Passenger transport is an inseparable ingredient of public transport system for developing and developed nations. In present work design and analysis of state transport utility vehicle ~ bus is carried out. Present paper focuses on the design enhancements in structural features of sub and superstructure without any alterations on the chassis provided by OEMs. Limiting dimensions of bus as prescribed by automotive industry standard and central motor vehicle rules are the design constraints accounted in the present work. This work was commenced with the thorough study of sub and superstructure configurations, seat locations, passenger load patterns, locations of doors, windows & emergency exits and other relevant bus attributes. Hand calculations for evaluation gross section modulus of chassis and cross member combination are presented. Usage of shear force and bending moment diagrams to evaluate the stress and deflection for the proposed load patterns is made before proceeding for finite element analysis. Finite element modelling and analysis of the sub and super structure combination is carried using shell elements with the presumption that chassis of the bus is rigid. Roll-over analysis of bus for the present configuration is presented.
Development and validation of chassis mounted platform design for heavy vehic...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Hand calculations, finite element (FE) analysis and experimental validation of chassis mounted platform design for defence and commercial off-road vehicles have been attempted in this work. The work was commenced with the thorough study of platform configuration, loading pattern, platform mount location & configuration on the vehicle chassis and relevant vehicle characteristics. Calculation of section modulus, shear force and bending moment of various structural members under specified loading has been carried out before proceeding with the FE modeling and analysis of platform. FE model of the chassis mounted platform has been made using shell elements and the boundary conditions have been imposed based on the loading pattern with an assumption of rigid vehicle chassis. Static and gradient analyses of the platform have been carried out for full scale and reduced scale prototype FE models. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations under different static and gradient loads has been carried out for design validation of chassis mounted platform using the scaled prototype. Close correlation has been found between the experimental stress values and FE stress analysis results for static and gradient load conditions. From the entire load tests conducted, it is observed that the strain values in rear portion are less as compared with those in front and mid portions of the platform in-spite of the rear overhang provision.
Analysis of vibration characteristics of transport utility vehicle by finite ...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the design and analysis vibration characteristics for transport utility vehicle. The transport utility vehicle is designed using automotive industry standards. The dynamic behaviour of vehicle depends on the selection of overall dimensions, wheel base, track width, overall height and width that are decided using central motor vehicle rules. The selected dimensions for vertical and horizontal pillar members of the transport bus are modified to enhance the strength, stiffness and stability of the superstructure during travel. This increased stability enhances the ride comfort and passenger safety. Analysing the effect of utilizing manual meshing in complex areas of a transport utility vehicle for vibration analysis and passenger ride comfort has also been carried out. Modal analysis to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of transport utility vehicle model is also carried. Further with the use of finite element analysis deflection vehicle structure is evaluated. The outcomes from the analysis are compared with the behaviour of chassis mounted platform in dynamic conditions and are found in close correlation. The vehicle structure behaves as a single entity in dynamic situations, so surface model is prepared. Element selection for the finite element analysis is carried by considering plane stress condition. Two-dimensional quadrilateral shell elements are extensively used for meshing of the computer model of the vehicle structure. Complex areas in the optimized vehicle structure are meshed using relevant combination of quads & trias. The values of vector sum displacement and frequencies are found to be in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Chassis mounted structures provide a levelled base to the transport vehicles intended for on-road and off-road driving. These structures acts as cushioning elements to sophisticated cargos like intelligent tracking systems placed in shelters’ closed environment. These structures need sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand the load variations arising from tire-road interactions during rough road travel. Such structures need special attention during the design phase itself in order to improve the specified payload carrying capacity with optimized dimensions. Present paper focuses on formulation of a specialized structure mounted on chassis intended to carry shelters. A scaled prototype is manufactured and tested for different grade-load combinations. This is done through experimental strain measurement and analysis of the results. The data is acquired for nine different load magnitudes and is categorised into three sets as low, moderate and high magnitudes. Interrelation between the stress/strain values acquired during each load and gradient state is developed. The structure behaviour is hypothesized through the gradient strain measurement outcomes. Major design concerns include the spacing & orientation of cross-members, load locations on the structure and the road profiles. Cross-country and rough road terrain behavior of the structure is attempted in present work.
Strain characteristicts in a unique platform integrated with truck chassis un...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the process of determination of strain in a structural member under intense load for a typical Indian truck. Characteristics of mechanical strain at various locations on the structure are assessed. Strain gauge selection along with process of locating significant positions for strain measurement on the structure is described. Experimental process is employed for strain measurement. From the experimentation carried on the structure, the results reveal that the tri-axial stresses are dominant over bi-axial and uni-axial stresses at critical points on the structure. Contemporary data acquisition systems are utilized to acquire the strain signals. Computer simulation is carried out to have perception of the behavior of the structure under consideration. Static and Dynamic strain measurement is carried out at constant speeds on various tracks. As there are no assumptions involved in measurement like theoretical modeling and analysis, the experimental method provides the actual strain/stress values at the selected locations. Locations have been selected at cross-members where they are supported at the longitudinal members. As the stresses at these locations are not unidirectional, rosettes have been used to acquire strain in three directions. Linear strain gauges used at locations on longitudinal members.
Explicit Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Bus Body Structure During Catastrophi...Davalsab M.L
According to the Accidents investigation for buses and Automotive, Accidents involving frontal crash creates a vital portion among all bus accidents. Through this sort accidents, front body of the bus structure gets severely damages and this puts the drivers and crew in more injury risk. And most of the frontal crash accidents ends up in the death of the driver, as a result of this, the protection of each the driver and also the crew ought to be ensured within the case of frontal crash accidents. To providing the driver safety is crucial since bus driver is that the key person for keeping the control of the bus within the event of accidents in order to that safety of the passengers are going to be ensured.
