyramiding. Key findings include identification of multiple major genes conferring resistance, the breakdown of these genes over time, efforts to combine minor genes to provide more durable slow rusting resistance, and the need to continue broadening genetic resistance.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW EXPERT-CURATED FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS NUCLEOTIDE S...EuFMD
The document describes the development of a new expert-curated foot-and-mouth disease virus nucleotide sequence database. It summarizes that the database contains over 17,000 sequences, including over 2,000 complete or near-complete genomes from GenBank, unpublished sequences from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, and VP1 sequences. The database provides curated metadata to address issues of limited, incorrect or non-existent metadata in public repositories. The database is expected to be publicly accessible by the end of 2020 and will allow different access levels to public and private data.
This document summarizes research on wheat yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes and virulence patterns of the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt from 2013-2017. Key findings include:
- The Yr27 virulence was first detected in Egypt in 2010 and has since spread. New races with additional virulence on genes like Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP were observed starting in 2015.
- Field surveys identified high susceptibility of Egyptian varieties to the new races. Differential varieties with genes like Yr1, Yr5,
1. The study evaluated the reaction of wheat genotypes including differential varieties to yellow rust populations in Egypt from 2013-2017 to identify virulence patterns and determine resistance gene effectiveness.
2. Races virulent to Yr27, Yr32, and other genes were identified beginning in 2010. A new "Warrior" race virulent to additional genes was found in 2015.
3. Field surveys showed that Egyptian varieties had intermediate to high susceptibility, while differential lines identified genes still effective including Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15.
1) The study evaluated 14 wheat lines with known stripe rust resistance genes (Yr's) and 13 Egyptian and CIMMYT wheat genotypes for resistance to stripe rust at seedling and adult stages.
2) At seedling stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr32 and YrSP genes showed high resistance while Egyptian and CIMMYT genotypes were susceptible.
3) At adult stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr32 genes were completely resistant, while Yr17, YrSP and YrSk lines and some Egyptian/CIM
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_bgri2015_austrilia_atef_shahinAtef Shahin
Detection of Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust fungus in Egypt
Egyptian wheat researchers have detected the presence of the Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust fungus in Egypt. They conduct greenhouse and field evaluations of wheat varieties and lines for resistance to stem rust. Through these evaluations, they have identified several races of stem rust present in Egypt, including the virulent TTKSK race. Cooperation between Egyptian and international researchers is helping to monitor the spread of this dangerous stem rust race and develop resistant wheat varieties.
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_BGRI2015_Austrilia_Atef_ShahinAtef Shahin
Egyptian scientists have identified several races of the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Egypt. In recent years, they identified races TTKSK, TTKTK, and others through evaluating wheat varieties and lines in greenhouse and field nurseries. In 2015, they detected the presence of the Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust in Egypt for the first time, which poses a threat to wheat production as it can infect several widely grown wheat varieties that lack resistance. Egyptian researchers are working to identify new sources of stem rust resistance through evaluating global wheat germplasm and developing resistant cultivars to control stem rust in Egypt.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE 2013/14 SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) OUTBREAK IN...EuFMD
The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in isolates from a 2013-2014 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in South Africa using next-generation sequencing. Key findings include:
1) The most variable genomic regions coded for immune response repression and antigenicity, while the most conserved regions involved capsid stability and replication efficiency.
2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that outbreak isolates clustered within a single genotype of topotype I and were grouped by collection location, indicating two possible transmission pathways.
3) Twenty-two amino acid sites underwent negative selection, while one underwent positive selection and should be further examined for vaccine impact.
The study identified genetic variation during the outbreak and implications for regularly updating SAT2
This document summarizes research on achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat. It discusses the importance of leaf rust, major resistance genes that have been identified and overcome by evolving rust races, and efforts to develop slow rusting resistance through gene pyramiding. Key findings include identification of multiple major genes conferring resistance, the breakdown of these genes over time, efforts to combine minor genes to provide more durable slow rusting resistance, and the need to continue broadening genetic resistance.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW EXPERT-CURATED FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS NUCLEOTIDE S...EuFMD
The document describes the development of a new expert-curated foot-and-mouth disease virus nucleotide sequence database. It summarizes that the database contains over 17,000 sequences, including over 2,000 complete or near-complete genomes from GenBank, unpublished sequences from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, and VP1 sequences. The database provides curated metadata to address issues of limited, incorrect or non-existent metadata in public repositories. The database is expected to be publicly accessible by the end of 2020 and will allow different access levels to public and private data.
PROVEN PERFORMANCES FOR FMDV NSP ANTIBODY DETECTION WITH THE ID SCREEN® FMD ...EuFMD
The ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition ELISA kit can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test) in 3 key ways:
1. It detects antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV rather than the structural proteins targeted by vaccination.
2. It demonstrated high specificity (≥99.5%) and sensitivity equivalent to other tests in differentiating infected reference samples.
