As technology becomes more advanced and modernized; more features are added to the existing system
for the purpose of satisfying the increasing security needs of the people. Deploying wireless technologies
for security and control in home offers attractive benefits along with user friendly interface. In this paper
we present a smart security system comprises of Zigbee, GSM, Sensors and Smartphone for Security
monitoring and control, when the user is at remote premises. Three sensors namely P
IR, vibration and door sensor are installed at windows and doors. Whenever there is a security breach the
sensors sends the signal to the Pic microcontroller. The Max 232 converter provides serial interface
between the microcontroller and the zigbee. The Zigbee end device then transmits the signal to the Zigbee
coordinator. The ZC at the control console communicates with MCU using max 232 converters. MCU
would in turn access and control the GSM module via AT commands and automatically sends SMS to the
owner's mobile phone informing him about the security breach. On receiving the SMS, user can make a
video call using Skype account; Smartphone installed at home will feed us with a live video. On viewing
the video the user can know whether an intruder has entered or not. Then accordingly faint gas valve and
door lock can be controlled by the user. Thus whenever there is an intrusion, our system lets the user to
monitor and control his premises from any part of the world.
Bluetooth is a low-cost, short-range wireless technology with
small footprint, small power consumption, reasonable
throughput and hence suitable for various small, batterydriven devices like mobile phones, PDAs, cameras, laptops
etc. Development of the Bluetooth started several years ago
with the intention to replace all sorts of cables used to
connect different devices. In meantime the idea has evolved
and Bluetooth is now developing not just as a point-to-point,
but as a network technology as well.
Bluetooth has gone through periods of big hype when it was
considered as the best short-range technology as well as
through periods when it was considered a failure. However,
the last year could be seen as the turning point year for
Bluetooth. A lot of various Bluetooth devices and accessories
appeared on the market, broad range of users is able to use it
and first experiences are generally positive. The main
challenge in front of Bluetooth developers now is to prove
interoperability between different manufacturers’ devices and
to provide numerous interesting applications. An example of
such applications are wireless sensor networks.
Bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band and uses
frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. There are 79
channels, each 1MHz wide, available for hopping.
A Bluetooth device has to be member of a piconet to be able
to communicate with other devices. A piconet is a collection
of up to 8 devices that frequency hop together. Each piconet
has one master, usually the device that initiated establishment
of the piconet, and up to 7 slave devices. Master’s Bluetooth
address is used for definition of the frequency hopping
sequence. Slave devices use the master’s clock to
synchronize their clocks to be able to hop simultaneously.
Wireless sensor networks are an interesting research area
with many possible applications. They are based on
collaborative effort of many small devices capable of
communicating and processing data. There are still many
open issues ranging from the choice of physical and MAC
layer to design of routing and application level protocols.
Bluetooth is a possible choice for data communication in
sensor networks. Good throughput, low-power, low-cost,
standardized specification and hardware availability are
Bluetooth advantages, while slow connection establishment
and lack of scatternet support are some of the deficiencies.
An initial implementation of a Bluetooth based sensor
network platform is presented. Implemented functionality and
various problems experienced during the implementation are
described. Implemented platform presents a good
environment for further research and development of sensor
network protocols and algorithms.
As technology becomes more advanced and modernized; more features are added to the existing system
for the purpose of satisfying the increasing security needs of the people. Deploying wireless technologies
for security and control in home offers attractive benefits along with user friendly interface. In this paper
we present a smart security system comprises of Zigbee, GSM, Sensors and Smartphone for Security
monitoring and control, when the user is at remote premises. Three sensors namely P
IR, vibration and door sensor are installed at windows and doors. Whenever there is a security breach the
sensors sends the signal to the Pic microcontroller. The Max 232 converter provides serial interface
between the microcontroller and the zigbee. The Zigbee end device then transmits the signal to the Zigbee
coordinator. The ZC at the control console communicates with MCU using max 232 converters. MCU
would in turn access and control the GSM module via AT commands and automatically sends SMS to the
owner's mobile phone informing him about the security breach. On receiving the SMS, user can make a
video call using Skype account; Smartphone installed at home will feed us with a live video. On viewing
the video the user can know whether an intruder has entered or not. Then accordingly faint gas valve and
door lock can be controlled by the user. Thus whenever there is an intrusion, our system lets the user to
monitor and control his premises from any part of the world.