Development and validation of chassis mounted platform design for heavy vehic...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Hand calculations, finite element (FE) analysis and experimental validation of chassis mounted platform design for defence and commercial off-road vehicles have been attempted in this work. The work was commenced with the thorough study of platform configuration, loading pattern, platform mount location & configuration on the vehicle chassis and relevant vehicle characteristics. Calculation of section modulus, shear force and bending moment of various structural members under specified loading has been carried out before proceeding with the FE modeling and analysis of platform. FE model of the chassis mounted platform has been made using shell elements and the boundary conditions have been imposed based on the loading pattern with an assumption of rigid vehicle chassis. Static and gradient analyses of the platform have been carried out for full scale and reduced scale prototype FE models. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations under different static and gradient loads has been carried out for design validation of chassis mounted platform using the scaled prototype. Close correlation has been found between the experimental stress values and FE stress analysis results for static and gradient load conditions. From the entire load tests conducted, it is observed that the strain values in rear portion are less as compared with those in front and mid portions of the platform in-spite of the rear overhang provision.
Analysis of vibration characteristics of transport utility vehicle by finite ...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the design and analysis vibration characteristics for transport utility vehicle. The transport utility vehicle is designed using automotive industry standards. The dynamic behaviour of vehicle depends on the selection of overall dimensions, wheel base, track width, overall height and width that are decided using central motor vehicle rules. The selected dimensions for vertical and horizontal pillar members of the transport bus are modified to enhance the strength, stiffness and stability of the superstructure during travel. This increased stability enhances the ride comfort and passenger safety. Analysing the effect of utilizing manual meshing in complex areas of a transport utility vehicle for vibration analysis and passenger ride comfort has also been carried out. Modal analysis to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of transport utility vehicle model is also carried. Further with the use of finite element analysis deflection vehicle structure is evaluated. The outcomes from the analysis are compared with the behaviour of chassis mounted platform in dynamic conditions and are found in close correlation. The vehicle structure behaves as a single entity in dynamic situations, so surface model is prepared. Element selection for the finite element analysis is carried by considering plane stress condition. Two-dimensional quadrilateral shell elements are extensively used for meshing of the computer model of the vehicle structure. Complex areas in the optimized vehicle structure are meshed using relevant combination of quads & trias. The values of vector sum displacement and frequencies are found to be in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Chassis mounted structures provide a levelled base to the transport vehicles intended for on-road and off-road driving. These structures acts as cushioning elements to sophisticated cargos like intelligent tracking systems placed in shelters’ closed environment. These structures need sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand the load variations arising from tire-road interactions during rough road travel. Such structures need special attention during the design phase itself in order to improve the specified payload carrying capacity with optimized dimensions. Present paper focuses on formulation of a specialized structure mounted on chassis intended to carry shelters. A scaled prototype is manufactured and tested for different grade-load combinations. This is done through experimental strain measurement and analysis of the results. The data is acquired for nine different load magnitudes and is categorised into three sets as low, moderate and high magnitudes. Interrelation between the stress/strain values acquired during each load and gradient state is developed. The structure behaviour is hypothesized through the gradient strain measurement outcomes. Major design concerns include the spacing & orientation of cross-members, load locations on the structure and the road profiles. Cross-country and rough road terrain behavior of the structure is attempted in present work.
Strain characteristicts in a unique platform integrated with truck chassis un...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the process of determination of strain in a structural member under intense load for a typical Indian truck. Characteristics of mechanical strain at various locations on the structure are assessed. Strain gauge selection along with process of locating significant positions for strain measurement on the structure is described. Experimental process is employed for strain measurement. From the experimentation carried on the structure, the results reveal that the tri-axial stresses are dominant over bi-axial and uni-axial stresses at critical points on the structure. Contemporary data acquisition systems are utilized to acquire the strain signals. Computer simulation is carried out to have perception of the behavior of the structure under consideration. Static and Dynamic strain measurement is carried out at constant speeds on various tracks. As there are no assumptions involved in measurement like theoretical modeling and analysis, the experimental method provides the actual strain/stress values at the selected locations. Locations have been selected at cross-members where they are supported at the longitudinal members. As the stresses at these locations are not unidirectional, rosettes have been used to acquire strain in three directions. Linear strain gauges used at locations on longitudinal members.
Explicit Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Bus Body Structure During Catastrophi...Davalsab M.L
According to the Accidents investigation for buses and Automotive, Accidents involving frontal crash creates a vital portion among all bus accidents. Through this sort accidents, front body of the bus structure gets severely damages and this puts the drivers and crew in more injury risk. And most of the frontal crash accidents ends up in the death of the driver, as a result of this, the protection of each the driver and also the crew ought to be ensured within the case of frontal crash accidents. To providing the driver safety is crucial since bus driver is that the key person for keeping the control of the bus within the event of accidents in order to that safety of the passengers are going to be ensured.
Finite element analysis of chassis integrated structure for tractor trolley i...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This paper deals with the design evaluation of chassis integrated structure intended to carry tractor trolleys. This structure is either bolted along with tractor trailer chassis or attached to the trolley using special attachments. Such structure is located in between the trolley chassis and tractor trolley. The role of this structure is to provide a support to the trolley during transportation in agricultural terrains. This structure transmits and upholds the load variations during tractor travel in agricultural terrains. Present work deals with design evaluation of one such structure. In this work, the structure under consideration is designed to house and support one axle semi-trailer trolley. Locations of attachment of the structure to the chassis or trolley depend upon the weight and size restrictions mentioned in Indian Standards. Major design considerations for the structure include height of the semi-trailer trolley, nature of load or cargo placed inside the trolley, restrictions on axle load and tractor geometry parameters as departure angle & ground clearance. In order to evaluate structure characteristics of stress and deflection computer simulation is carried for the road-load conditions. Road profiles for structure simulation and analysis include typical Indian agricultural terrains comprising of black cotton soil and soil lumps.
