A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a low surface. It is a narrow band, wide-beam fed antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to the dielectric Substrate such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The main aim of this work is to design, develop and test the Printed Circuit antenna (Microstrip Patch antenna) suitable for use in L-band frequency range of 1-2GHz. This study also emphasizes on simulation of micro-strip patch antenna using IE3D software to simulate & study the radiation pattern & other radiation pattern parameters and comparison with specifications/requirements. Co-axial Feed technique was adopted and the location of the feed point was varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the point of minimum return loss. This work is also focused on characterization of fabricated antenna in view of parameters like VSWR, Antenna efficiency, Axial ratio, Gain and radiation pattern.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
DESIGN OF A MINIATURE RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA FOR KU BAND APPLICATIONSijasa
A significant portion of communication devices employs microstrip antennas because of their compact size,
low profile, and ability to conform to both planar and non-planar surfaces. To achieve this, we present a
miniature inset-fed rectangular patch antenna using partial ground plane for Ku band applications. The
proposed antenna design used an operating frequency of 15.5 GHz, a FR4 substrate with a dielectric
constant of 4.3, and a thickness of 1.4 mm. It is fed by a 50 Ω inset feedline. Computer simulation
technology (CST) software is used to design, simulate, and analyze. The simulation yields the antenna
performance parameters, including return loss (S11), bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiation
efficiency. The simulation findings revealed that the proposed antenna resonated at 15.5 GHz, with a
return loss of -22.312 dB, a bandwidth of 2.73 GHz (2730 MHz), VSWR of 1.17, a gain of 3.843 dBi, a
directivity of 5.926 dBi, and an antenna efficiency of -2.083 dB (61.901%).
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
DESIGN OF A MINIATURE RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA FOR KU BAND APPLICATIONSijasa
A significant portion of communication devices employs microstrip antennas because of their compact size,
low profile, and ability to conform to both planar and non-planar surfaces. To achieve this, we present a
miniature inset-fed rectangular patch antenna using partial ground plane for Ku band applications. The
proposed antenna design used an operating frequency of 15.5 GHz, a FR4 substrate with a dielectric
constant of 4.3, and a thickness of 1.4 mm. It is fed by a 50 Ω inset feedline. Computer simulation
technology (CST) software is used to design, simulate, and analyze. The simulation yields the antenna
performance parameters, including return loss (S11), bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiation
efficiency. The simulation findings revealed that the proposed antenna resonated at 15.5 GHz, with a
return loss of -22.312 dB, a bandwidth of 2.73 GHz (2730 MHz), VSWR of 1.17, a gain of 3.843 dBi, a
directivity of 5.926 dBi, and an antenna efficiency of -2.083 dB (61.901%).
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN & PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR UW...IJEEE
A Microstrip fed antenna which consists of a
rectangular patch with rectangular shaped slot incorporated
into patch is presented for ultra wide band application with
enhanced bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves an
impedance bandwidth of 8.9GHz (2.3-11.2GHz) with
VSWR< 2 for over the entire bandwidth.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design & Simulation of single frequency Rectangular Patch Antenna by Using HFSSIJERA Editor
An enhanced but simple single band Rectangular patch antenna is presented. This compact micro strip antenna is obtained by inserting small coaxial feed in a Rectangular patch antenna. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an RTduroid substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3.2mm.The design is analysed by finite element method based HFSS simulator software (version 13.0).The simulated return loss obtained is -31.4402db at 2.4GHZ respectively. Therfore this antenna is applicable for SHF band applications.
Design of Series Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array using HFSS Simulatoridescitation
In this paper series feed Micro strip Patch Antenna
Array are designed and analyzed for WLAN application, which
operating at S-band frequency Range of 2.4 GHz. Antenna
arrays are used to achieve higher gain. Larger the number of
antenna elements, better the gain of antenna array would be
achieved. In this paper feeding element and matching line is
used to design the 4 X 1 micro strip patch antenna array.
Micro strip line feed and matching line are used to design
series Micro strip patch antenna array. The measured
radiation pattern and Return loss of 4X1 elements antenna
array are presented. An-soft HFSS simulator is used.