3. Testing animals before and after vaccination found anti-NSP antibodies only in infected animals, showing the kit can accurately identify infection even with purified vaccines lacking NSP antigens.
VALIDATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN-BASED ELISA FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO ...EuFMD
This study validated a new recombinant protein-based solid-phase competitive ELISA (r-SPCE) for detecting antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type-O. The r-SPCE kit demonstrated high specificity (99.9%) and sensitivity (95.2%) compared to the virus neutralization test. It was able to correctly detect international reference sera for FMDV type-O as well as differentiate it from other FMDV serotypes. The r-SPCE also showed excellent reproducibility, stability, and was easy to use for screening large numbers of cattle and pig samples. Overall, the validated r-SPCE is a reliable alternative to the virus neutralization test for serological assessment of FMD
BIOLOGICAL VARIANCE OF SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUSES. EuFMD
- The study investigated the genetic variability, infectivity, virulence, and stability of four SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. It found that the viruses had a wide range in stability at low pH and high temperatures. They also caused varying degrees of clinical signs in cattle from mild to severe, but this did not correlate with virulence in cell culture.
- One virus, ZIM/7/83, was more virulent in cell culture but did not necessarily cause more severe disease in cattle. The variance in pathogenesis among the SAT2 viruses was not explained by differences in cell lysis, viral fitness during co-infection, or capsid stability.
- The results emphasize that not all SAT2
Nils Poulicard - Relations entre histoire évolutive et capacité d'adaptation ...Seminaire MEE
The document discusses how ancient host adaptation of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) to different rice species modulated its current ability to break plant resistance. RYMV adapted to infect Oryza glaberrima rice around 500,000 years ago. This is evidenced by a threonine residue at codon 49 of the viral genome that enhances infection of O. glaberrima but limits resistance breaking in O. sativa rice. Directed mutations showed codon 49 influences the virus's ability to overcome two major resistance genes in its hosts. Ancient adaptation to a rice species continues to impact RYMV's resistance-breaking potential today.
Characterization of finger millet blast pathogen (Pyricularia grisea) and Its...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Gashaw, Tesfaye Alemu and Kassahun Tesfaye at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
- The document discusses research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) being conducted at the Vietnam Type Culture Collection.
- 15 soil samples from maize fields in Northern Vietnam were collected and 26 AMF species across 11 genera were isolated. The most common genera isolated were Glomus, Acaulospora, and Rhizophagus.
- Research is ongoing to identify AMF through phylogenetic analysis, study their ability to colonize maize roots and affect plant growth, and evaluate their potential as biofertilizers to promote sustainable agriculture. While the study of AMF in Vietnam has increased in recent decades, more research is still needed to develop effective commercial AMF inoculant products.
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_bgri2015_austrilia_atef_shahinAtef Shahin
Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici = Pgt play an important role in wheat production throughout the world with rusts disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
- Wheat is a staple crop in Turkey, accounting for 60% of annual crop production. Winter wheat makes up 75% of wheat production area.
- Stripe rust has historically caused significant losses and epidemics in Turkey since the 1990s. A new race of stripe rust (Yr27 virulence) was identified in Turkey in the 2000-2003 period.
- In 2013, 20 infected stripe rust samples were collected from wheat fields across Turkey and analyzed. Race analyses identified the continued presence of the Yr27 virulence. Many important Turkish wheat varieties are susceptible to this virulence.
This document summarizes research on breeding wheat cultivars in Egypt for resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Key points include:
- Stripe rust is a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and other regions. Recent epidemics have caused significant yield losses.
- Researchers in Egypt have evaluated wheat cultivars for resistance and identified genes conferring resistance (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15) using molecular markers.
- Crosses were made between resistant cultivars and lines containing single resistance genes to introgress genes into new cultivars. Progeny were evaluated and molecular markers were used to select plants containing resistance
International Winter Wheat Improvement Program: breeding strategies and meth...ICARDA
A. Morgunov (CIMMYT-Turkey)
B. Akin (CIMMYT-Turkey),
Y. Kaya (B. Dagdas International Agric. Research Institute, Turkey)
M. Keser (ICARDA-Turkey)
K. Nazari (ICARDA-Syria)
Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Institute, Turkey),
R. Sharma (ICARDA-Uzbekistan)
T. Wuletaw (ICARDA-Syria)
- Wheat rusts such as stripe rust are a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and worldwide, causing significant crop losses.
- Field surveys in Egypt found stripe rust epidemics in 1947, 1986, 1995, 1997 that damaged popular wheat varieties.
- The study evaluated 20 Egyptian wheat cultivars and a susceptible control for resistance to stripe rust under greenhouse and field conditions. It found components of slow rusting resistance that could be exploited in wheat breeding programs.
Presenter: T. Ratna Sudhakar and P. Narsimha Reddy ANGRAU, Hyderabad
Institution: ANGRAU
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: India
- Race analysis identified four races infecting wheat cultivar Cooring carrying resistance gene Sr27 in Egypt. Race QQQCM was the most virulent, causing high infection (type 4) on Sr27. The other races were avirulent to Sr27.