Finite element analysis and experimental simulation of chassis mounted platfo...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted platform is an intermediate component between vehicle chassis and chassis mounted shelter, and is intended to act as a levelled base for shelters. Shelters in combat vehicles provide a closed stipulated environment to computerized tracking systems, sophisticated defense combat equipments to suit the operational and environmental requirements during warhead situations. Platform carries transfers & sustains unevenness in load arising from the road or soil irregularities during off-road vehicle travel. Present work deals with development, evaluation and improvement of one such platform for 8x8 vehicles. In this work, the platform under consideration is designed to accommodate two shelters, each being secured to the platform using standard twist locking arrangements. Securing locations are dependent on the size & weight of the commodity to be placed inside shelter. Major design ruminations of the platform include nature & pattern of load, flange orientations of channel sections, span between webs of consecutive channels, axle load distribution and vehicle geometry constraints as ground clearance & departure angle. Finite element analysis is carried out in to order evaluate stress and deflection in the present platform configuration. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations on the platform is carried at Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) to evaluate the performance of the platform under specified load-speed conditions. Relation between experimental stress values and strain gauge locations on the platform is assessed for different load magnitudes.
DMRC Summer internship report for civil engineering students.
Project- DMRC phase 3 (CC-34 & CC-32) Design and construction of tunnel and underground metro station
Alignment of railway line refers to the direction and position given to the centre line of the railway track on the ground in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Design evaluation of chassis mounted platform for off road wheeled heavy vehi...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted platform is an intermediate component between vehicle chassis and shelter, and acts as a levelled base for shelters. Platform transfers & sustains unevenness in load arising from the road or soil irregularities during vehicle travel in rough terrains. Present work deals with development, evaluation and improvement of one such platform. In this work, the platform under consideration is designed to accommodate two shelters, each being secured to the platform using standard twist locking arrangements. Securing locations are dependent on the size & weight of the commodity to be placed inside the shelter. Major design modifications of the platform include nature & pattern of load, flange orientations of channel sections, span between webs of adjacent channels, axle load distribution and vehicle geometry constraints as ground clearance & departure angle. Hand calculations, computer aided design and finite element analysis are carried to evaluate the stress and deflection for different platform configurations. Road profiles for platform analysis include rough road and cross-country terrains. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations on the platform is carried out to evaluate the performance of the platform under specified load-speed conditions. Mathematical relation between experimental stress values and strain gauge locations on the platform is developed for different load magnitudes and loading patterns.
Vibration measurement and spectral analysis of chassis frame mounted structur...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted structure is a base component for shelters or containers mounted on heavy transport vehicles. When the vehicle is driven in rough terrains or during off-road transportation this structure has a significant role in protecting the sophisticated cargo and intelligent tracking systems placed inside the shelters. During off-road transportation or warhead conditions the vehicle is subjected to large unevenness in load due to road or soil irregularities in rough terrains, which causes vibrations to be induced in the vehicle. As the nature of vibrations induced in vehicle during travel on off-road or cross-country terrains is random and unpredictable, there is a concern to analyse the vibration response of chassis and chassis mounted structures is needed. Present work deals with vibration measurement and spectral analysis of a chassis mounted structure designed for off-road and commercial transport vehicles. The road profile on which the vibration measurement has been carried out includes paved road and cross-country terrain segments. The vibration measurement has been carried at three different vehicle speeds. Signal analysis procedure for the acquired test data is discussed. The chassis mounted structure under concern is intended to hold two shelters or containers. From the vibration measurement at critical locations, g-(RMS) and g-(peak) values for paved and cross-country roads have been found out. Power spectral density values have also been found on chassis and structure for the same transport situations. Major inferences include the evaluation of minimum and maximum g-values (peak & RMS) on chassis and chassis mounted structure. Power spectral density graphs are constructed from which the dominant frequency for both road profiles is found out
Finite element analysis of chassis integrated structure for tractor trolley i...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This paper deals with the design evaluation of chassis integrated structure intended to carry tractor trolleys. This structure is either bolted along with tractor trailer chassis or attached to the trolley using special attachments. Such structure is located in between the trolley chassis and tractor trolley. The role of this structure is to provide a support to the trolley during transportation in agricultural terrains. This structure transmits and upholds the load variations during tractor travel in agricultural terrains. Present work deals with design evaluation of one such structure. In this work, the structure under consideration is designed to house and support one axle semi-trailer trolley. Locations of attachment of the structure to the chassis or trolley depend upon the weight and size restrictions mentioned in Indian Standards. Major design considerations for the structure include height of the semi-trailer trolley, nature of load or cargo placed inside the trolley, restrictions on axle load and tractor geometry parameters as departure angle & ground clearance. In order to evaluate structure characteristics of stress and deflection computer simulation is carried for the road-load conditions. Road profiles for structure simulation and analysis include typical Indian agricultural terrains comprising of black cotton soil and soil lumps.
Finite element analysis and experimental simulation of chassis mounted platfo...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted platform is an intermediate component between vehicle chassis and chassis mounted shelter, and is intended to act as a levelled base for shelters. Shelters in combat vehicles provide a closed stipulated environment to computerized tracking systems, sophisticated defense combat equipments to suit the operational and environmental requirements during warhead situations. Platform carries transfers & sustains unevenness in load arising from the road or soil irregularities during off-road vehicle travel. Present work deals with development, evaluation and improvement of one such platform for 8x8 vehicles. In this work, the platform under consideration is designed to accommodate two shelters, each being secured to the platform using standard twist locking arrangements. Securing locations are dependent on the size & weight of the commodity to be placed inside shelter. Major design ruminations of the platform include nature & pattern of load, flange orientations of channel sections, span between webs of consecutive channels, axle load distribution and vehicle geometry constraints as ground clearance & departure angle. Finite element analysis is carried out in to order evaluate stress and deflection in the present platform configuration. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations on the platform is carried at Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) to evaluate the performance of the platform under specified load-speed conditions. Relation between experimental stress values and strain gauge locations on the platform is assessed for different load magnitudes.