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract : Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile, low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch. The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch. However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used . Keywords - bandwidth, dielectric constant, Microstrip antennas, substrate thickness
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN & PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR UW...IJEEE
A Microstrip fed antenna which consists of a
rectangular patch with rectangular shaped slot incorporated
into patch is presented for ultra wide band application with
enhanced bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves an
impedance bandwidth of 8.9GHz (2.3-11.2GHz) with
VSWR< 2 for over the entire bandwidth.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design & Simulation of single frequency Rectangular Patch Antenna by Using HFSSIJERA Editor
An enhanced but simple single band Rectangular patch antenna is presented. This compact micro strip antenna is obtained by inserting small coaxial feed in a Rectangular patch antenna. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an RTduroid substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3.2mm.The design is analysed by finite element method based HFSS simulator software (version 13.0).The simulated return loss obtained is -31.4402db at 2.4GHZ respectively. Therfore this antenna is applicable for SHF band applications.
Design of Series Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array using HFSS Simulatoridescitation
In this paper series feed Micro strip Patch Antenna
Array are designed and analyzed for WLAN application, which
operating at S-band frequency Range of 2.4 GHz. Antenna
arrays are used to achieve higher gain. Larger the number of
antenna elements, better the gain of antenna array would be
achieved. In this paper feeding element and matching line is
used to design the 4 X 1 micro strip patch antenna array.
Micro strip line feed and matching line are used to design
series Micro strip patch antenna array. The measured
radiation pattern and Return loss of 4X1 elements antenna
array are presented. An-soft HFSS simulator is used.
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract : Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile, low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch. The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch. However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used . Keywords - bandwidth, dielectric constant, Microstrip antennas, substrate thickness
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
1. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.3, No.1/2/3, July 2017
DOI: 10.5121/jant.2017.3301 1
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRIP
PATCH ANTENNA
Aishwarya Sudarsan and Apeksha Prabhu
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
NHCE, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a low
surface. It is a narrow band, wide-beam fed antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in
metal trace bonded to the dielectric Substrate such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer
bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The main aim of this work is to
design, develop and test the Printed Circuit antenna (Microstrip Patch antenna) suitable for use in L-band
frequency range of 1-2GHz. This study also emphasizes on simulation of micro-strip patch antenna using
IE3D software to simulate & study the radiation pattern & other radiation pattern parameters and
comparison with specifications/requirements. Co-axial Feed technique was adopted and the location of the
feed point was varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the point of minimum return loss. This work is
also focused on characterization of fabricated antenna in view of parameters like VSWR, Antenna
efficiency, Axial ratio, Gain and radiation pattern.
KEYWORDS
Microstrip Patch Antenna, VSWR, Radiation Pattern, Co-axial feed
1. INTRODUCTION
A rectangular microstrip patch antenna, suitable for use in L-band frequency range of 1-2 GHz
was designed and modeled using IE3D software. The simulated antenna was analyzed using co-
axial feed technique and various antenna parameters like S11, VSWR, Antenna Gain and
Antenna Efficiency were determined for the random feed point location. Also, the feed point was
varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the optimized feed location for minimum return loss.
Further, a microstrip patch antenna was fabricated using the dimensions of the simulated antenna.
The fabricated antenna was tested for obtaining the radiation pattern and other antenna
parameters using standard anechoic chamber testing set up at ISAC/ISRO. The antenna
parameters were compared between simulation results and experimental results and the antenna
was qualified for use in L-band frequency range with minimum return loss and maximum
bandwidth.
A microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a
ground plane on the other side [6].
2. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.3, No.1/2/3, July 2017
2
Figure 1. Basic Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna
Due to the fringing effects, the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its physical
dimensions as shown in Fig.2. Where the dimensions of the patch along its length have been
extended on each end by ∆L.
Figure 2. Physical and effective lengths of Rectangular Microstrip patch Antenna
The length and width of the patch determines the characteristics of the antenna. The dimensions
of a microstrip patch antenna depend on the resonant frequency and value of the dielectric
constant.
