Descriptive Epidemiology.pptx
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Descriptive epidemiology describes the distribution of diseases in populations without considering causation. It measures prevalence and incidence through the three tenets of person (demographics), place (location), and time (when diseases occur). Examples of descriptive studies include case reports and cross-sectional surveys. Descriptive data can identify secular trends, geographic patterns, and fluctuations over time to generate hypotheses for further analytic research.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
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https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
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Descriptive Epidemiology.pptx
- 2. REVIEW! 1) What are the two major types of epidemiology? 2) Which one is concerned with causation? 3) Which allows us to test hypotheses?
- 3. Assumptions of Epidemiology • Human disease does not occur at random (Hippocrates fans!) • Causal and preventive factors can be identified • Subgroups of populations in different places and times
- 4. Descriptive Epidemiology •How is descriptive epidemiology used to help accomplish this?
- 5. Descriptive Epidmiology • Describes the existing distribution of variables without considering causation • Measure prevalence, incidence of disease • Generates hypotheses for analytic studies
- 6. Descriptive Epi •What are the three tenets of descriptive epidemiology?
- 7. Answer • Person • Place • Time
- 8. What are examples of each? •Person: •Place: •Time:
- 9. Examples • Person: age, sex, race/ethnicity, SES, occupation, lifestyle • Place: neighborhood, state, country, environment • Time: date of exposure, date of diagnosis, etc.
- 10. Who gets disease? Example-Breast Cancer incidence and mortality by race/ethnicity
- 11. Who Gets Disease? Breast Cancer Incidence by Age in the UK
- 12. Place: Is there a geographic pattern? Example: Breast Cancer Incidence by State
- 15. Time: When is the disease occurring? • Short-term fluctuations • Example? • Cyclic patterns • Example? • Secular trend- Wait! What is this? • Example?
- 16. What is a “secular trend”? “A trend associated with some characteristic or phenomenon that is not cyclical or seasonal but exists over a relatively long period.” Make sense? Ok, back to our regularly scheduled programming… …So, what is an example of a “secular trend” in diseases we study?
- 17. Time: When is the disease occurring? • Short-term fluctuations • Food borne outbreak • Cyclic patterns • Annual increases in influenza in cold months • Secular trends • Long term changes over decades of heart disease, cancer
- 19. Examples of secular trends • Diagnostic/detection bias • Management of disease after diagnosis • Long-term food production or consumption • Tobacco popularity
- 20. Types of descriptive studies • Case reports • Cross-sectional surveys
- 21. “Your Health Depends on Where you Live”: real-life examples of descriptive epi Environmental Factors: • https://www.ted.com/talks/bill_davenhall_your_health_depends_on_where_yo u_live (through 6 min.) Social Factors: • https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/doctor-hotspot/ As you watch, notice examples of person, place and time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJEwC4wCM70&list=PLOGi5- fAu8bEOV9XSktM8EJwK2Hx1Qdf5 (Rishi Manchanda TED Talk) How do these examples of “upstream factors” in individual patients be extrapolated to the larger population and descriptive data collection