DMRC Summer internship report for civil engineering students.
Project- DMRC phase 3 (CC-34 & CC-32) Design and construction of tunnel and underground metro station
Alignment of railway line refers to the direction and position given to the centre line of the railway track on the ground in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Design evaluation of chassis mounted platform for off road wheeled heavy vehi...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted platform is an intermediate component between vehicle chassis and shelter, and acts as a levelled base for shelters. Platform transfers & sustains unevenness in load arising from the road or soil irregularities during vehicle travel in rough terrains. Present work deals with development, evaluation and improvement of one such platform. In this work, the platform under consideration is designed to accommodate two shelters, each being secured to the platform using standard twist locking arrangements. Securing locations are dependent on the size & weight of the commodity to be placed inside the shelter. Major design modifications of the platform include nature & pattern of load, flange orientations of channel sections, span between webs of adjacent channels, axle load distribution and vehicle geometry constraints as ground clearance & departure angle. Hand calculations, computer aided design and finite element analysis are carried to evaluate the stress and deflection for different platform configurations. Road profiles for platform analysis include rough road and cross-country terrains. Experimental strain measurement at critical locations on the platform is carried out to evaluate the performance of the platform under specified load-speed conditions. Mathematical relation between experimental stress values and strain gauge locations on the platform is developed for different load magnitudes and loading patterns.
Vibration measurement and spectral analysis of chassis frame mounted structur...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Chassis mounted structure is a base component for shelters or containers mounted on heavy transport vehicles. When the vehicle is driven in rough terrains or during off-road transportation this structure has a significant role in protecting the sophisticated cargo and intelligent tracking systems placed inside the shelters. During off-road transportation or warhead conditions the vehicle is subjected to large unevenness in load due to road or soil irregularities in rough terrains, which causes vibrations to be induced in the vehicle. As the nature of vibrations induced in vehicle during travel on off-road or cross-country terrains is random and unpredictable, there is a concern to analyse the vibration response of chassis and chassis mounted structures is needed. Present work deals with vibration measurement and spectral analysis of a chassis mounted structure designed for off-road and commercial transport vehicles. The road profile on which the vibration measurement has been carried out includes paved road and cross-country terrain segments. The vibration measurement has been carried at three different vehicle speeds. Signal analysis procedure for the acquired test data is discussed. The chassis mounted structure under concern is intended to hold two shelters or containers. From the vibration measurement at critical locations, g-(RMS) and g-(peak) values for paved and cross-country roads have been found out. Power spectral density values have also been found on chassis and structure for the same transport situations. Major inferences include the evaluation of minimum and maximum g-values (peak & RMS) on chassis and chassis mounted structure. Power spectral density graphs are constructed from which the dominant frequency for both road profiles is found out
Simulation and Optimization of wheel Hub and Upright of Vehicle: A ReviewIOSRJMCE
This paper deals with various methodologies adopted by present researcher for analysis of wheel hub and upright assembly with main objective of analysis and optimization of the vehicle. This review will assist researchers working in the field of development of the structural design and mass reduction of vehicle through optimization methods conducted by FEA software viz. Cre0 1.0 and HyperWorks. The review includes key areas of researches as shape optimization, static load analysis and fatigue load analysis using FEA. This literature progressively discusses about the research methodology, softwares and the outcomes of the discussed researches and is intended to give the readers a brief variety of the researches carried out on the wheel hub and upright assembly
Structural analysis of chassis a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, transportation industry plays major role in the economy of modern developing and industrialized countries. The goods and materials carried through heavy trucks are dramatically increasing. In this paper an effort is made to review on static structural analysis of chassis. It surveys most recent literature published within last 2 years. The review aims to provide insight into truck chassis analysis and act as a guide for researchers working on Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Truck chassis forms the structural backbone of commercial vehicle. The main function of truck chassis is to support the components and payload placed on it. There are many factors to consider while designing heavy truck chassis, material selection, strength, stiffness and weight. The present study reviewed the literature on chassis analysis and presented the findings in the subsequent sections. Keywords: heavy trucks, chassis, finite element analysis.
ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE GIRDERSIAEME Publication
The composite bridge gives the maximum strength in comparison to other bridges. The design and analysis of various girders for steel and concrete by using various software, in that paper for composite bridge calculate the bending moment for T girder and finding which is more effective. The efforts will make to carry out to check the analysis of bridge by using SAP 2000 software. To determine the static analysis of T girder by using manual method as well as software. The results obtained from the software in structural analysis are compare the results obtained from manual calculations.
Design and finite element analysis of under frame arrangement (universal head...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper describes a project which aims at the implementation of an online student teacher attendance management system which can act as an efficient means in maintaining proper correct and updated records. With the amalgamation of the various tools and techniques in data base, data mining and web technologies we can implement an online attendance management system. Attendance can be accessed anytime and personalized reports can be generated for each student or teacher. This project can also double as a student teacher portal to share assignments, results and other important notices. An educational institution needs to have an approximate prior knowledge of enrolled students to predict their performance in future academics. This helps them to identify promising students and also provides them an opportunity to pay attention to and improve those who would probably get lower grades. This system which can predict the performance of students from their previous performances using concepts of data mining techniques under Classification. It tracks all the details of a student from the day one to the end of his course which can be used for all reporting purpose, tracking of attendance, progress in the course, completed semesters years, coming semester year curriculum details, exam details, project or any other assignment details, final exam result; and all these will be available for future references too. This can facilitate us to know which teacher / faculty is assigned to which batch, the current status of a batch, attendance percentage of a batch and upcoming requirements of a batch.