Bluetooth is a low-cost, short-range wireless technology with
small footprint, small power consumption, reasonable
throughput and hence suitable for various small, batterydriven devices like mobile phones, PDAs, cameras, laptops
etc. Development of the Bluetooth started several years ago
with the intention to replace all sorts of cables used to
connect different devices. In meantime the idea has evolved
and Bluetooth is now developing not just as a point-to-point,
but as a network technology as well.
Bluetooth has gone through periods of big hype when it was
considered as the best short-range technology as well as
through periods when it was considered a failure. However,
the last year could be seen as the turning point year for
Bluetooth. A lot of various Bluetooth devices and accessories
appeared on the market, broad range of users is able to use it
and first experiences are generally positive. The main
challenge in front of Bluetooth developers now is to prove
interoperability between different manufacturers’ devices and
to provide numerous interesting applications. An example of
such applications are wireless sensor networks.
Bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band and uses
frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. There are 79
channels, each 1MHz wide, available for hopping.
A Bluetooth device has to be member of a piconet to be able
to communicate with other devices. A piconet is a collection
of up to 8 devices that frequency hop together. Each piconet
has one master, usually the device that initiated establishment
of the piconet, and up to 7 slave devices. Master’s Bluetooth
address is used for definition of the frequency hopping
sequence. Slave devices use the master’s clock to
synchronize their clocks to be able to hop simultaneously.
Wireless sensor networks are an interesting research area
with many possible applications. They are based on
collaborative effort of many small devices capable of
communicating and processing data. There are still many
open issues ranging from the choice of physical and MAC
layer to design of routing and application level protocols.
Bluetooth is a possible choice for data communication in
sensor networks. Good throughput, low-power, low-cost,
standardized specification and hardware availability are
Bluetooth advantages, while slow connection establishment
and lack of scatternet support are some of the deficiencies.
An initial implementation of a Bluetooth based sensor
network platform is presented. Implemented functionality and
various problems experienced during the implementation are
described. Implemented platform presents a good
environment for further research and development of sensor
network protocols and algorithms.
Curtain Control Systems Development on Mesh Wireless Network of the Smart HomejournalBEEI
In this paper, a curtain controller for smart home is presented. The aim of this work is to develop an end device in smart home system that will support power conservation function indirectly, specifically a curtain open/close controller. To achieve this, the 28BYJ-48 stepper motor is used as actuator with the assistance of ULN2003A driver. The motor is controlled using STM32L100RCT6 microcontroller, which is chosen due to its low power consumption. The microcontroller controls the motor’s direction by using a pulse width modulation logic signals emitted from four GPIO pins, which works based on data transmitted from central host through ZigBee protocol on Mesh network. Meanwhile, from the user’s side, the control is done by using Android-based application, which is connected to central host through Bluetooth. Based on the testing conducted on a miniature curtain, the curtain can be controlled wirelessly through the Android application. Furthermore, the device consumes power 210.5 mW for idle condition and 1,586 mW for process condition. The amount of the consumed power makes it suitable for low-power operation and in alignment with the smart home system’s overall aim for power conservation in the wireless sensor network-based smart home system.