- Race QQQCM was also virulent to nine other stem rust resistance genes. Race KKBBB was less aggressive, overcoming six resistance genes but being avirulent to Sr27.
- Sr31 and Sr38 were completely effective against all four races, while Sr9g, Sr36 and SrTMP were the least effective. The identification of races virulent to Sr27 is concerning for stem rust resistance in wheat.
This document summarizes research on wheat rust resistance in Ethiopia. It discusses:
- Yellow rust is a major problem, causing epidemics and yield losses as high as 100%
- Synthetic hexaploid wheat provides new sources of resistance to rusts and other stresses
- The study characterized stripe rust resistance in 181 synthetic hexaploid wheats and 6 bread wheats under field conditions in Ethiopia. It identified QTLs linked to stripe rust resistance to help breed resistant varieties.
Mycoflora associated with different varieties of cottonRam Sahu
This study analyzed the mycoflora (fungi) associated with four varieties of cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.): Lohit, RG-8, LD-327, and Sanjay. Samples were collected from various states in India from 2010-2011. Thirty-seven fungal species were isolated using standard blotter and agar plate methods. The most prevalent fungus was Aspergillus flavus, found infecting 6.76-11.25% of seeds across varieties. Other common fungi included Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, and Penicillium oxalicum. Proper storage
Yellow rust was a serious problem in the Central and West Asia/North Africa (CWANA) region in 2010-2011. Factors such as favorable weather, widespread susceptible varieties, and human transportation of spores contributed to epidemics. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) took measures like surveillance, awareness activities, training, and impact assessments in multiple countries. Race analyses identified virulence for many resistance genes. International collaboration through activities like trap nurseries and conferences was important to address the ongoing threat of yellow rust.
Screening of Maize Genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris Maydis) ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Screening of 20 maize genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight of maize (Bipolaris maydis (Nisik) Shoemaker) was carried out in RCBD in National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Nepal during June to September, 2015. The area of research field was 315 m2. Each genotype had two rows per plot of 7.5m2 with two replication. Disease incidence was taken for three times at 43, 53 and 63 DAS. Disease scoring was done as percentage of leaf area infected on individual plant at 7 days interval starting from 58 days after sowing for 5 times and disease severity and mean AUDPC was calculated. Also the yield was calculated. Shade house experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replication on 20 genotypes by artificial inoculation at 3-4 leaf stage with a pure culture suspension of Bipolaris maydis (4x104conidia per ml) .and disease incidence and survival days of plant were recorded. Among the genotypes disease severity varied in the field. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for Southern Leaf Blight severity, Area Under Disease Progress Curve and grain yield. Genotypes with mean AUDPC values from 200-250, 250-300 and above 300 were categorized as moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible. Disease severity was highest on genotype Rampur 24, 07 SADVI and lowest on BGBYPOP, RML-32/RM-17 and RAMS03F08. Highest maize yield (4.44 ton/ha) was recorded on RML-32/RML-17 and least (1.41 ton/ha) was obtained in ZM-627.In shade house, Rampur-24 followed by 07 SADVI, Rampur 27 died earlier and RML-32/RML-17 and BGBYPOP survived to the longest periods after inoculation. Disease Susceptibility pattern was similar in both field and shade house condition. The genotypes RML-32/RML-17, BGBYPOP, RAMS03F08 and TLBRS07F16 could be developed as resistant varieties to Southern Leaf Blight of maize and also as high yielders during summer under Chitwan and similar conditions.
This document evaluates the resistance of wheat varieties against two aphid species. 35 wheat lines were tested for resistance. 12 lines showed resistance with low damage ratings, while 3 were susceptible with high damage ratings. The lines were also tested for antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. For antibiosis, 10 lines were least fecund while 23 were moderately fecund. For antixenosis, 18 lines were least preferred and for tolerance, 4 were highly tolerant while 27 were moderately tolerant.
This document summarizes the evaluation of multiple rust resistance in wheat, durum wheat, khapli wheat, and triticale varieties conducted from 2003-2012 in India. 741 varieties were tested for resistance to stem, leaf, and stripe rust at various hot spot locations where favorable conditions promote rust development. 460 varieties were found to have multiple rust resistance, with 315 resistant to all three rusts, 90 resistant to stem and leaf rust, and 55 resistant to leaf and stripe rust. Of the resistant varieties, 364 were bread wheat, 71 were durum wheat, 11 were khapli wheat, and 14 were triticale. 20 of these resistant varieties have since been commercially released in India. Maintaining genetic diversity for
PROVEN PERFORMANCES FOR FMDV NSP ANTIBODY DETECTION WITH THE ID SCREEN® FMD ...EuFMD
The ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition ELISA kit can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test) in 3 key ways:
1. It detects antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV rather than the structural proteins targeted by vaccination.