2. LITERATURE STUDIES
A Micro strip antenna has drawn the attention of researchers over the past work because of their
many attractive features. The micro strip patch structures are relatively easy to manufacture and
have turned micro strip analysis into an extensive research problem. Research on micro strip
antenna in the 21st century aimed at size reduction, increasing gain, wide bandwidth, multiple
functionality and system-level integration. [2-3]. With the wide spread proliferation of wireless
communication technology in recent years, the demand for compact, low profile and broadband
antennas has increased significantly. To meet the requirement, the micro strip patch antenna have
been proposed because of its low profile, light weight and low cost.[1] Micro strip Patch Antenna
consists of a conducting rectangular patch of width "W" and length "L" on one side of dielectric
substrate of thickness "h" and dielectric constant "εr". Common micro strip antenna shapes are
square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is possible.
There are several techniques available to feed or transmit Electromagnetic energy to a micro strip
patch antenna. The role of feeding is very important in case of efficient operation of antenna to
3. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.3, No.1/2/3, July 2017
3
improve the antenna input impedance matching. The feeding techniques used in the micro strip
antenna are divided into two important classes as given below:-
Contacting Feed: - In this method, the patch is directly fed with RF power using the contacting
element such as micro strip line or coaxial line. The most commonly used contacting fed methods
are Micro strip Feed and Co-Axial Feed.
Non-Contacting Feed: - In this method, the patch is not directly fed with the RF power but instead
power is transferred to the path from the feed line through electromagnetic coupling. The most
commonly used non- contacting feed methods are Aperture Coupled feed and Proximity Coupled
Feed.
The role of feeding is very important in case of efficient Operation of antenna to improve the
antenna input Impedance matching. [7] The various types of feeding Techniques are:-
1. Microstrip Line Feed
2. Inset Feed
3. Co-axial Feed
4. Aperture Coupled Feed
5. Proximity Coupled Feed
A. Microstrip line Feed:-
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the
Microstrip patch. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the patch and this kind
of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to
provide a planar structure. [8]
B. Inset Feed
In is a type of microstrip line feeding technique, in which the width of conducting strip is small as
compared to the patch and has the advantage that the feed can provide a planar structure. [2] The
purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch input
impedance without the need for any additional matching element. This can be achieved by
properly adjusting the inset cut position and dimensions. [6]
C. Co-axial Feed technique
The coaxial probe feeding is a very common technique used for feeding Micro strip patch
antennas. The inner Conductor of the coaxial cable extends through the dielectric and is soldered
to the radiating metal patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The
advantage of this feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired location on the
patch in order to match cable impedance with the antenna input impedance.[4]The main aim to
use probe feeding is it enhances the gain, provides narrow bandwidth and impedance matching.
[5]
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D. Aperture coupled Feed
In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the microstrip feed line are separated by the
ground plane. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through a slot or an aperture
in the ground plane.
E. Proximity coupled Feed
This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme. Two dielectric
substrates are used such that the feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is
on top of the upper substrate. The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates
spurious feed radiation and provides very high bandwidth (as high as 13), due to overall increase
in the thickness of the microstrip patch antenna.
3. ANTENNA DESIGN EQUATIONS
The initial microstrip patch antenna design parameters, Patch length L, Patch Width W, feed
location (X,Y), from the centre of the patch, ground plane length and ground plane width were
estimated using the following design equations with frequency fo=1.176GHz, Ɛr=2.33 and
h=1.6mm.
3.1 Width of Antenna (W)
Where the light speed ‘c’ is taken as 3x108
m/s. On Substitution, the width (W) of the antenna
was calculated as 98.8mm.
3.2 Length of Antenna (L)
The effective dielectric constant is given by:
Where,
h - height of the substrate
W - Width of the antenna
ɛr - Relative Permittivity
On substitution, the effective dielectric constant (Ɛreff) was calculated to be 2.273.
The extended length of the patch (∆L) is given by,
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We obtained Leff = 84.6mm.
4. ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS
The Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna is designed on RT-5270(Glass Epoxy FR4 Grade)
Substrate. The Parameter Specifications of Rectangular Strip Antenna are mentioned in the
following table.