IReHMo: An efficient IoT-Based Remote health Monitoring System for Smart RegionsKaran Mitra
The ageing population worldwide is constantly rising, both in urban and regional areas. There is a need for IoT-based remote health monitoring systems that take care of the health of elderly people without compromising their convenience and preference of staying at home. However, such systems may generate large amounts of data. The key research challenge addressed in this paper is to efficiently transmit healthcare data within the limit of the existing network infrastructure, especially in remote areas. In this paper, we identified the key network requirements of a typical remote health monitoring system in terms of real-time event update, bandwidth requirements and data generation. Furthermore, we studied the network communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT and HTTP to understand the needs of such a system, in particular the bandwidth requirements and the volume of generated data. Subsequently, we have proposed IReHMo - an IoT-based remote health monitoring architecture that efficiently delivers healthcare data to the servers. The CoAP-based IReHMo implementation helps to reduce up to 90% volume of generated data for a single sensor event and up to 56% required bandwidth for a healthcare scenario. Finally, we conducted a scalability analysis to determine the feasibility of deploying IReHMo in large numbers in regions of north Sweden.
How IoT & Smart Home Automation Will Change the Way We LiveTriState Technology
Visit our blog and understand the change, IoT is bringing to make our homes smarter. Let's check the advantages and applications that you can use to make your home smarter.
Developed a home security system to protect occupants from fire and intrusion. The device sends SMS to the emergency number provided to it via GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) module. Led my group and implemented the device successfully.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBeeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.
Internet of Things (IoT) conceptualizes the idea of remotely connecting and monitoring real world objects (things) through the Internet [1]. When it comes to our house, this concept can be aptly incorporated to make it smarter, safer and automated. This IoT project focuses on building a smart wireless home security system which sends alerts to the owner by using Internet in case of any trespass and raises an alarm optionally. Besides, the same can also be utilized for home automation by making use of the same set of sensors. The leverage obtained by prefering this system over the similar kinds of existing systems is that the alerts and the status sent by the wifi connected microcontroller managed system can be received by the user on his phone from any distance irrespective of whether his mobile phone is connected to the internet. The microcontroller used in the current prototype is the TI-CC3200 Launchpad board which comes with an embedded micro-controller and an onboard Wi-Fi shield making use of which all the elctrical appliances inside the home can be controlled and managed.
Study of ZIGBEE Technology and its Application in Wireless Automation Systemijtsrd
Wireless Automation System has drawn acceptable attentions of researchers or people using it for more than a decade. These systems can be implemented by using technologies as mentioned Z Wave, Insteon, Bluetooth, WiFi, Wavenis and ZigBee. In the above mentioned technologies ZigBee based systems uses have increased gradually in different applications scenarios due to its low cost and low power consumption. ZigBee is formalized by IEEE 802.15.4 radio standards and it is one of the mostly used transceiver standard that is used as a communication technology to connect local networks. In this paper detailed study of ZigBee has been interpreted and its application in automation system has also been discussed. Satyajit Dandi ""Study of ZIGBEE Technology and its Application in Wireless Automation System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30200.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30200/study-of-zigbee-technology-and-its-application-in-wireless-automation-system/satyajit-dandi
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation system using an Arduino board with Bluetooth being remotely controlled by any Android OS Smartphone. Modern houses are gradually shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving remote controlled switches
Curtain Control Systems Development on Mesh Wireless Network of the Smart HomejournalBEEI
In this paper, a curtain controller for smart home is presented. The aim of this work is to develop an end device in smart home system that will support power conservation function indirectly, specifically a curtain open/close controller. To achieve this, the 28BYJ-48 stepper motor is used as actuator with the assistance of ULN2003A driver. The motor is controlled using STM32L100RCT6 microcontroller, which is chosen due to its low power consumption. The microcontroller controls the motor’s direction by using a pulse width modulation logic signals emitted from four GPIO pins, which works based on data transmitted from central host through ZigBee protocol on Mesh network. Meanwhile, from the user’s side, the control is done by using Android-based application, which is connected to central host through Bluetooth. Based on the testing conducted on a miniature curtain, the curtain can be controlled wirelessly through the Android application. Furthermore, the device consumes power 210.5 mW for idle condition and 1,586 mW for process condition. The amount of the consumed power makes it suitable for low-power operation and in alignment with the smart home system’s overall aim for power conservation in the wireless sensor network-based smart home system.