Keywords: Attendance, Data Mining and Web
Modeling and Analysis of Tractor Trolley Axle Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Abstract: Tractor trolley (or) trailers are very popular and cheaper mode of goods and transport in rural as
well as urban areas. In India, various small scale industries are adopting the crude methodologies for designing
and manufacturing machine components. One such industry producing tractor trolleys for agricultural use has
been identified for this study. In this paper a static analysis is conducted on a tractor trolley axle. The solid
modeling of axle is developed by CATIA-V5. Analysis is done using ANSYS work bench. Most of the tractor
trolley axle used today is rectangular cross section type which in turn leads to increase in the weight of tractor
trolley and axle. In this paper an attempt has made by replacing rectangular cross section with circular section
which result in reducing the weight of the axle and the cost.
An investigation of effects of axle load and train speed at rail joint using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SIZE OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF THREEWHEELED MOTORCYCLE FRAME WITH CARGO BOXIAEME Publication
A size optimization design method for the frame of a three-wheeled motorcycle
with a cargo box is proposed considering high load and motion conditions that may
occur under straight-driving and curve-driving conditions. The existing frame of a
three-wheeled motorcycle with a cargo box was compared with the frame under high
load through finite-element analysis by applying longitudinal bending and torsion,
and the thicknesses of the members that exceeded allowable stress were optimized
using the design of experiments. The comparison and analysis of both the existing
model and the optimally designed model confirmed that the frame strength was
improved compared with the existing frame.
Ever increasing number of vehicles on road imposes a due concern about road safety on the automobile manufacturers and the users as well. Cargo vehicle is a major part of automobile sector and attained a new look in the era of internet of things. The current paper pr esents various modern trends being incorporated in Cargo vehicles to monitor different vehicles and environmental par ameters to ensure road safety. Authors have extended the scope of study with due c onsideration to R&D efforts in advanced sensing,environmental perception and interactive driver ass istance systems to avoid road accidents due to une ven/over loading of cargo vehicles in specific. With this ki nd of challenging efforts,the authors aim to conve rge important technologies such as automotive-electronics,sensor s and mobile communication towards safe operation o f cargo vehicles while negotiating the road.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
Similar to Design and analysis of state transport (s.t) utility vehicle ~ bus ijvss 2019 (20)
Review and diagnostics of noise and vibrations in automobiles ijmer 2011Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work describes various automotive noise & vibration sources and their contribution. Noise and vibration reduction technique is studied through energy flow path. Various international and Indian standards for vehicles consider two types of noise measurement i.e. pass by noise and stationary noise. This paper discusses the appropriateness of SN test for in use vehicle. A methodology for interior noise source identification and its analysis is descried. Two vehicles of same class but of different makes were compared and evaluated for interior noise and vibration levels. The effectiveness of the firewall, silencers and engine mounts are checked and compared. The correlation between pressure and vibration levels of different sources with acoustical and structure transfer path are studied. Basic causes, design guidelines and validation techniques using lab simulation and data acquisition are discussed. Application of damping technology using viscous materials to control noise and vibration in vehicles is described.
Optimization in mechanical seal design for api 682 category i applications ij...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The paper covers development of mechanical seal design to optimize the adaptive part for API 682 category 1 applications. Under the guidelines of Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau (FKM) the static strength is investigated using local stresses. Static structural load case is carried out on the adaptive parts with non-average element-nodal stresses. The new design performance is investigated using finite element analysis in terms of equivalent stress. Improved features in the design and their effects on manufacturing benefits, seal performance leading final product cost/weight optimization are discussed. Evaluation of centrifugally cast stainless steel raw material instead of forged wrought raw material is discussed.
Noise and vibrations in automobiles review and diagnostics ijmperd 2011Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work describes various automotive noise & vibration sources and their contribution. Noise and vibration reduction technique is studied through energy flow path. Various international and Indian standards for vehicles consider two types of noise measurement i.e. pass by noise and
stationary noise. This paper discusses the appropriateness of SN test for in use
vehicle. A methodology for interior noise source identification and its analysis is descried. Two vehicles of same class but of different makes were compared and evaluated for interior noise and vibration levels. The effectiveness of the firewall, silencers and engine mounts are checked and compared. The correlation
between pressure and vibration levels of different sources with acoustical and structure transfer path are studied. Basic causes, design guidelines and validation techniques using lab simulation and data acquisition are discussed. Application of damping technology using viscous materials to control noise and vibration in vehicles is described.
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The casting of pump impeller blades is a difficult operation due to its thin wall structure. In the casting process for thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a one of the important issue and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. The non-uniform heat transfer rate is the main cause of such failure. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. The flow of liquid metal and its solidification has time based temperature variation, shrinkages and porosity distributions in such structures. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser through this experimentation. The experiment contains the analysis of finite element simulation of fluid flow and solidification of metal execution at various temperatures, prediction of shrinkages based on the geometry of the casting and flow curvature and porosity distribution. This work also focuses on the prediction of casting defects in aluminum thin wall pump impeller structure using commercially available software (ANSYS-FLUENT). The experimental validation of the simulation result is also done to confirm the same.
Mechanics of strain propogation in members of a platform structure devised fo...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This research paper deals with the mechanics of mechanical strain and its propagation in a steel structure through experimental analysis of a distinctive platform integrated with vehicle chassis. Dynamic values of strain components are evaluated on all constituents of the platform structure at various critical locations. Strain gauge classification for experimentation of the platform structure is described. Different nature of stresses at significant locations is evaluated with the aid of linear and rosette gauges.
Present-day data acquisition systems are utilized for acquiring the strain values. Static and dynamic strain values are evaluated for constant speeds on cross-country track.The experimentation reveals exact strain values, as there are no assumptions for measurement. Cross-country road characteristics are exactly simulated for this measurement process.
The optimum vehicle speed is maintained for the entire measurement process. Tri-axial values of strains are calculated using rosette reduction technique. Linear strain values are evaluated on longitudinal members of the platform structure. Values of strain acquired different locations reveal the critical areas of the structure for possible design modifications.