2. It demonstrated high specificity (≥99.5%) and sensitivity equivalent to other tests in differentiating infected reference samples.
3. Testing animals before and after vaccination found anti-NSP antibodies only in infected animals, showing the kit can accurately identify infection even with purified vaccines lacking NSP antigens.
VALIDATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN-BASED ELISA FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO ...EuFMD
This study validated a new recombinant protein-based solid-phase competitive ELISA (r-SPCE) for detecting antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type-O. The r-SPCE kit demonstrated high specificity (99.9%) and sensitivity (95.2%) compared to the virus neutralization test. It was able to correctly detect international reference sera for FMDV type-O as well as differentiate it from other FMDV serotypes. The r-SPCE also showed excellent reproducibility, stability, and was easy to use for screening large numbers of cattle and pig samples. Overall, the validated r-SPCE is a reliable alternative to the virus neutralization test for serological assessment of FMD
BIOLOGICAL VARIANCE OF SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUSES. EuFMD
- The study investigated the genetic variability, infectivity, virulence, and stability of four SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. It found that the viruses had a wide range in stability at low pH and high temperatures. They also caused varying degrees of clinical signs in cattle from mild to severe, but this did not correlate with virulence in cell culture.
- One virus, ZIM/7/83, was more virulent in cell culture but did not necessarily cause more severe disease in cattle. The variance in pathogenesis among the SAT2 viruses was not explained by differences in cell lysis, viral fitness during co-infection, or capsid stability.
- The results emphasize that not all SAT2
Nils Poulicard - Relations entre histoire évolutive et capacité d'adaptation ...Seminaire MEE
The document discusses how ancient host adaptation of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) to different rice species modulated its current ability to break plant resistance. RYMV adapted to infect Oryza glaberrima rice around 500,000 years ago. This is evidenced by a threonine residue at codon 49 of the viral genome that enhances infection of O. glaberrima but limits resistance breaking in O. sativa rice. Directed mutations showed codon 49 influences the virus's ability to overcome two major resistance genes in its hosts. Ancient adaptation to a rice species continues to impact RYMV's resistance-breaking potential today.
Characterization of finger millet blast pathogen (Pyricularia grisea) and Its...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Gashaw, Tesfaye Alemu and Kassahun Tesfaye at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
- The document discusses research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) being conducted at the Vietnam Type Culture Collection.
- 15 soil samples from maize fields in Northern Vietnam were collected and 26 AMF species across 11 genera were isolated. The most common genera isolated were Glomus, Acaulospora, and Rhizophagus.
- Research is ongoing to identify AMF through phylogenetic analysis, study their ability to colonize maize roots and affect plant growth, and evaluate their potential as biofertilizers to promote sustainable agriculture. While the study of AMF in Vietnam has increased in recent decades, more research is still needed to develop effective commercial AMF inoculant products.
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_bgri2015_austrilia_atef_shahinAtef Shahin
Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici = Pgt play an important role in wheat production throughout the world with rusts disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
- Wheat is a staple crop in Turkey, accounting for 60% of annual crop production. Winter wheat makes up 75% of wheat production area.
- Stripe rust has historically caused significant losses and epidemics in Turkey since the 1990s. A new race of stripe rust (Yr27 virulence) was identified in Turkey in the 2000-2003 period.
- In 2013, 20 infected stripe rust samples were collected from wheat fields across Turkey and analyzed. Race analyses identified the continued presence of the Yr27 virulence. Many important Turkish wheat varieties are susceptible to this virulence.
This document summarizes research on breeding wheat cultivars in Egypt for resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Key points include:
- Stripe rust is a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and other regions. Recent epidemics have caused significant yield losses.
- Researchers in Egypt have evaluated wheat cultivars for resistance and identified genes conferring resistance (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15) using molecular markers.
- Crosses were made between resistant cultivars and lines containing single resistance genes to introgress genes into new cultivars. Progeny were evaluated and molecular markers were used to select plants containing resistance
International Winter Wheat Improvement Program: breeding strategies and meth...ICARDA
A. Morgunov (CIMMYT-Turkey)
B. Akin (CIMMYT-Turkey),
Y. Kaya (B. Dagdas International Agric. Research Institute, Turkey)
M. Keser (ICARDA-Turkey)
K. Nazari (ICARDA-Syria)
Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Institute, Turkey),
R. Sharma (ICARDA-Uzbekistan)
T. Wuletaw (ICARDA-Syria)
- Wheat rusts such as stripe rust are a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and worldwide, causing significant crop losses.
- Field surveys in Egypt found stripe rust epidemics in 1947, 1986, 1995, 1997 that damaged popular wheat varieties.
- The study evaluated 20 Egyptian wheat cultivars and a susceptible control for resistance to stripe rust under greenhouse and field conditions. It found components of slow rusting resistance that could be exploited in wheat breeding programs.