IReHMo: An efficient IoT-Based Remote health Monitoring System for Smart RegionsKaran Mitra
The ageing population worldwide is constantly rising, both in urban and regional areas. There is a need for IoT-based remote health monitoring systems that take care of the health of elderly people without compromising their convenience and preference of staying at home. However, such systems may generate large amounts of data. The key research challenge addressed in this paper is to efficiently transmit healthcare data within the limit of the existing network infrastructure, especially in remote areas. In this paper, we identified the key network requirements of a typical remote health monitoring system in terms of real-time event update, bandwidth requirements and data generation. Furthermore, we studied the network communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT and HTTP to understand the needs of such a system, in particular the bandwidth requirements and the volume of generated data. Subsequently, we have proposed IReHMo - an IoT-based remote health monitoring architecture that efficiently delivers healthcare data to the servers. The CoAP-based IReHMo implementation helps to reduce up to 90% volume of generated data for a single sensor event and up to 56% required bandwidth for a healthcare scenario. Finally, we conducted a scalability analysis to determine the feasibility of deploying IReHMo in large numbers in regions of north Sweden.
How IoT & Smart Home Automation Will Change the Way We LiveTriState Technology
Visit our blog and understand the change, IoT is bringing to make our homes smarter. Let's check the advantages and applications that you can use to make your home smarter.
Developed a home security system to protect occupants from fire and intrusion. The device sends SMS to the emergency number provided to it via GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) module. Led my group and implemented the device successfully.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBeeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.
Internet of Things (IoT) conceptualizes the idea of remotely connecting and monitoring real world objects (things) through the Internet [1]. When it comes to our house, this concept can be aptly incorporated to make it smarter, safer and automated. This IoT project focuses on building a smart wireless home security system which sends alerts to the owner by using Internet in case of any trespass and raises an alarm optionally. Besides, the same can also be utilized for home automation by making use of the same set of sensors. The leverage obtained by prefering this system over the similar kinds of existing systems is that the alerts and the status sent by the wifi connected microcontroller managed system can be received by the user on his phone from any distance irrespective of whether his mobile phone is connected to the internet. The microcontroller used in the current prototype is the TI-CC3200 Launchpad board which comes with an embedded micro-controller and an onboard Wi-Fi shield making use of which all the elctrical appliances inside the home can be controlled and managed.
Study of ZIGBEE Technology and its Application in Wireless Automation Systemijtsrd
Wireless Automation System has drawn acceptable attentions of researchers or people using it for more than a decade. These systems can be implemented by using technologies as mentioned Z Wave, Insteon, Bluetooth, WiFi, Wavenis and ZigBee. In the above mentioned technologies ZigBee based systems uses have increased gradually in different applications scenarios due to its low cost and low power consumption. ZigBee is formalized by IEEE 802.15.4 radio standards and it is one of the mostly used transceiver standard that is used as a communication technology to connect local networks. In this paper detailed study of ZigBee has been interpreted and its application in automation system has also been discussed. Satyajit Dandi ""Study of ZIGBEE Technology and its Application in Wireless Automation System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30200.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30200/study-of-zigbee-technology-and-its-application-in-wireless-automation-system/satyajit-dandi
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation system using an Arduino board with Bluetooth being remotely controlled by any Android OS Smartphone. Modern houses are gradually shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving remote controlled switches
A ZIGBEE AND EMBEDDED BASED SECURITY MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMijistjournal
As technology becomes more advanced and modernized; more features are added to the existing system for the purpose of satisfying the increasing security needs of the people. Deploying wireless technologies for security and control in home offers attractive benefits along with user friendly interface. In this paper we present a smart security system comprises of Zigbee, GSM, Sensors and Smartphone for Security monitoring and control, when the user is at remote premises. Three sensors namely PIR, vibration and door sensor are installed at windows and doors. Whenever there is a security breach the sensors sends the signal to the Pic microcontroller. The Max 232 converter provides serial interface between the microcontroller and the zigbee. The Zigbee end device then transmits the signal to the Zigbee coordinator. The ZC at the control console communicates with MCU using max 232 converters. MCU would in turn access and control the GSM module via AT commands and automatically sends SMS to the owner's mobile phone informing him about the security breach. On receiving the SMS, user can make a video call using Skype account; Smartphone installed at home will feed us with a live video. On viewing the video the user can know whether an intruder has entered or not. Then accordingly faint gas valve and door lock can be controlled by the user. Thus whenever there is an intrusion, our system lets the user to monitor and control his premises from any part of the world.