Table 1: Antenna Specifications
Sl. No Specification Design Values
1 Resonant Frequency 1.176GHz
2 Band Width fo ± 10 GHz
3 Gain >5dB
4 Axial Ratio <4dB
5 Return Loss Better than 15dB
5. MODELING OF ANTENNA USING IE3D SOFTWARE
The aim of the work is to investigate the minimum return loss point and axial ratio of 1(0db) for
completely circular polarization. Accordingly, feed point was varied within the radiating patch
and four cases are discussed for better axial ratio bandwidth and minimum return loss coefficient.
Co-axial Probe Technique is employed for feeding RF power to the antenna. Co- axial feed can
be placed at any desired location in order to match with its input impedance. This feed method is
easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. A rectangular Patch of length 'L' and Width 'W'
is designed. The Location of probe is defined by the X- Coordinate and the Y-Coordinate. The
Probe is in direct contact with the antenna and it is located at the point of minimum return loss.
Figure 3. Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna using Coaxial Feed
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6. SIMULATED RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The model is simulated and obtained results for the antenna parameters, S11, VSWR, Gain,
Efficiency and Bandwidth, are compared with those required for the design Specifications. In the
Initial run, the simulation results for the antenna Parameters do not match well with the antenna
parameters of the design Specifications. Therefore, the antenna model is improved by changing
any one of the antenna model parameters, the patch dimensions or ground dimensions or the feed
location and the resulting model is simulated and obtained results are compared again with the
antenna parameters required.
The final microstrip patch antenna model dimensions and feed location, obtained using the
technique of iteratively improving antenna model, is given in the Table-2.
At dimensions L=81.8mm and W=82.7mm and at feed point X=11 and Y=-13
We obtained AR= 0.37 and S11 = -27.439dB, Gain = 6.25dB, Antenna Efficiency = 78.16%
Figure 4. S11 Vs Frequency
Figure 5. Axial Ratio Vs Frequency
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Figure 6. Total Field Gain Vs Frequency
Figure 7. Total Field Gain Vs Frequency
The following table contains the final Antenna design parameters obtained from simulated
results.
Table 2: Final Antenna Parameters
Sl.No Parameter Name Design Values
1 Dielectric Constant 2.33
2 Resonant Frequency 1.176GHz
3 Substrate Height 1.6mm
4 Width of Antenna 82.7mm
5 Length of Antenna 81.8mm
6 Co-axial X-Coordinate 11mm
7 Co-axial Y-Coordinate -13mm
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7. FABRICATION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
This section describes the fabrication of microstrip Patch Antenna designed and simulated in the
earlier section. The dimensions of the designed Microstrip Patch Antenna are given in the Table-
1.
The Microstrip Patch Antenna dimensions obtained from the simulation used to fabricate the
antenna. The antenna is fabricated using Etching Technique as per standard fabrication
procedures adopted for the fabrication of Microstrip patch antennas. The Fabricated antenna is
shown in the Fig11 & Fig12.
Materials used for the fabrication of Microstrip Patch antenna are
1. PCB (Glass Epoxy, FR-4)
2. Copper Sheet
3. N-connector
Initially, the FR-4 substrate was cleaned thoroughly using acetone and dried as the dust particles
or impurities present on the substrate may alter the resonant frequency. Further, Copper sheet was
bonded to the substrate using suitable adhesive and cured. Finally, copper cladded PCB board
was drilled to provide the feed point and the drilled portion was provided with N-connector for
feeding the RF power.
Figure 8. Front View- Fabricated Antenna
Figure 9. Rear View- Fabricated Antenna
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8. TESTING AND MEASUREMENT
The return loss, bandwidth and VSWR for the fabricated patch antenna are measured using
network analyzer. The E-plane and H-Plane patterns are measured in a far-field test set up
(Anechoic Chamber) with a standard gain antenna (Horn Antenna) as a transmitting antenna and
the antenna under test as a receiving antenna mounted on a pedestal. A typical measurement
layout is as shown in the figure.