Presenter: T. Ratna Sudhakar and P. Narsimha Reddy ANGRAU, Hyderabad
Institution: ANGRAU
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: India
- Race analysis identified four races infecting wheat cultivar Cooring carrying resistance gene Sr27 in Egypt. Race QQQCM was the most virulent, causing high infection (type 4) on Sr27. The other races were avirulent to Sr27.
- Race QQQCM was also virulent to nine other stem rust resistance genes. Race KKBBB was less aggressive, overcoming six resistance genes but being avirulent to Sr27.
- Sr31 and Sr38 were completely effective against all four races, while Sr9g, Sr36 and SrTMP were the least effective. The identification of races virulent to Sr27 is concerning for stem rust resistance in wheat.
This document summarizes research on wheat rust resistance in Ethiopia. It discusses:
- Yellow rust is a major problem, causing epidemics and yield losses as high as 100%
- Synthetic hexaploid wheat provides new sources of resistance to rusts and other stresses
- The study characterized stripe rust resistance in 181 synthetic hexaploid wheats and 6 bread wheats under field conditions in Ethiopia. It identified QTLs linked to stripe rust resistance to help breed resistant varieties.
Mycoflora associated with different varieties of cottonRam Sahu
This study analyzed the mycoflora (fungi) associated with four varieties of cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.): Lohit, RG-8, LD-327, and Sanjay. Samples were collected from various states in India from 2010-2011. Thirty-seven fungal species were isolated using standard blotter and agar plate methods. The most prevalent fungus was Aspergillus flavus, found infecting 6.76-11.25% of seeds across varieties. Other common fungi included Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, and Penicillium oxalicum. Proper storage
Yellow rust was a serious problem in the Central and West Asia/North Africa (CWANA) region in 2010-2011. Factors such as favorable weather, widespread susceptible varieties, and human transportation of spores contributed to epidemics. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) took measures like surveillance, awareness activities, training, and impact assessments in multiple countries. Race analyses identified virulence for many resistance genes. International collaboration through activities like trap nurseries and conferences was important to address the ongoing threat of yellow rust.
Screening of Maize Genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris Maydis) ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Screening of 20 maize genotypes against Southern Leaf Blight of maize (Bipolaris maydis (Nisik) Shoemaker) was carried out in RCBD in National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Nepal during June to September, 2015. The area of research field was 315 m2. Each genotype had two rows per plot of 7.5m2 with two replication. Disease incidence was taken for three times at 43, 53 and 63 DAS. Disease scoring was done as percentage of leaf area infected on individual plant at 7 days interval starting from 58 days after sowing for 5 times and disease severity and mean AUDPC was calculated. Also the yield was calculated. Shade house experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replication on 20 genotypes by artificial inoculation at 3-4 leaf stage with a pure culture suspension of Bipolaris maydis (4x104conidia per ml) .and disease incidence and survival days of plant were recorded. Among the genotypes disease severity varied in the field. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for Southern Leaf Blight severity, Area Under Disease Progress Curve and grain yield. Genotypes with mean AUDPC values from 200-250, 250-300 and above 300 were categorized as moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible. Disease severity was highest on genotype Rampur 24, 07 SADVI and lowest on BGBYPOP, RML-32/RM-17 and RAMS03F08. Highest maize yield (4.44 ton/ha) was recorded on RML-32/RML-17 and least (1.41 ton/ha) was obtained in ZM-627.In shade house, Rampur-24 followed by 07 SADVI, Rampur 27 died earlier and RML-32/RML-17 and BGBYPOP survived to the longest periods after inoculation. Disease Susceptibility pattern was similar in both field and shade house condition. The genotypes RML-32/RML-17, BGBYPOP, RAMS03F08 and TLBRS07F16 could be developed as resistant varieties to Southern Leaf Blight of maize and also as high yielders during summer under Chitwan and similar conditions.
This document evaluates the resistance of wheat varieties against two aphid species. 35 wheat lines were tested for resistance. 12 lines showed resistance with low damage ratings, while 3 were susceptible with high damage ratings. The lines were also tested for antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. For antibiosis, 10 lines were least fecund while 23 were moderately fecund. For antixenosis, 18 lines were least preferred and for tolerance, 4 were highly tolerant while 27 were moderately tolerant.
This document summarizes the evaluation of multiple rust resistance in wheat, durum wheat, khapli wheat, and triticale varieties conducted from 2003-2012 in India. 741 varieties were tested for resistance to stem, leaf, and stripe rust at various hot spot locations where favorable conditions promote rust development. 460 varieties were found to have multiple rust resistance, with 315 resistant to all three rusts, 90 resistant to stem and leaf rust, and 55 resistant to leaf and stripe rust. Of the resistant varieties, 364 were bread wheat, 71 were durum wheat, 11 were khapli wheat, and 14 were triticale. 20 of these resistant varieties have since been commercially released in India. Maintaining genetic diversity for
Long smut and grain mold are fungal diseases that impact sorghum yield and quality. Long smut infection is most severe in the drier regions of Africa and Asia; whereas, grain mold is the most important disease of sorghum worldwide. In this study, 30 sorghum lines/hybrids were evaluate at the Agronomic Research Stations in Nioro, Senegal, West Africa. Seven lines/hybrids exhibited less than 10% long smut incidence, including AgriPro 2838, and AP 920 that were free of the disease, while NECS 2 had the lowest grain mold severity. The two hybrids AgriPro 2838 and AP 920 may possess genes for long smut resistance and could be utilized in breeding programs for long smut resistance.