Mathematical analysis of section properties of a platform integrated with veh...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work depicts mathematical behavior of a vehicle mounted platform/frame integrated with chassis structure in terms of plane stresses and plane strains for non-uniform loads. The load type considered in present work is concentrated load for which the mathematical model is formulated. A different type of combination of longitudinal and cross members in platform/frame design is formulated. The dimensions of platform members are determined using IS standards. After analysis of all possible combinations of longitudinal and cross members present design is anticipated. Section properties of longitudinal and cross members of the platform are determined & deduction of bending stress and shear force based on the load pattern are the fundamental steps in design and analysis of platform structure. The peculiarity of this analysis is the calculation of combined section modulus of three members. These are evaluated by excel programs developed indigenously.
Finite element simulation and investigation of thin wall impeller casting ija...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
In case of casting of thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a difficult operation and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. Such failures are due to non-uniform heat transfer rate. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser. The present work focuses on the simulation of aluminum thin wall pump impeller blade using commercially available software (ANSYS) and experiments for optimum placement of risers and reducing defects.
Finite element analysis of center pin and bracket of jig fixture assembly ijm...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The manufacturing industry caters the range of products to satisfy the ever changing market needs.
To overcome the increasing production demands, the industry implies various techniques. We need a technique for
increasing the production of drilling two holes on a Railway Pinion, improve the quality of product and reduce the
operation time. This project aims to design the Jig and Fixture for the same. The 3-dimensional Computer Aided Model
of the components is made using CATIA V5-R21 software. To study the behavior of component, simulation is carried out.
Preprocessing of the CAD model is carried in Hypermesh software. Boundary conditions are applied using physical
situations of the components. Finite element analysis of the components is done, and the results obtained are compared
with the theoretical analysis and also with the available literature. The stresses and deformations are found within desired limits. Using FE analysis, the parts are manufactured and assembled.
Failure analysis of fuel pumps used for diesel engines in transport utility v...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the failure analysis of fuel pump in transport utility vehicles. The fuel pump assembly failed at 70536km. Various types of failures in pump and its different components are analyzed. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of the acquired data has been carried out. The pump components with substantial contribution in failure are determined using risk priority number analysis and the failure causes are postulated. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for pump parts as rollers and cam plates the types failures are observed. Presence of water in fuel tank indicated the reason for rusting of bottom surface of tank. Pitting failure due to rust particles has been identified in pump parts after SEM observations. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of pump parts has also been carried out to identify levels of unnormalized constituent elements responsible for failure. From EDS presence of oxygen responsible for oxidation reaction with iron is identified. Significant percentage of oxygen at different locations indicated the presence of moisture in the system. Remedial measure to avoid pump failure has been suggested in present work.
Experimental investigation of inmitiable platform on heavy vehicle chassis ij...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This research paper deals with the experimental investigation of a unique platform structure by evaluation of strain through experimental technique. Strain characteristics at critical locations on the structure are evaluated for dynamic load. Strain gauge categorization for experimentation of the platform structure is described. Different nature of stresses at significant locations is evaluated with the aid of linear and rosette gauges. Present-day data acquisition systems are utilized for acquiring the strain values. Static and dynamic strain values are evaluated for constant speeds on cross-country track.
The experimentation reveals exact strain values, as there are no assumptions for measurement. Cross-country road characteristics are exactly simulated for this measurement process. The optimum vehicle speed is maintained for the entire measurement process. Tri-axial values of strains are calculated using rosette reduction technique. Linear strain values are evaluated on longitudinal members of the platform structure. Values of strain acquired different locations reveal the critical areas of the structure for possible design modifications
Development and design validation of pneumatic tool for stem seal collet fi...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work deals with the design development and design validation of special purpose pneumatic tool to optimize the steps in assembly and consequently production process. An attempt is made to develop a pneumatic tool that uses power of compressed air to generate a force enough to press the stem seal and the collet, collet cup collectively. Detailed calculations of section properties of various members of the tool assembly are carried out. Calculation for force to be generated is done by considering possibilities i.e. hydraulic generation and pneumatic. Prior to fabrication, detailed CAD modeling of each component of assembly is carried out using CATIA V5 software which gives a correct perception of the assembly and its components. Fabrication of each component of the assembly is carried out by various manufacturing processes as Grinding, milling, drilling. To enhance surface hardness induction hardening is carried out. Close correlation between the calculated and generated force validates the design.
An investigation of structural integrity of chassis mounted platform subjecte...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work deals with the investigation of strength of a specialized chassis mounted platform/structure designed to carry concentrated load. This work deals with the mathematics behind braking through shear and bending diagrams analysis processes. The perceptible loading case in the present analysis comprises braking load and its effect on the platform/structure by usage of simple shear force & bending moment diagrams. These diagrams reveal the distribution of shearing force during braking for typical Indian truck. Present analysis accentuates on the design stage aspects of the platform as this research is a step in doctoral study. Effect of load during braking for an atypical type of combination of longitudinal and cross members in platform/frame design is formulated. This paper provides a new technique for computation of strength using shear and bending diagrams. Peculiarity of this analysis is the usage of combined section modulus of three members for computation of stress.
Advanced mathematical analysis of chassis integrated platform designed for un...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work deals with advanced mathematical stress analysis of a platform integrated structure mounted on vehicle chassis designed for unconventional type of loading pattern. The perceptible loading cases in the present analysis comprise static load and its effect on the platform/structure by usage of simple shear force & bending moment diagrams. Deflection analysis using conventional Macaulay’s method invokes the structures suitability for the transportation. Present analysis accentuates on the design stage aspects of the platform as this research is a step in proposed doctoral study. A different type of combination of longitudinal and cross members in platform/frame design is formulated. Present design is anticipated after analysis of all possible combinations& orientations of longitudinal and cross members. Determination of section properties of longitudinal and cross members of the platform & deduction of elementary stress based on the unconventional load pattern are the fundamental steps in design and analysis of structure. Peculiarity of this analysis is the usage of combined section modulus of three members for computation of stress. Present research provides a tool that can be used prior to computer aided design and finite element analysis.