Figure 10. Typical Measurement Layout for Antenna Radiation Pattern
Figure 11. Radiation Pattern of Fabricated Antenna
The antenna was rotated by ±90 to obtain RHCP and LHCP and the radiation pattern obtained is
as shown in the figure. A purely polarized antenna will have low cross polarized radiation. A
measure of how purely polarized an antenna is, is the cross polarization level. It is defined as the
difference in decibels between the maximum radiation intensity of the co and cross polarizations
respectively.
The gain of the fabricated antenna was found out by comparing with standard Reference Horn
antenna with the gain of 9.6dB.
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Figure 12. S11 Vs Frequency Curve of Fabricated Antenna
From the above curve, it is observed that the value for S11 Parameter is-29.752 dB at the resonant
frequency of 1.176GHz.
Figure 13. Frequency Bandwidth Curve of Fabricated Antenna
From the above curve, it is observed that the frequency bandwidth falls within the range of
1.167GHz to 1.186GHz.
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Figure 14. VSWR Vs Frequency curve of Fabricated Antenna
From the above curve, it is inferred that the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of1.03 is
obtained at the frequency of 1.176GHz.
9. COMPARISON OF SIMULATION RESULTS VS EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
For Patch dimensions of L=81.8mm and W=82.7mm and at feed point X=11 and Y=-13, the
antenna parameters are compared between simulated results and experimental results.
Table 3. Comparison of Simulation Results and Experimental Results
Sl.No Antenna Parameters Simulated Results Experimental Results
1 S11 -27.439 dB -29.752dB
2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 1.088 1.0327
3 Antenna Gain 6.25dB 6.3dB
4 Axial Ratio 0.37 3.95
5 Bandwidth 1.176 GHz to
1.186 GHz
1.167 GHz to
1.186 GHz
From the above table, it is observed that the Experimental values of fabricated antenna are in
proximal to the simulated results.
10. CONCLUSION
A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna, resonant at frequency fo = 1.176GHz, is designed and
simulated on glass epoxy FR-4 substrate. The microstrip patch dimensions obtained from the
simulation are used to fabricate the antenna. The simulation of rectangular Microstrip Patch
antenna with coaxial feeding technique is performed by using IE3D software for the specific
frequency of 1.176 GHz. The feed point was varied to arrive at the point of minimum return loss
and at the feed location of X=11 and Y=-13, the S11 value of -27.439dB and axial ratio of 0.37dB
was obtained and the same was compared to the measured values of the fabricated antenna.
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REFERENCES
[1] N. Herscovici. 1998. New considerations in the design of micro strip antennas. IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, AP-46, 6 (Jun. 1998), 807-812.
[2] D. Sanchez-Hernandez and I. D. Robertson. 1996. A Survey of Broad band Micro strip Patch
Antennas. Microwave Journal, (Sep.1996), 60-84.
[3] Dipak K. Neog, Shyam S. Pattnaik, Dhruba. C. Panda, Swapna Devi, Bonomali Khuntia, and Malaya
Dutta, “Design of a Wideband Micro strip Antenna and the Use of Artificial Neural Networks in
Parameter Calculation”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 47, No.3, June 2005.
[4] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[5] Prof. Mahesh M. Gadag, Mr. Dundesh S. Kamshetty, Mr. SureshL. Yogi “Design of Different
Feeding Techniques of Rectangular Micro strip Antenna for 2.4GHz RFID Applications Using
IE3D”, Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Advances in Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
[6] www.mtiwe.com
[7] Jagdish. M. Rathod, Member, IACSIT, IETE (I), IE (I), BES (I)“Comparative Study of Micro strip
Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Application”, International Journal of Innovation,
Management and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2010 ISSN:2010-0248
[8] www.antennatheory.com
[9] Antennas (from theory to Practice)-Yi Huang and Kevin Boyle
AUTHORS
Aishwarya Sudarsan is currently pursuing her Bachelor's degree in Electronic
and communication Engineering in New Horizon College of Engineering at
Bangalore, INDIA. Her research Interests include Antennas, VLSI, Embedded
Systems and power electronics. She presented many papers in technical seminars
and symposiums.