Variation in the virulence of Magnaporthe grisea isolates adapted to finger m...ICRISAT
Finger millet is the fourth most important millet covering 10 % of the global millet area in over 25 countries in Asia and Africa. Though India is the leading producer of the crop with an area of 1.4 million ha and 2.0 million tons grain production. Its production is severely hampered by blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea which affects leaves, fingers, neck and discolors the seed; thus, significantly reducing the grain yield and quality. The average loss due to blast has been reported to be around 20-30% and could be as high as 80-90% in endemic areas. Recognizing the importance of finger millet and constraints posed by blast disease, present study was planned to characterize populations of M. grisea adapted to finger millet from diverse geographical locations with reference to pathogenicity of the isolates.
A total of 59 converted sorghum lines and 6 checks were evaluated for resistance to two foliar fungal diseases, anthracnose and downy mildew (SDM) in 2008 and 2009 growing seasons at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Farm, College Station, Texas. In 2008, 23 lines exhibited resistance (35%), 29 susceptible (45%) and 13 variable responses (20%) while 15 lines showed resistance (28%), 31 susceptible (57%), and 8 variable responses to anthracnose in 2009. Nine lines SC748, PI534101, PI534073, PI533950, PI534155, PI533802, PI533776, PI533911 and PI533759 exhibited anthracnose resistance response in both years. Significantly a wide range of 8 to 89% SDM incidence was observed in the study. None of the lines recorded SDM resistance reaction in both years. However, 15 lines PI534119, PI533983, PI597970, PI534160, PI570726, PI534161, PI534112, PI576374, PI533753, SC748, PI533991, PI569998, PI534050, PI534155 and PI533898 recorded moderate resistance to SDM incidence and recommended for use in further breeding programs. There was a positive significant correlation (P = 0.0392) between anthracnose and SDM, indicating that the lines showing higher SDM incidence favors higher anthracnose infection. Significant correlation between precipitation and SDM was also noted. SC748 and PI534155 exhibited resistance to anthracnose and downy mildew diseases and hold promise for utilization in breeding programs as potential checks.
Sources of Resistance to Stripe Rust in Synthetic Hexaploid WheatICARDA
This document summarizes a study identifying new sources of resistance to stripe rust in synthetic hexaploid wheat. Stripe rust is a major wheat disease that causes significant yield losses in Ethiopia. The study evaluated 764 synthetic hexaploid wheat lines for resistance to stripe rust through seedling and field tests in Ethiopia and Syria. 173 lines exhibited resistance or moderate resistance at the adult plant stage across locations. Some resistant lines were also resistant to stem rust. The synthetic hexaploid wheat lines identified in this study provide potential new sources of resistance that can be used in wheat breeding programs to develop cultivars with improved resistance to stripe rust.
Similar to Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt (20)
Sources of Resistance to Stripe Rust in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat
Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt
1. By
Atef A. Shahin
Senior Researcher,
Plant Pathology Research Institute,
ARC, Egypt
Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence
of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt
20 March 2015: CAUTION- Increasing risk of stripe (yellow) rust outbreaks North
Africa to South Asia*
*http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?page_id=9
1
2. The objective of the study was to evaluate
reaction of the differential set, isogenic line and
Egyptian genotypes to identify the virulence patterns
of yellow rust pathogen populations and determine
the effectiveness of resistance genes since 2013-
2017.
Objective
2
3. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
estimates that 31 countries in East and North Africa,
the Near East, Central and South Asia, accounting
for more than 37 percent of global wheat
production area and 30% of production, are at risk
of wheat rust diseases including the Ug99 race of
stem rust and Yr27 strain of yellow rust.
World’s wheat basket threatened
3
4. Country /Year Crop losses Millions $
USA 2000-07
2010
6.5 million tones
2.2 millions tones $US 30 Washington State
Australia 2003-2006 AU$ 30-90
China 1950
64, 90,02
14.4 million tones
More than 20 million
Turkey 1992
1996
2000
2009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 1 m ha)
1.2 million tones
3% Gerek 79
568
53
10
Iran 1992-94
2007 and 09
2010
2.5 milliom tones
2 million ha
650.000 ha spray
258
?
?
Syria 2010 Cham 8 (80% yield loss) 80% of Area
Ethiopia 2010 $US 3.2 in fungicide application in Ethiopia
During the last decades, several yellow rust epidemics in most of the
wheat-growing areas
The last dramatic epidemic took place in 1997 in which stripe rust and national average loss in grain
yield ranged from 14 % - 20 % in Delta region (El-Daoudi et al., 1998).