Design against fluctuating loads, stress concentration, Goodman and Modified Goodman Diagrams, Factors affecting stress concentration, Use of charts for finding stress concentration facotrs
Types of shafts, material for shafts, shaft design, torsional rigidity, lateral rigidity, maximum shear and principal stress theories, key design and selection, detailed coupling design process
Detailed analysis of wire and rope drives, designation of wire and rope drives, selection of wire ropes wire ropes for different applications and their diameters
Spring Design, Helical Springs, compression & Extension springs, spring design procedure leaf spring, multi-leaf springs design process and analysis, Role of Spring index in spring design. Springs for Fluctuating loads.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Deulgaonkar et al. 2019. Int. J. Vehicle Structures & Systems, 11(2), 127-132
128
considerations. Two types of bus compositions are
available viz, chassis and body manufactured into two
separate parts and the other is chassis and body produced
as single component. The former composition of
separate manufacturing of chassis and body is preferred
to achieve desired factor of safety [15]. The design
constraints of the bus include height, width, overall
length, front overhang distance, rear overhang distance,
location and dimensions of emergency exits viz doors
and windows. The dimensional constraints prescribed by
AIS 052 and central motor vehicle rules are summarized
in Table 1. The cross bearers used for the composition of
bus floor is symmetric C-sections. These C-sections are
interconnected with the aid of standard angle sections.
The desired interspacing between C-sections is
maintained with the suitable length of these angle
sections of 5050mm.
Table 1: Dimensional constraint for public transport bus
Parameter Allowable dimensions in mm
Maximum vehicle height 3800
Width of the vehicle 2600
Overall length of the vehicle 10370
Front overhung distance 1185
Rear overhung distance 3235
Door
Window
700500
1250550
Loads acting on the bus include but not limited to
static loads due to self-weight, passenger weight,
luggage allowed with passengers, load due to baggage
on roof luggage carrier, wind loads and loads due to
vertical acceleration resulting from tire road interaction.
The load transfer in bus begins from roof top of bus and
ends at vehicle chassis [6]. The computer aided model of
the combination of chassis, cross bearers and
longitudinal angle sections is shown in Fig. 1. Total
number of cross bearers used in public transport buses is
14 and varies according to requirement of gross vehicle
weight. The inter-spacing distance between the cross
bearers is governed by passenger seat locations, wheel
base and overall length of the bus.
Fig. 1: Computer aided model of the bus sub structure
3. Design and analysis of bus floor
The floor is as described is the combination of
longitudinal angle sections and rectangular cross bearers.
The load is transferred from seat locations to cross bears,
Cross bearers are attached to chassis and the left and
right overhung portions. Cantilever action is observed
during the load transfer. The longitudinal angle sections
and cross bearers are joined by using oxy-acetylene
welding. The new floor design includes 8 cross bearers
with overall reduced weight. A comparison of existing
and new design parameters is shown in Table 2. The
newly designed deck includes combination of chassis, C
section and cross bearers. This combination offers higher
value of section modulus during bending and further
reduces the stress value to which the floor is subjected
[17].
Table 2: Existing and new floor design specifications
Parameter New deck (mm)
Existing deck
(mm)
Floor dimensions 85352440 85352440
No. of cross bearers 8 14
Length of each bearer 2440 2440
Stool Height 100 200
Spacing between bearers 1250 Variable
Width of door 885 690
Weight of floor 415 489
Cross bearer dimension 100505 100506
Longitudinal bearer 75405 75406
Angle section 50505 50506
Stool C channel 100505 Not used
Dimensions of the cross and longitudinal bearers are
selected from IS 808. Out-rigger brackets are used to
combine the cross-bearers with vehicle chassis. Floor
runners are the structural members that connect the cross
bearers. Fig. 2 depicts the diagrams indicating the
combination of chassis, cross bearer and stool for
existing and proposed design. The section modulus value
offered by the combination comprising stool is more as
compared with the value of existing composition.
Location of centroid for both combinations, moment of
inertia of individual and combined sections are evaluated
using the method presented by Deulgaonkar et.al [1].
The values of section moduli from all four locations and
centroid location of both the sections are given in Table
3.
Fig. 2: Existing (Left) and proposed design (Right) combined
sections
Table 3: Section properties of existing and proposed configuration
Parameter With stool (mm3
) Without stool (mm3
)
Section modulus
form left
207369.94 102105.8669
Section modulus
form right
168391.2765 51536.3153
Section modulus
form bottom
598738.6577 404334.9183
Section modulus
form top
783081.34 502633.557
C.G location (X,Y) (44.703, 297.519) (21.803, 80.112)
3. Deulgaonkar et al. 2019. Int. J. Vehicle Structures & Systems, 11(2), 127-132
129
This value of increased section modulus reduces the
stress induced in every cross bearer and offers more
bending resistance. This increases the passenger comfort
with reduced levels of vibrations transferring from
ground to roof of bus. Combination of longitudinal and
cross bearers is made such that the seat locations across
the entire space, gangway for standee passengers and
entry door space constraints were satisfied as AIS052
[7]. Computer aided model of both configurations is
prepared considering the loading condition (static and
dynamic) on the deck. The deck acts as a single unit
during loading as they are welded to each other. Surface
modelling technique is used for preparation of the
computer model using CATIA V5.
Two computer models of the floor composition are
prepared viz existing and stool configuration. Fig. 3
depicts both the configurations. Limiting dimensions of
floor are decided using Central Motor Vehicle Rules and
automotive industry standard. For finite element analysis
the computer aided model is verified for surface
connectivity errors of geometric modelling technique.