This project is intended for construction of a Smart Fingerprint based Door Lock System, by using R307 finger print reader optical sensor module attendance scanner. The project based on the Arduino Uno/Node MCU is used for the desired purpose. A standalone module is a machine which can automatically perform tasks. 12C OLED Display Module set in front of the gate and shows the data about who is check-in with a proper ID. The fingerprint sensor detects the finger ID and give access to the 12V Solenoid lock to open the door.
The project also includes Blynk IoT app which provides the remotely controlled accessed for the whole project using Wi-Fi connectivity.
Energy Management with Disaster Intimation and Control using IoTIJEACS
In the area of digitization and automation, the life of
human being is getting simpler as almost everything is
automated. Nowadays humans have made internet an integral
part of their everyday life without which they are helpless.
Internet of things (IoT) gives a platform which allows different
devices to inter-connect, sense and control the things remotely
across a network infrastructure without any limitation to the
coverage area. In our proposed work, we stress on Wireless-
Home-Automation-System (WHAS) using IoT, it is a system uses
computers or smart phone to control basic home functions and
features automatically through internet from anywhere around
the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home.
The proposed system is able to monitor the entire things
connected to the internet and also to be maintaining the status of
individual devices for further action. We have built the home
automation with several devices and sensors, here sensor help to
monitor the device status and intimate the authorized person to
take particular action.
Digitalor U-level data center asset IoT systemArron Zhao
Automated asset management & operation, can integrate with DCIM, DCSM, CMDB and CFD. This solution includes automated asset audit, real-time 100% accurate asset tracking, on-site operation indicator and etc.
Psdot 7 change detection algorithm for visualZTech Proje
FINAL YEAR IEEE PROJECTS,
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROJECTS,
ENGINEERING PROJECTS,
MCA PROJECTS,
ROBOTICS PROJECTS,
ARM PIC BASED PROJECTS, MICRO CONTROLLER PROJECTS
An Ethernet Based Approach for Automation and Controling AppliancesEditor IJMTER
Advancement in the technology helps to increase the living standards of human life and
building automation technology has a significant contribution to this advancements. The concept of
automation binds the object around, to the Ethernet to promote the remote access and control. This
paper presents controlling of electrical appliances over the Ethernet and enable interaction and
control of the device from computer .A web server is developed using LM3S8962 stellaris family
microcontroller with inbuilt Ethernet controller and Light weight Internet Protocol (LwIP) stack is
ported, to promote the control of electrical appliance. Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed
using web technologies provide an effective user interface. The functionality of the proposed system
is checked and verified.
Similar to Design of remote intelligent home system based on zig bee and gprs technology (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Design of remote intelligent home system based on zig bee and gprs technology
1. Impulse Technologies
Beacons U to World of technology
044-42133143, 98401 03301,9841091117 ieeeprojects@yahoo.com www.impulse.net.in
Design of remote intelligent home system based on ZigBee and GPRS
technology
Abstract
In this paper, based on ZigBee technology and GPRS a wireless remote and
detecting system for smart home is developed which realized the detecting of the
home equipment and the state of home environment. The system consists of the
host control centre and several sub function modules and software. The host
control system includes MC39i module, CC2430 module and STC12C5410 MCU
control center. The several sub function modules consists of the data acquisition
module and CC2430 modules.
Your Own Ideas or Any project from any company can be Implemented
at Better price (All Projects can be done in Java or DotNet whichever the student wants)
1