4
5. Monitoring of Pathogenic Variation
Trap nurseries
Resistance genes
Common cultivar
Some cultivars which have important genes
Pathotype/race analyses under controlled greenhouse
condition on differential sets
5
7. Bila
Elhamoul
Elborollos
ElriyadSidi Salim
Qilin
Desouq
Metoubas
Fowa
The studied area is located in North Delta
region, Kafrelsheikh (30.601400° North and
31.510383° East) at Sakha station, northern
Egypt. Climatic condition of the studied area is
typically arid Mediterranean climate.
Regular field surveys were annually
conducted across wheat growing area in Egypt,
especially in area considered source the
inoculum i.e. Northern governorate of Egypt i.e.
Kafrelsheikh.
Studied area
Map of Kafrelsheikh governorate showing the
location of planted trap nursery
7
8. One infected fields in Kafrelsheikh
governorate , registration data and
collection of samples infected.
Annual survey (Commercial fields
and Egyptian Wheat Trap Rust
Nursery).
Data of collection location,
cultivar, severity, collector and any
other relevant information were
recorded for each sample.
Field surveys and isolate collections
8
10. Method of :
Collecting samples , Inoculation , Inocubation , isolation , Reproduction and Identification
The main objective of race identification :
• To determine the presence and prevalence of the various races under the different
environment conditions.
• The effects of the identified races and isolates on the adult plants under the prevailing
environmental conditions.
• To determine the gene conditioning resistance to stem , leaf and stripe rusts virulences
for using in the wheat breeding programme.
•….. etc.
Physiologic Races of Wheat Stripe Rusts
10
11. Old Race
New Race
Yr27 pt.
Old Race New Race
Genotypes
Resistance
genes
Scores
0-9 scale
Scores
0-9 scale Scores Scores
Chinese 166 Yr1 0 0 0 5S
Lee Yr7, + 7 7 50S 30S
Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr2) 7 7 20S 10MS
Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 1 1 ? R
Moro Yr 10 1 1 10R R
Strubes Dickkopf Yr Sd, Yr25 7 7 T-10MR 5R
Suwon 92*Omar Yr SU 2 7 0 30S
Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 3 3 5MR 5MR
Triticum spelta
album
Yr5
0 0 0 R
Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 1 1 0 R
Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 0 R
Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 6 5R 20MR
Nord Desprez 3N 1 2 5MR R
Compair Yr8, + 7 7 0 R
Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, +
0 1 0 5R
Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 R
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 5R 5R
Yr17 /6*Avocet S Yr17 5 ? MR 5S
Ciano Yr27 5 8 20MS 30S
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 5 7 10MR 10MSS
Yr32/6*Avocet S Yr32 0 - 0 30S
Yr27 virulence was recorded
in Egypt in the 2010 year.
*New race were recorded in
2013 by GRRC, Denmark in
samples collected.
Recently, in 2015 was
observed of new races
)virulence on: Yr1, Yr2, Yr6,
Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP
and Yr27(.
Yellow rust- new race
Yr27/6*Avocet S Chinese 166 (Yr1)
11
12. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Report for Puccinia striiformis race analyses 2013, Global Rust Reference Center
(GRRC), Denmark. January 31, 2014.
Race identification by GRRC (Denmark)
GRRC race analyses of Puccinia striiformis in 2012 and 2013
-,-,-,-,-,6,7,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,AVS,-
-,2,-,-,-,6,7,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,AVS,-
-,(2),-,-,-,6,7,9,-,-,-,-,25,27,-,-,AVS,-
×
Yr 27 virulent strain of yellow rust has caused significant losses in some countries in
North Africa, Near East and Central and South Asia during the serious epidemics in
2009, 2010 and 2013
12
17. Adult plant infection type
ResistantSusceptible
Cultivar
Rust Response
2013 2014 2015 2016
Misr1 R R-MR 5MR MSS
Misr2 R R-MR 10S 20S
Misr3 0 0 0 TR
Giza167 R MS MRMS 5MS
Giza 168 R-MR MRMS 20S 20S
Giza 171 R MRMS 5MS TS
Sakha 61 R R-MR MR 5S
Sakha93 MR 10MS 30S 40S
Sakha94 MR MR TMS 20MSS
Gemmeiza9 MRMS MR 10MS 10MS
Gemmeiza10 MR MR-MS MR-MS 5MS
Gemmeiza11 R-MR MS 10S 30S
Sids1 MR MR MRMS 10S
Sids12 MR 10MSS 30S 50S
Sids13 R MRMS 20S 20S
Shandaweel 1 R MR MS MRMS
Intermediate
Stripe Rust Reaction
17
18. No. Genotypes FRS
Mean coefficient of
infection
Mean
AUDPC Mean of r AUDPC
1 Misr 1 MR 3.25e 36.25r 1.86t
2 Misr 2 S 5.23s 97.89l 4.55l
3 Misr 3 0 0.00t 0.00s 0.00u
4 Gemmeiza 3 MRMS 10.75k 63.75n 2.96q
5 Gemmeiza 7 MRMS 7.50q 56.00op 2.60r
6 Gemmeiza 9 MSS 9.88m 116.25k 5.40k
7 Gemmeiza 10 MS 8.50n 72.50m 3.37op
8 Gemmeiza 11 S 20.75f 167.50i 7.78i