Finite element analysis of the present and stool
configurations is carried in two phases viz pre-
processing which includes meshing of the longitudinal
and cross bearers, applying the boundary conditions and
solving the finite element model. Meshing phase
includes element selection, mesh quality verification and
verification of interconnectivity of the elements used in
mesh [14].
Fig. 3: Computer models of existing and stool floor configurations
Element selection for floor constituents has been
carried out by accounting the complexities in geometries
of floor after welding, variations in cross-sections,
profiles and geometries of all attachments and
constituents. Two dimensional (2-D) quadrilateral shell
elements are selected to simulate the floor behaviour
under different load situations of the bus. All the
components of the floor are made of structural steel;
density of 7850 kg/m3
, Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 and
modulus of elasticity as 250MPa. Intense loads are
applied over the nodes on seat locations. Complex
geometries are meshed using 2-D triangular elements
ensuring node connectivity. Node coincidence and
common nodes at all the continuous and discontinuous
sections of the floor sections is ensured for proper
element connectivity. Element connectivity is needed for
efficient load transfer at all sections for finite element
analysis. All elements (quads & trias) are assigned with
5mm thickness. This meshed model is verified for
meshing errors such as warpage, aspect ratio, skewness,
taper and interior angle before applying constraints on
the meshed floor structure. Meshed model of existing
configuration is depicted in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: Meshed model of bus
Imposing boundary conditions pertinent to the actual
load situations on the meshed model needs to be
addressed. The floor is attached with the aid of U-bolts
and hence constraints are applied to chassis [11]. All six
degrees of freedom of the nodes on the chassis are
arrested. Loads are applied at the seat locations and
corresponding cross bearer portion. Magnitude of load is
selected as 65kg per person. The load application on the
finite element model is done by accounting for number
of nodes in the area of loading. Loads and boundary
conditions applied on the meshed model are shown in
Fig. 5. Both the models were solved for stress and
deflection. The plots of the same are shown in Figs. 6 to
9 respectively.
Fig. 5: Boundary conditions applied on the floor configurations
Fig. 6: Stress plot for the existing floor
Fig. 7: Stress plot for the proposed floor
4. Deulgaonkar et al. 2019. Int. J. Vehicle Structures & Systems, 11(2), 127-132
130
Fig. 8: Deflection plot for the existing floor
Fig. 9: Deflection plot for the proposed floor
4. Design & analysis of bus superstructure
The superstructure of bus is a combination of vertical
and horizontal pillars. The elements of bus super
structure are vertical pillars, roof-arch members, can’t
rails, waist rails, sole bars, seat rails, roof runners, out-
rigger brackets and pillars. Present work for
superstructure includes reduction in overall weight of the
vehicle by reducing the total number of skeletal
members and further improves power utilization of the
bus without compromise in overall passenger safety. Fig.
10 depict the three dimensional details of superstructure
along with the detailed nomenclature. The weight
distribution of bus is governed by norms of weight
specified by transportation engineering department and
automotive industry standard. The weight on front axle
is 5080 kg and on the rear axle is 10160 kg and the gross
vehicle weight is 15240 kg. Keeping these values as
design constraints, a combination of skeletal members
mentioned above along with mild steel sheet is made.
Bus design economics needs balance between strength,
weight and cost.
Present bus structure includes combination of two
materials as mild steel for driver cabin and lightweight
aluminium for rest of the bus body. Rollover analysis of
the bus simulation needs detailed address to the
boundary conditions. During the simulation of rollover
process in present work the unladen kerb mass, centre of
gravity, distribution of mass, tire inflation pressure,
upright position of seats and closed situation of doors &
windows for bus are taken into account and boundary
conditions are applied
Fig. 10: 3-D representation of bus body structure
Though this combination results in weight reduction
of the structure, the strength of the structure is
compromised. The material for whole bus body under
consideration in present work is mild steel. Rollover
criteria according to AIS 052 specify that no displaced
parts must intrude into residual space. Residual space is
the space that is needed to be preserved in passenger
compartment during and after the rollover. The residual
space limiting dimensions for bus along with computer
model of the same are shown in Fig. 11. To evaluate the
force an angular velocity of 0.087 rad/sec for impact of
0.20 sec was considered. The magnitude of force applied
at 1050 on the bend of the pillars and roof sticks of the
structure is 1.26 times g force. This force acts along with
all the loads present on the respective load locations on
the bus and is shown in Fig. 12. This meshed model
along with the boundary conditions is further solved
using ANSYS solver. Results of analysis are depicted in
Figs. 13 & 14.
Fig. 11: Limiting dimensions and CAD model of residual space
Fig. 12: Forces and boundary conditions for rollover analysis
Fig. 13: Deflection plot for rollover analysis
Fig. 14: Stress plot for rollover analysis
5. Deulgaonkar et al. 2019. Int. J. Vehicle Structures & Systems, 11(2), 127-132
131
5. Results and discussion
Results of stress and deflection obtained from the finite
element analysis of existing and new design are in good
agreement with those of experimental results reflected in
literature [18]. The proposed combination of stool, floor
and superstructure shows reduced levels of stress and
deflection as compared with the existing bus model. The
stress and deflection values for existing and proposed
model are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Stress and deflection magnitudes
Bus model Stress (MPa) Deflection (mm)
Existing model 89.55 2.45
Proposed model 68.59 1.63
Permissible values 250 5
From the above values it is inferred that the stool
box and hat configuration increases the section modulus
value and further reduces the stresses induced in the bus
body. Overall vehicle height is increased due to the stool
combination in floor design due to which the level of
vibrations to which the passenger is subjected is
drastically reduced. Rollover analysis of the bus carried
shows results far less those acceptable limits, wherein in
passenger safety is of concern.
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and validation of chassis mounted platform design for
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11(1) http://dx.doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.11.1.13
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