9 Gemmeiza 12 MS 7.23r 97.50l 4.53m
10 Sids 1 S 18.50i 325.75e 15.14e
11 Sids 12 S 40.50b 815.00b 37.89b
12 Sids 13 S 27.50d 650.00c 30.22c
13 Sakha 8 S 20.00h 268.75g 12.49g
14 Sakha 61 MSS 10.75k 95.75l 4.45n
15 Sakha 69 S 30.00c 637.5d 29.64d
16 Sakha 94 MSS 7.63op 195.25h 9.07h
17 Sakha 95 0 0.00t 0.00s 0.00 u
18 Giza 168 S 20.25g 275.63f 12.81f
19 Giza 171 MSS 10.13l 125.63j 5.84j
20 Shandaweel 1 MRMS 10.80j 50.25q 2.33s
21 Morocco S 97.50a 2150.50a 100.00a
LSD 1% 0.01 0.006 6.957 0.002
5% 0.05 0.007 5.203 0.001
Adult plant infection type and mean comparison for coefficient of infection,
AUDPC and rAUDPC in 20 Egyptian wheat genotypes against stripe rust.
18
19. Average coefficient of infection (CI) of twenty genotypes evaluated under natural
infection of stripe rust at Sakha in 2017 growing season
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Coefficientofinfection(CI)
Wheat genotypes
ACI
19
20. Association between coefficient of infection (CI) and rAUDPC for
assessment of genotypes
Association between slow rusting
parameters: Field assessment of slow
rusting resistance was evaluated through
CI and rAUDPC. CI is the mostly used
parameter for the purpose. During in this
study, an attempt was made to elucidate
the relationship between these
parameters. Positive relation of
coefficient of infection was found with
and rAUDPC with a strong R2 value 96 %
R² = 0.9695
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Coefficientofinfection
rAUDPC
Durable stripe rust resistance in the Egyptian cultivars
The Yr18 gene is also an important determinant of durable resistance in Spring wheat
Amplification products of PCR using Lr34/Yr18 marker (150bp) in some
Egyptian cultivars
Molecular investigation : Identification of
Yr18 in Egyptian wheat germplasm, has
been done by molecular marker using
specific primers.
20
21. Conclusions
Based on this study, genes Yr2+, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr26, YrSP and
YrCV are still effective in Egypt and can be used in developing
new resistant wheat cultivars. Approaches like gene pyramiding,
gene deployment and multiline cultivars should be considered for
the incorporation of race-specific major resistance genes. Yr18
and Yr29 showed moderate level of resistance. Those gene can
be used for pyramiding with other genes in breeding programs to
produce durable resistant cultivars. The results of this study will
assist in devising a strategy for stripe rust management, using the
well characterized wheat germplasms carrying effective resistance
genes in the breeding programs in Egypt.
21
22. 22
Effective genes for resistance to stripe rust and virulence of Puccinia
striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt
By
Atef Shahin
Wheat Diseases Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Egypt
Corresponding author. E-mail: a.a.shahin@hotmail.com.
Tel: 0021226762484, Fax: 002473242292.
ABSTRACT
Stripe rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a
serious problem of wheat production in many parts of the world. Virulence patterns of wheat
stripe rust were studied under the field conditions during four growing seasons during 2013 to
2017at Sakha Agriculture Research Station by planting international stripe rust trap nursery of
differentials sets, isogenic lines and Egyptian varieties. The results revealed that stripe rust
resistance genes Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15were resistant, while Yr18showed moderate susceptibility at
all seasons. Genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr32, and Yr18 and Yr29 were
partially effective during study periods and gene combinations Opata (Yr27+Yr18) were found
susceptible during the 2014/2015 growing season. Among the twenty (20) commercial varieties;
Gemmeiza 3, Gemmeiza 7, Sakha 95 and Misr 1 were found resistant. On other hand, Some of
the most important commercial cultivars i.e. Sids 12, Giza 168, Misr 2 and Sakha 61, known as
resistant to the previously characterized races of [Pst] in Egypt have become susceptible. The
genes found effective against stripe rust under natural conditions may be deployed singly or in
combination to develop high yielding resistant wheat varieties in Egypt.
Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 8(2):1-10 (2017). www.eajbs.eg.net
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt
23. Thanks for your attention
Acknowledgements
ARC, PPRI, ACPP 2017, and
Department of Wheat Diseases Research
Egypt
Thanks to all the people who have contributed to organizing this great event
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt